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Timonen H, Mylläri F, Simonen P, Aurela M, Maasikmets M, Bloss M, Kupri HL, Vainumäe K, Lepistö T, Salo L, Niemelä V, Seppälä S, Jalava PI, Teinemaa E, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Household solid waste combustion with wood increases particulate trace metal and lung deposited surface area emissions. J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112793. [PMID: 34058452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In households, municipal solid waste (MSW) is often burned along with wood to get rid of waste, to help in ignition or simply to reduce fuel costs. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of household waste combustion, along with wood, on the physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions in a flue gas of a masonry heater. The MSW burning alongside wood increased average particulate matter (PM) mass (65%), lung deposited surface areas (LDSA, 15%), black carbon (BC, 65%) concentrations and the average particle size in the flue gas. The influence of MSW was smaller during ignition and burning phases, but especially during fuel additions, the mass, number, and LDSA concentrations increased significantly and their size distributions moved towards larger particles. For wood burning the trace metal emissions were relatively low, but significant increase (3.3-179 -fold increase over cycle) was seen when MSW was burned along the wood. High ratios were observed especially during fuel addition phases but, depending on compounds, also during ignition and burning end phases. The highest ratios were observed for chloride compounds (HCl, KCl, NaCl). The observed increase in light-absorbing particle, trace metal and BC concentrations in flue gas when adding wood with MSW are likely to have negative impacts on air quality, visibility, human health and climate. Furthermore, metals may also affect the condition and lifetime of the burning device due to corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland.
| | - F Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Maasikmets
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - M Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - H-L Kupri
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - K Vainumäe
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - T Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Niemelä
- Dekati Ltd, Tykkitie 1, Kangasala, Tampere, 36240, Finland
| | - S Seppälä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - P I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Teinemaa
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - S Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - T Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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Kujala T, Lepistö T, Näätänen R. The neural basis of aberrant speech and audition in autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:697-704. [PMID: 23313648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in communication and social behavior and by narrow interests. Individuals belonging to this spectrum have abnormalities in various aspects of language, ranging from semantic-pragmatic deficits to the absence of speech. They also have aberrant perception, especially in the auditory domain, with both hypo- and hypersensitive features. Neurophysiological approaches with high temporal resolution have given novel insight into the processes underlying perception and language in ASD. Neurophysiological recordings, which are feasible for investigating infants and individuals with no speech, have shown that the representation of and attention to language has an abnormal developmental path in ASD. Even the basic mechanisms for fluent speech perception are degraded at a low level of neural speech analysis. Furthermore, neural correlates of perception and some traits typical of subgroups of individuals on this spectrum have helped in understanding the diversity on this spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujala
- Cicero Learning, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lindström R, Lepistö T, Makkonen T, Kujala T. Processing of prosodic changes in natural speech stimuli in school-age children. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kujala T, Kuuluvainen S, Saalasti S, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Wendt LV, Lepistö T. Speech-feature discrimination in children with Asperger syndrome as determined with the multi-feature mismatch negativity paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1410-1419. [PMID: 20382070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asperger syndrome, belonging to the autistic spectrum of disorders, involves deficits in social interaction and prosodic use of language but normal development of formal language abilities. Auditory processing involves both hyper- and hypoactive reactivity to acoustic changes. METHODS Responses composed of mismatch negativity (MMN) and obligatory components were recorded for five types of deviations in syllables (vowel, vowel duration, consonant, syllable frequency, syllable intensity) with the multi-feature paradigm from 8-12-year old children with Asperger syndrome. RESULTS Children with Asperger syndrome had larger MMNs for intensity and smaller MMNs for frequency changes than typically developing children, whereas no MMN group differences were found for the other deviant stimuli. Furthermore, children with Asperger syndrome performed more poorly than controls in Comprehension of Instructions subtest of a language test battery. CONCLUSIONS Cortical speech-sound discrimination is aberrant in children with Asperger syndrome. This is evident both as hypersensitive and depressed neural reactions to speech-sound changes, and is associated with features (frequency, intensity) which are relevant for prosodic processing. SIGNIFICANCE The multi-feature MMN paradigm, which includes variation and thereby resembles natural speech hearing circumstances, suggests abnormal pattern of speech discrimination in Asperger syndrome, including both hypo- and hypersensitive responses for speech features.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kuuluvainen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Saalasti
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Jansson-Verkasalo
- Faculty of Humanities, Logopedics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland; Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurocognitive Unit, University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 50, FIN-90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - L von Wendt
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Lepistö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lepistö T, Kuitunen A, Sussman E, Saalasti S, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Kujala T. Auditory stream segregation in children with Asperger syndrome. Biol Psychol 2009; 82:301-7. [PMID: 19751798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) often have difficulties in perceiving speech in noisy environments. The present study investigated whether this might be explained by deficient auditory stream segregation ability, that is, by a more basic difficulty in separating simultaneous sound sources from each other. To this end, auditory event-related brain potentials were recorded from a group of school-aged children with AS and a group of age-matched controls using a paradigm specifically developed for studying stream segregation. Differences in the amplitudes of ERP components were found between groups only in the stream segregation conditions and not for simple feature discrimination. The results indicated that children with AS have difficulties in segregating concurrent sound streams, which ultimately may contribute to the difficulties in speech-in-noise perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lepistö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Lepistö T, Kajander M, Vanhala R, Alku P, Huotilainen M, Näätänen R, Kujala T. The perception of invariant speech features in children with autism. Biol Psychol 2007; 77:25-31. [PMID: 17919805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the good pitch-discrimination abilities reported in individuals with autism have adverse effects on their speech perception by compromising their ability to extract invariant phonetic features from speech input. The MMN, a brain response reflecting sound-discrimination processes, was recorded from children with autism and their controls for phoneme-category and pitch changes in speech stimuli under two different conditions: (a) when all the other features of the standard and deviant stimuli were kept constant, and (b) when constant variation with respect to an irrelevant feature was introduced to the standard and deviant stimuli. Children with autism had enhanced MMNs for pitch changes in both conditions, as well as for phoneme-category changes in the constant-feature condition. However, when the phoneme-category changes occurred in phonemes having pitch variation, the MMN enhancement was abolished in autistic children. This suggests that children with autism lose their advantage in phoneme discrimination when the context of the stimuli is speech-like and requires abstracting invariant speech features from varying input.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lepistö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Kanerva T, Kröger V, Rahkamaa-Tolonen K, Vippola M, Lepistö T, Keiski RL. Structural changes in air aged and poisoned diesel catalysts. Top Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-007-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kujala T, Aho E, Lepistö T, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Näätänen R. Atypical pattern of discriminating sound features in adults with Asperger syndrome as reflected by the mismatch negativity. Biol Psychol 2007; 75:109-14. [PMID: 17257732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asperger syndrome, which belongs to the autistic spectrum of disorders, is characterized by deficits of social interaction and abnormal perception, like hypo- or hypersensitivity in reacting to sounds and discriminating certain sound features. We determined auditory feature discrimination in adults with Asperger syndrome with the mismatch negativity (MMN), a neural response which is an index of cortical change detection. We recorded MMN for five different sound features (duration, frequency, intensity, location, and gap). Our results suggest hypersensitive auditory change detection in Asperger syndrome, as reflected in the enhanced MMN for deviant sounds with a gap or shorter duration, and speeded MMN elicitation for frequency changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Lepistö T, Silokallio S, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Alku P, Näätänen R, Kujala T. Auditory perception and attention as reflected by the brain event-related potentials in children with Asperger syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117:2161-71. [PMID: 16890012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Language development is delayed and deviant in individuals with autism, but proceeds quite normally in those with Asperger syndrome (AS). We investigated auditory-discrimination and orienting in children with AS using an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm that was previously applied to children with autism. METHODS ERPs were measured to pitch, duration, and phonetic changes in vowels and to corresponding changes in non-speech sounds. Active sound discrimination was evaluated with a sound-identification task. RESULTS The mismatch negativity (MMN), indexing sound-discrimination accuracy, showed right-hemisphere dominance in the AS group, but not in the controls. Furthermore, the children with AS had diminished MMN-amplitudes and decreased hit rates for duration changes. In contrast, their MMN to speech pitch changes was parietally enhanced. The P3a, reflecting involuntary orienting to changes, was diminished in the children with AS for speech pitch and phoneme changes, but not for the corresponding non-speech changes. CONCLUSIONS The children with AS differ from controls with respect to their sound-discrimination and orienting abilities. SIGNIFICANCE The results of the children with AS are relatively similar to those earlier obtained from children with autism using the same paradigm, although these clinical groups differ markedly in their language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lepistö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kujala T, Lovio R, Lepistö T, Laasonen M, Näätänen R. Evaluation of multi-attribute auditory discrimination in dyslexia with the mismatch negativity. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117:885-93. [PMID: 16497552 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dyslexia is associated with impairments in the phonological system or with more general auditory dysfunctions. We determined the discrimination of 5 sound contrasts (pitch, duration, intensity, location, and the presence of a gap) in dyslexia with the mismatch negativity (MMN). METHODS We compared MMNs of 9 adult dyslexic and 11 control subjects with a new 5-deviant paradigm which enables one to assess the discrimination of each of these features in 15 min. Also, a control oddball condition with pitch and duration deviants was included. In the new paradigm, all deviant stimuli are presented in the same stimulus block so that the standard stimuli, of which there are 50%, alternate with the deviant stimuli. RESULTS In the 5-deviant paradigm, a diminished pitch-MMN and an enhanced location-MMN were found in dyslexic individuals. Furthermore, pitch and duration MMNs in this and in the oddball paradigms suggested that smaller MMNs are elicited in the new than oddball paradigm in dyslexic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Pitch discrimination is impaired in dyslexia. However, location discrimination, not addressed previously with MMN, is enhanced. Furthermore, dyslexic subjects are more impaired in detecting changes in sound streams with than without variation. SIGNIFICANCE In dyslexia research, the new 5-deviant MMN paradigm is feasible and even more sensitive than the traditional oddball paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujala
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kujala T, Lepistö T, Nieminen-von Wendt T, Näätänen P, Näätänen R. Neurophysiological evidence for cortical discrimination impairment of prosody in Asperger syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2005; 383:260-5. [PMID: 15885908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asperger syndrome (AS), belonging to the autism spectrum of disorders, is one of the pervasive developmental disorders. Individuals with AS usually have normal development of formal speech but pronounced problems in perceiving and producing speech prosody. The present study addressed the discrimination of speech prosody in AS by recording the mismatch negativity (MMN) and behavioural responses to natural utterances with different emotional connotations. MMN responses were abnormal in the adults with AS in several ways. In these subjects, fewer significantly elicited MMNs, diminished MMN amplitudes, as well as prolonged latencies were found. In addition, the MMN generator loci differed between the subjects with AS and control subjects. These findings were predominant over the right cerebral hemisphere. These results show impaired neurobiological basis for speech-prosody processing at an early, pre-attentive auditory discrimination stage in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujala
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Polvinen R, Vippola M, Valden M, Lepistö T, Suopanki A, Härkönen M. The effect of platinum on the reducibility of Rh oxides on CeZr modified alumina supported automotive catalysts. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lepistö T, Soininen M, Ceponiene R, Almqvist F, Näätänen R, Aronen ET. Auditory event-related potential indices of increased distractibility in children with major depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115:620-7. [PMID: 15036058 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2003.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with major depression (MD) exhibit short-term memory and concentration deficits. Using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs), we aimed to determine whether these problems could be caused by a dysfunction in auditory sensory memory, attentional orienting, or both. METHODS The subjects were 10 treatment-naïve children with MD and 10 controls. Sound sequences, consisting of frequent stimuli (syllable /ka/, P = 0.08), infrequent deviant stimuli (/ta/, P = 0.01 ), and novel sounds ( P = 0.01 ) were played through loudspeakers while the children watched silent videos and ignored the sound stimuli. Auditory sensory memory was studied by eliciting the ERPs mismatch negativity (MMN) and late discriminative negativity (LDN), and the P3a was used as an index of involuntary attention switch. RESULTS The children with MD had shorter MMN and LDN latencies than the controls. The late component of the P3a (lP3a) was enhanced in amplitude in the patients as compared with that in the controls. CONCLUSIONS Auditory sensory memory appears to function normally in children with MD. However, the ERP findings indicated enhanced sensory sensitivity and attentional distractibility in these children. This increased distractibility might underlie the concentration difficulties that compromise school performance in children with MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lepistö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland and Helsinki Brain Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ceponiene R, Lepistö T, Soininen M, Aronen E, Alku P, Näätänen R. Event-related potentials associated with sound discrimination versus novelty detection in children. Psychophysiology 2004; 41:130-41. [PMID: 14693008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In children, deviant sounds in an oddball paradigm elicit a mismatch negativity (MMN) indexing discrimination of sound change and late difference negativity (LDN) with unknown functional significance. Salient sounds elicit an ERP index if orienting, P3a, and a late negative component, Nc. We compared children's responses elicited by moderate sound changes and novel sounds to examine the relationships between MMN and LDN, and LDN and Nc. Two components of the Nc, the Nc1 and Nc2, were identified. The scalp topography of LDN differed from those of the MMN and Nc1. Children's early P3a appeared mature but late P3a lacked frontal predominance. The findings suggested that LDN is not linked with either the sensory or attentional processing. It might reflect cognitive, albeit preattentive, processing of sound change. The Nc1 appears to reflect cognitive attentive processing of salient stimuli and the Nc2 might reflect reorienting after distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ceponiene
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ceponiene R, Lepistö T, Shestakova A, Vanhala R, Alku P, Näätänen R, Yaguchi K. Speech-sound-selective auditory impairment in children with autism: they can perceive but do not attend. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5567-72. [PMID: 12702776 PMCID: PMC154385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0835631100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In autism, severe abnormalities in social behavior coexist with aberrant attention and deficient language. In the attentional domain, attention to people and socially relevant stimuli is impaired the most. Because socially meaningful stimulus events are physically complex, a deficiency in sensory processing of complex stimuli has been suggested to contribute to aberrant attention and language in autism. This study used event-related brain potentials (ERP) to examine the sensory and early attentional processing of sounds of different complexity in high-functioning children with autism. Acoustically matched simple tones, complex tones, and vowels were presented in separate oddball sequences, in which a repetitive "standard" sound was occasionally replaced by an infrequent "deviant" sound differing from the standard in frequency (by 10%). In addition to sensory responses, deviant sounds elicited an ERP index of automatic sound-change discrimination, the mismatch negativity, and an ERP index of attentional orienting, the P3a. The sensory sound processing was intact in the high-functioning children with autism and was not affected by sound complexity or "speechness." In contrast, their involuntary orienting was affected by stimulus nature. It was normal to both simple- and complex-tone changes but was entirely abolished by vowel changes. These results demonstrate that, first, auditory orienting deficits in autism cannot be explained by sensory deficits and, second, that orienting deficit in autism might be speech-sound specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ceponiene
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 13, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Laarni J, Koljonen M, Kuistio AM, Kyröläinen S, Lempiäinen J, Lepistö T. Images of a familiar face do not capture attention under conditions of inattention. Percept Mot Skills 2000; 90:1216-8. [PMID: 10939072 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Personally and emotionally meaningful information (e.g., one's own name) has shown to capture attention. The question we studied was whether an image of a familiar face draws attention even though it is not expected, and it appears when the focus of attention is directed to other stimuli. Observers' task was to compare two faces and report whether they were identical or left-right reversed. In addition to these faces, a matrix of 'background' faces was displayed. On noncritical trials, the matrix consisted of unfamiliar faces. On critical trials (in about every eighth trial) either an observer's own face or President Ahtisaari's face was displayed. Reaction time was nearly identical on the critical and uncritical trials. On the recognition test about half of the observers were certain that they had seen their own faces in the first part of the experiment. When explicitly asked, however, only three of 26 observers reported that they had recognized their own faces during the comparison task.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laarni
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology Division, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Polák J, Lepistö T, Kettunen P. Surface topography and crack initiation in emerging persistent slip bands in copper single crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(85)90112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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