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Krecl P, Johansson C, Norman M, Silvergren S, Burman L, Mollinedo EM, Targino AC. Long-term trends of black carbon and particle number concentrations and their vehicle emission factors in Stockholm. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123734. [PMID: 38458523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and particle number (PN) concentrations are usually high in cities due to traffic emissions. European mitigation policies, including Euro emission standards, have been implemented to curb these emissions. We analyzed BC and PN (particle diameter Dp > 4 nm) concentrations in Stockholm spanning the years 2013-2019 (BC) and 2009-2019 (PN) measured at street canyon and rooftop sites to assess the effectiveness of the implemented policies. Combining these data with inverse dispersion modeling, we estimated BC and PN emission factors (EFBC and EFPN) for the mixed fleet, reflecting real-world driving conditions. The pollutants showed decreasing trends at both sites, but PN concentrations remained high at the canyon site considering the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. BC concentrations declined more rapidly than PN concentrations, showing a -9.4% and -4.9% annual decrease at the canyon and -7.2% and -0.5% at the rooftop site in the years 2013-2019. The EFBC and EFPN trends showed that the mitigation strategies for reducing particulate emissions for on-road vehicles were successful over the study period. However, the introduction of biofuels in the vehicle fleet -ethanol and later rapeseed methyl ester (RME)- increased the concentrations of particles with Dp < 10 nm before the adoption of particulate filters in the exhausts. Stricter Euro emission regulations, especially with diesel particulate filters (DPF) in Euro 5, 6, and VI vehicles, led to 66% decrease in EFBC and 55% in EFPN. Real-world EFBC surpassed HBEFA (Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport) database values by 2.4-4.8 times; however, direct comparisons between real-world and HBEFA EFPN are difficult due to differences in lower cut-off sizes and measurement techniques. Our results underscore the necessity for revising the HBEFA database, updating laboratory testing methods and portable emission measuring systems (PEMS) measurements to account for liquid condensate contributions to PN measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden; Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, SLB analys, Stockholm, 10420, Sweden
| | - Michael Norman
- Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, SLB analys, Stockholm, 10420, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, SLB analys, Stockholm, 10420, Sweden
| | - Lars Burman
- Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, SLB analys, Stockholm, 10420, Sweden
| | - Eva Maria Mollinedo
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Oukawa GY, Mollinedo EM. A short climatology of black and brown carbon and their sources at a suburban site impacted by smoke in Brazil. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:498-511. [PMID: 37923459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning challenge efforts to curb air pollution in cities downwind of fire-prone regions, as they contribute large amounts of brown carbon (BrC) and black carbon (BC) particles. We investigated the patterns of BrC and BC concentrations using Aethalometer data (at λ = 370 and 880 nm, respectively) spanning four years at a site impacted by the outflow of smoke. The data required to be post processed for the shadowing effect since, without correction, concentrations would be between 29% and 35% underestimated. The BrC concentrations were consistently higher than the BC concentrations, indicating the prevalence of aerosols from biomass burning. The results were supported by the Ångström coefficient (Å370/880), with values predominantly larger than 1 (mean ± standard deviation: 1.25 ± 0.31). Å370/880 values below 1 were more prevalent during the wet season, which suggests a contribution from fossil fuel combustion. We observed sharp BrC and BC seasonal signals, with mean minimum concentrations of 0.40 µg/m3 and 0.36 µg/m3, respectively, in the wet season, and mean maximum concentrations of 2.05 µg/m3 and 1.53 µg/m3 in the dry season. The largest concentrations were observed when northerly air masses moved over regions with a high density of fire spots. Local burning of residential solid waste and industrial combustion caused extreme BrC and BC concentrations under favourable wind directions. Although neither pollutant is included in any ambient air quality standards, our results suggest that transboundary smoke may hamper efforts to meet the World Health Organization guidelines for fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Eva Maria Mollinedo
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil
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Targino AC, Moreno FL, Krecl P, Cardoso JV. Significant differences in black and brown carbon concentrations at urban and suburban sites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18418. [PMID: 37520949 PMCID: PMC10374922 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-absorbing carbonaceous particles (LAC) may cause and/or exacerbate non-communicable diseases, interfere with the Earth's radiative balance, darken urban buildings and impair vistas. In this study, we explored the temporal behaviour of LAC concentrations measured at wavelengths of 370 nm (brown carbon, BrC) and 880 nm (black carbon, BC) at two sites of a mid-sized city in Brazil. We observed sharp changes in LAC concentrations at the city centre site in response to variations in traffic volume. The highest concentrations were observed when winds originated from both the city core and from the direction of the bus terminal. The suburban site exhibited a notably uniform diurnal pattern and consistently lower LAC concentrations throughout the day. Nevertheless, substantial increases during the evening led to mean BrC and BC concentrations (2.6 and 2.2 μg m-3, respectively) comparable to daytime peaks observed in the city centre (3 μg m-3 and 2.5 μg m-3). This phenomenon was attributed to the burning of residential waste and overgrown vegetation in nearby vacant lots. Moreover, the highest concentrations coincided with periods of low wind speeds, usually linked to non-buoyant plumes from point sources. BrC concentrations surpassed BC concentrations, even at the city centre site. Not only was the Ångström absorption exponent (Å370/880) larger at the suburban site compared to the city centre (95th percentiles of 1.73 and 1.38, respectively), but it also exhibited a wider span. Overall, the combined LAC and Å370/880 data indicated that i) biomass burning is a major source of LAC at the suburban site; ii) at the city centre, bare BC particles may become internally mixed with BrC from biomass or fossil fuel emissions and enhance absorption at lower wavelengths. The occurrence of LAC peaks outside the evening rush hours suggests that other sources but on-road vehicular emissions may contribute to the deterioration of the air quality in the urban core. Tackling air quality across the urban perimeter requires targeting other potential sources but traffic emissions.
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Targino AC, Oliveira MVB, Krecl P. Corrigendum to "Ubiquity of hazardous airborne substances on passenger ferries" [J. Hazard. Mater. 423 (2022) 127133]. J Hazard Mater 2023; 441:129892. [PMID: 36099734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil.
| | | | - Patricia Krecl
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
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Krecl P, Oukawa GY, Charres I, Targino AC, Grauer AF, Silva DCE. Compilation of a city-scale black carbon emission inventory: Challenges in developing countries based on a case study in Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156332. [PMID: 35640756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) inventories for cities are scarce, especially in developing countries, despite their importance to tackle climate change and local air pollution. Here, we draw on results from a case study in a Brazilian city to discuss the challenges of compiling a BC inventory for different activity sectors. We included traditionally inventoried sectors, such as industries and on-road transportation, other less reported sectors (food establishments and aviation), and open burning of household solid waste (HSW), typically found in developing countries. We present a machine-learning technique (Random Forest) as a novel approach to obtain HSW burning activity using a set of spatial predictors. The BC inventory was based on PM2.5 emissions weighted by the fraction of PM2.5 emitted as BC and developed for the year 2018. We also reported the disaggregated spatial PM2.5 emissions for the same combustion sources, and documented the databases used for activity data and emission factors (EF). The total estimated BC and PM2.5 emissions amounted to 57.88 and 234.75 tons, respectively, with on-road vehicle exhaust emissions and industrial combustion as the main BC sources (63 and 22%, respectively). For PM2.5 emissions, on-road transportation (exhaust and non-exhaust) contributed 48%, followed by industrial combustion (21%) and food establishments (20%). Population density, number of vacant lots, and property tax values were identified as the most important features to predict the HSW fire activity. A comparison with other inventories revealed that the BC emission profile of Londrina is similar to the profile reported for Greater Mexico City, another Latin American city. Thus, the methodology used in this study could be extended to other cities with similar local BC sources. Finally, we highlight that the lack of local activity data, representative EF, and even methodology may undermine the development of reliable BC inventories, and intensive research should be conducted to characterize the emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabella Charres
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andreas Friedrich Grauer
- Graduate Program in Urban and Industrial Environment, Federal University of Paraná, Av. XV de Novembro, 1299, 80060-000 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Cipoli YA, Targino AC, Krecl P, Furst LC, Alves CDA, Feliciano M. Ambient concentrations and dosimetry of inhaled size-segregated particulate matter during periods of low urban mobility in Bragança, Portugal. Atmos Pollut Res 2022; 13:101512. [PMID: 35974996 PMCID: PMC9371474 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The restrictive measures in place during the COVID-19 pandemic provided a timely scenario to investigate the effects of human activities on air quality, and the extent to which mobility reduction strategies can impact atmospheric pollutant levels. Real-time concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were measured using a mobile platform in a small city of Portugal, during morning and afternoon rush hours, in two distinct phases of the pandemic: emergency phase (cold period, lockdown) and calamity phase (warm period, less restricted). The Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) was used to calculate the PM deposition for adults. Large spatio-temporal variabilities and pronounced changes in mean PM concentrations were observed, with lower concentrations in the calamity phase: PM1 = 2.33 ± 1.61 μg m-3; PM2.5 = 5.15 ± 2.77 μg m-3; PM10 = 23.30 ± 21.53 μg m-3 than in the emergency phase: PM1 = 16.85 ± 31.80 μg m-3; PM2.5 = 30.92 ± 31.93 μg m-3; PM10 = 111.27 ± 104.53 μg m-3. These changes are explained by a combination of meteorological factors and local emissions, mainly residential firewood burning. Regarding regional deposition, PM1 was the main contributor to deposition in the tracheobronchial (5%) and pulmonary (12%) regions, and PM10 in the head region (92%). In general, total deposition doses were higher for males than for females. This work quantitatively demonstrated that even with a 38% reduction in urban mobility during the lockdown, the use of firewood for residential heating is the main contributor to the high concentrations of PM and the respective inhaled dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Campestrini Furst
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Dos Anjos Alves
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Manuel Feliciano
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
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Oukawa GY, Krecl P, Targino AC. Fine-scale modeling of the urban heat island: A comparison of multiple linear regression and random forest approaches. Sci Total Environ 2022; 815:152836. [PMID: 34990665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the spatiotemporal variability of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and its drivers is a key step in leveraging thermal comfort to create not only healthier cities, but also to enhance urban resilience to climate change. In this study, we developed specific daytime and nighttime multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) models to analyze and predict the spatiotemporal evolution of the Urban Heat Island intensity (UHII), using the air temperature (Tair) as the response variable. We profited from the wealth of in situ Tair data and a comprehensive pool of predictors variables - including land cover, population, traffic, urban geometry, weather data and atmospheric vertical indices. Cluster analysis divided the study period into three main groups, each dominated by a combination of weather systems that, in turn, influenced the onset and strength of the UHII. Anticyclonic circulations favored the emergence of the largest UHII (hourly mean of 5.06 °C), while cyclonic circulations dampened its development. The MLR models were only able to explain a modest percentage of variance (64 and 34% for daytime and nighttime, respectively), which we interpret as part of their inability to capture key factors controlling Tair. The RF models, on the other hand, performed considerably better, with explanatory power over 96% of the variance for daytime and nighttime conditions, capturing and mapping the fine-scale Tair spatiotemporal variability in both periods and under each cluster condition. The feature importance analysis showed that the meteorological variables and the land cover were the main predictors of the Tair. Urban planners could benefit from these results, using the high-performing RF models as a robust framework for forecasting and mitigating the effects of the UHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Targino AC, Oliveira MVB, Krecl P. Ubiquity of hazardous airborne substances on passenger ferries. J Hazard Mater 2022; 423:127133. [PMID: 34530274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ferry service of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is one of the busiest in the world. However, a disadvantage of this mass transportation is the large emissions of hazardous substances from diesel combustion. We measured fine particulate matter (PM2.5), equivalent black carbon (eBC), particle number (PN) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) while commuting by double-decker ferries. The particulate concentrations were larger in the lower than in the upper decks, attributed to the infiltration of smoke when ferries were docked and leakage through openings around the door frames during cruising. Boarding/alighting were the most polluted phases (eBC, PM2.5 and PN were 3.3-, 1.4- and 2.7-fold larger than during cruising), due to the high engine load to keep the ferries locked in position, while TVOCs showed no statistically significant differences. Particulate concentrations on naturally ventilated vessels were between 2.5- and 3.5-fold larger than on the air-conditioned ones, but TVOCs were 150-fold higher in the latter, attributed to emissions from furniture and cleaning products. Mean eBC and PM2.5 concentrations on-board the ferries surpassed those at the kerbside. Modernising or retrofitting the vessels could diminish the emissions of hazardous substances, while jet bridges could reduce the commuters' exposure during boarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil.
| | | | - Patricia Krecl
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
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Sokhi RS, Singh V, Querol X, Finardi S, Targino AC, Andrade MDF, Pavlovic R, Garland RM, Massagué J, Kong S, Baklanov A, Ren L, Tarasova O, Carmichael G, Peuch VH, Anand V, Arbilla G, Badali K, Beig G, Belalcazar LC, Bolignano A, Brimblecombe P, Camacho P, Casallas A, Charland JP, Choi J, Chourdakis E, Coll I, Collins M, Cyrys J, da Silva CM, Di Giosa AD, Di Leo A, Ferro C, Gavidia-Calderon M, Gayen A, Ginzburg A, Godefroy F, Gonzalez YA, Guevara-Luna M, Haque SM, Havenga H, Herod D, Hõrrak U, Hussein T, Ibarra S, Jaimes M, Kaasik M, Khaiwal R, Kim J, Kousa A, Kukkonen J, Kulmala M, Kuula J, La Violette N, Lanzani G, Liu X, MacDougall S, Manseau PM, Marchegiani G, McDonald B, Mishra SV, Molina LT, Mooibroek D, Mor S, Moussiopoulos N, Murena F, Niemi JV, Noe S, Nogueira T, Norman M, Pérez-Camaño JL, Petäjä T, Piketh S, Rathod A, Reid K, Retama A, Rivera O, Rojas NY, Rojas-Quincho JP, San José R, Sánchez O, Seguel RJ, Sillanpää S, Su Y, Tapper N, Terrazas A, Timonen H, Toscano D, Tsegas G, Velders GJM, Vlachokostas C, von Schneidemesser E, Vpm R, Yadav R, Zalakeviciute R, Zavala M. A global observational analysis to understand changes in air quality during exceptionally low anthropogenic emission conditions. Environ Int 2021; 157:106818. [PMID: 34425482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This global study, which has been coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/GAW) programme, aims to understand the behaviour of key air pollutant species during the COVID-19 pandemic period of exceptionally low emissions across the globe. We investigated the effects of the differences in both emissions and regional and local meteorology in 2020 compared with the period 2015-2019. By adopting a globally consistent approach, this comprehensive observational analysis focuses on changes in air quality in and around cities across the globe for the following air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, PMC (coarse fraction of PM), NO2, SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and the total gaseous oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) during the pre-lockdown, partial lockdown, full lockdown and two relaxation periods spanning from January to September 2020. The analysis is based on in situ ground-based air quality observations at over 540 traffic, background and rural stations, from 63 cities and covering 25 countries over seven geographical regions of the world. Anomalies in the air pollutant concentrations (increases or decreases during 2020 periods compared to equivalent 2015-2019 periods) were calculated and the possible effects of meteorological conditions were analysed by computing anomalies from ERA5 reanalyses and local observations for these periods. We observed a positive correlation between the reductions in NO2 and NOx concentrations and peoples' mobility for most cities. A correlation between PMC and mobility changes was also seen for some Asian and South American cities. A clear signal was not observed for other pollutants, suggesting that sources besides vehicular emissions also substantially contributed to the change in air quality. As a global and regional overview of the changes in ambient concentrations of key air quality species, we observed decreases of up to about 70% in mean NO2 and between 30% and 40% in mean PM2.5 concentrations over 2020 full lockdown compared to the same period in 2015-2019. However, PM2.5 exhibited complex signals, even within the same region, with increases in some Spanish cities, attributed mainly to the long-range transport of African dust and/or biomass burning (corroborated with the analysis of NO2/CO ratio). Some Chinese cities showed similar increases in PM2.5 during the lockdown periods, but in this case, it was likely due to secondary PM formation. Changes in O3 concentrations were highly heterogeneous, with no overall change or small increases (as in the case of Europe), and positive anomalies of 25% and 30% in East Asia and South America, respectively, with Colombia showing the largest positive anomaly of ~70%. The SO2 anomalies were negative for 2020 compared to 2015-2019 (between ~25 to 60%) for all regions. For CO, negative anomalies were observed for all regions with the largest decrease for South America of up to ~40%. The NO2/CO ratio indicated that specific sites (such as those in Spanish cities) were affected by biomass burning plumes, which outweighed the NO2 decrease due to the general reduction in mobility (ratio of ~60%). Analysis of the total oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) showed that primary NO2 emissions at urban locations were greater than the O3 production, whereas at background sites, OX was mostly driven by the regional contributions rather than local NO2 and O3 concentrations. The present study clearly highlights the importance of meteorology and episodic contributions (e.g., from dust, domestic, agricultural biomass burning and crop fertilizing) when analysing air quality in and around cities even during large emissions reductions. There is still the need to better understand how the chemical responses of secondary pollutants to emission change under complex meteorological conditions, along with climate change and socio-economic drivers may affect future air quality. The implications for regional and global policies are also significant, as our study clearly indicates that PM2.5 concentrations would not likely meet the World Health Organization guidelines in many parts of the world, despite the drastic reductions in mobility. Consequently, revisions of air quality regulation (e.g., the Gothenburg Protocol) with more ambitious targets that are specific to the different regions of the world may well be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet S Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, AP, India
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environment Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Radenko Pavlovic
- Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Garland
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander Baklanov
- Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lu Ren
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Oksana Tarasova
- Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Greg Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Vincent-Henri Peuch
- ECMWF, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK
| | - Vrinda Anand
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | | | - Kaitlin Badali
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gufran Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | | | - Andrea Bolignano
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente del Lazio, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Patricia Camacho
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casallas
- Earth System Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy; Escuela de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieria, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jean-Pierre Charland
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jason Choi
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabelle Coll
- Université Paris-Est Créteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, Creteil, France
| | - Marty Collins
- Air Monitoring Operations, Resource Stewardship Division, Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Di Leo
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente della Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilo Ferro
- Escuela de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieria, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Amiya Gayen
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Fabrice Godefroy
- Service de l'Environnement, Division du Contrôle des Rejets et Suivi Environnemental, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Marco Guevara-Luna
- Conservación, Bioprospección y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Henno Havenga
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dennis Herod
- National Smog Analysis, Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Urmas Hõrrak
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Ibarra
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Jaimes
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marko Kaasik
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ravindra Khaiwal
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kukkonen
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathalie La Violette
- Direction de la qualité de l'air et du climat, Direction générale du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques Québec, Canada
| | - Guido Lanzani
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente della Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Patrick M Manseau
- Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Canada
| | - Giada Marchegiani
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente del Lazio, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian McDonald
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Mooibroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nicolas Moussiopoulos
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fabio Murena
- Department of Chemical, Material and Production Engineering (DICMAPI), Naples, Italy
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Direction de la qualité de l'air et du climat, Direction générale du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques Québec, Canada
| | - Steffen Noe
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart Piketh
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aditi Rathod
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | - Ken Reid
- Air Quality and Climate Change, Metro Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Olivia Rivera
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Roberto San José
- Computer Science School, ESMG, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Odón Sánchez
- Atmospheric Pollution Research Group, Universidad Nacional Tecnológica de Lima Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Rodrigo J Seguel
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yushan Su
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Antonio Terrazas
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Domenico Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Material and Production Engineering (DICMAPI), Naples, Italy
| | - George Tsegas
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Guus J M Velders
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Vlachokostas
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Rajasree Vpm
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | - Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Grupo de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Zavala
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, CA, USA
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10
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Krecl P, Harrison RM, Johansson C, Targino AC, Beddows DC, Ellermann T, Lara C, Ketzel M. Long-term trends in nitrogen oxides concentrations and on-road vehicle emission factors in Copenhagen, London and Stockholm. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:118105. [PMID: 34523530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is the main anthropogenic source of NOx in Europe, affecting human health and ecosystems. Thus, mitigation policies have been implemented to reduce on-road vehicle emissions, particularly through the Euro standard limits. To evaluate the effectiveness of these policies, we calculated NO2 and NOx concentration trends using air quality and meteorological measurements conducted in three European cities over 26 years. These data were also employed to estimate the trends in NOx emission factors (EFNOx, based on inverse dispersion modeling) and NO2:NOx emission ratios for the vehicle fleets under real-world driving conditions. In the period 1998-2017, Copenhagen and Stockholm showed large reductions in both the urban background NOx concentrations (-2.1 and -2.6% yr-1, respectively) and EFNOx at curbside sites (68 and 43%, respectively), proving the success of the Euro standards in diminishing NOx emissions. London presented a modest decrease in urban background NOx concentrations (-1.3% yr-1), while EFNOx remained rather constant at the curbside site (Marylebone Road) due to the increase in public bus traffic. NO2 primary emissions -that are not regulated- increased until 2008-2010, which also reflected in the ambient concentrations. This increase was associated with a strong dieselization process and the introduction of new after-treatment technologies that targeted the emission reduction of other species (e.g., greenhouse gases or particulate matter). Thus, while regulations on ambient concentrations of specific species have positive effects on human health, the overall outcomes should be considered before widely adopting them. Emission inventories for the on-road transportation sector should include EFNOx derived from real-world measurements, particularly in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David C Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Camila Lara
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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11
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Guida Y, Pozo K, Carvalho GOD, Capella R, Targino AC, Torres JPM, Meire RO. Occurrence of pyrethroids in the atmosphere of urban areas of Southeastern Brazil: Inhalation exposure and health risk assessment. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:118020. [PMID: 34450491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) used decades ago for vector control in urban areas is still reported as a threat to human health. Pyrethroids emerged as a replacement for OCPs in sanitary campaigns and are currently the main insecticides used for vector control worldwide, with prominent use as agricultural and household insecticides, for veterinary and gardening purposes, and as wood preservative. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, seasonal variation, and potential sources of pyrethroids in ambient air of two urban regions of Southeastern Brazil, along with the potential health risks to local populations via inhalation exposure. Pyrethroids were sampled by polyurethane foam passive air samplers and their concentrations were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Atmospheric pyrethroid concentrations (hereinafter reported in pg m-3) were considerably higher than those reported by previous studies worldwide. Cypermethrin (median: 2446; range: 461-15 125) and permethrin (655; 19-10 328) accounted for 95% of the total measured pyrethroids in ambient air. The remaining fraction comprised smaller amounts of bifenthrin (46; <limit of detection (LOD)-5171), deltamethrin (58; <LOD-564), phenothrin (7; <LOD-22) and fenvalerate (0.3; <LOD-3). Bifenthrin, deltamethrin and permethrin were linked to local sources, while cypermethrin, fenvalerate and phenothrin had more prominent regional contributions. In broad terms, most pyrethroids showed no clear seasonal trend. The concentrations and hazard quotients (HQs) showed the following order of occurrence and magnitude: urban > urban-industrial > background areas. HQs increased with decreasing age group, but deterministic and probabilistic estimates did not identify direct health risks for any group. Nevertheless, since only inhalation exposure was considered in this work, other pathways should be investigated to provide a more comprehensive risk assessment of the human exposure to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Capella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Krecl P, de Lima CH, Dal Bosco TC, Targino AC, Hashimoto EM, Oukawa GY. Open waste burning causes fast and sharp changes in particulate concentrations in peripheral neighborhoods. Sci Total Environ 2021; 765:142736. [PMID: 33268251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) -frequently observed in developing countries- emits harmful pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC), and deteriorates the air quality in urban areas. This work reports on PM2.5 and BC measurements (fixed and mobile) conducted in a residential neighborhood on the outskirts of a Brazilian city (Londrina), complemented by a public opinion survey to understand the open burning in the context of waste management. Mean (± standard deviation) BC concentration (1.48 ± 1.40 μg m-3) at the fixed sites of the neighborhood was lower than downtown, while PM2.5 (9.68 ± 8.40 μg m-3) concentration was higher. The mobile monitoring showed higher mean PM2.5 concentrations but lower BC/PM2.5 ratios than downtown, with sharp and fast spikes (up to 317.87 and 565.21 μg m-3 for BC and PM2.5, respectively). The large spatial heterogeneity of particulate concentrations was associated with the occurrence of MSW burning events. Our observations were verified by the survey respondents who identified poor waste management practices: garbage in streets, waste burning, and illegal dump sites. Even though the area has a municipal waste collection service, the majority of the respondents (87%) had seen waste burning close to their homes on a weekly basis, and think that people burn waste out of habit (54%) and because they are not patient to wait for the collection services (67%). To combat this illegal practice, we suggest raising the public awareness through campaigns at local level, adopting education initiatives and economic incentives for correct waste segregation, and enforcing regular inspection of burning events by the authorities. Our research method proved to be a time- and cost-effective approach for mapping particulate concentrations and for identifying undesirable waste practices, and could be effectively applied to other global cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Hatada de Lima
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Mie Hashimoto
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil
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Krecl P, Targino AC, Oukawa GY, Cassino Junior RP. Drop in urban air pollution from COVID-19 pandemic: Policy implications for the megacity of São Paulo. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114883. [PMID: 32504979 PMCID: PMC7259904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil; Federal University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Oukawa GY, Monroy DA. Bus commuter exposure and the impact of switching from diesel to biodiesel for routes of complex urban geometry. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114601. [PMID: 33618461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on commuters' exposure to black carbon (BC), PM2.5 and particle number (PN, with aerodynamic diameter, da, in the range 0.01 <da< 1.0 μm) collected on-board diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system of the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Particulate concentrations measured at high sampling rates allowed the capture of fine gradients along the route and the comparison of in-cabin air pollution on buses of different technologies. Of all metrics, BC showed the largest discrepancies, with mean concentrations of 20.1 ± 20.0 μg m-3 and 3.9 ± 26.0 μg m-3 on diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses, respectively. Mean PM2.5 concentrations were similar (31.6 ± 28.5 μg m-3 and 29.0 ± 17.8 μg m-3), whilst mean PN concentrations were larger on the biodiesel buses (56,697 ± 26,800 # cm-3vs. 43,322 ± 32,243 # cm-3). The results are in line with studies on biodiesel emission factors that reported lower BC mass but more particles with smaller diameters. Our hypothesis is that different emission factors of diesel and biodiesel engines reflected in differences of in-cabin particulate concentrations. We found that the passenger exposure during the bus commutes was affected not only by the fuel used but also by the street geometry along the route, with segments with canyon configurations resulting in peak exposure to particulates. The results suggest that i) switching from diesel to biodiesel may help abate commuters' exposure to BC particles on-board buses of the BRT system, whilst it would need to be complemented with after-treatment technologies to reduce emissions; ii) further reductions in exposure (to peaks in particular) could be achieved by changing bus routes to ones that avoid passing through narrow urban street canyons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David Andrés Monroy
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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15
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Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Targino AC, Castro LB, Gidhagen L, Malucelli F, Wolf A. Cyclists' exposure to air pollution under different traffic management strategies. Sci Total Environ 2020; 723:138043. [PMID: 32392685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the air pollution exposure of cyclists in the city center of Curitiba (Brazil) and then systematically analyzed the influence of several traffic management strategies (bus lanes, bicycle lanes, traffic calming area, traffic lights, and cleaner vehicle technologies) on the exposure. We focused on concentrations of particulates monitored on-board bicycles: PM2.5, black carbon mass (BC) and particle number concentration (PNC), and also reported on total volatile organic compound concentrations (TVOC). Overall, mean (± standard deviation) exposure was moderate compared to other cities around the world (BC: 6.98 ± 11.53 μg m--3, PM2.5: 33.22 ± 25.64 μg m-3, PNC: 3.93 × 104 ± 4.17 × 104 cm-3, TVOC: 361 ± 99 ppb). Concentrations were higher in the morning rush hour than in the afternoon traffic peak, and exhibited a large spatial variability. Bus stops and signalized traffic intersections emerged as hotspots when compared to the rest of the journey, increasing all particulate concentrations. Lower exposure was found on streets with low traffic (particularly, small number of heavy-duty vehicles) and within shallow canyon structures. The impact of traffic calming areas on cyclists' exposure is still inconclusive and further experimental and modelling studies are needed. Simple emission calculations based on traffic activity and real-world emission factors suggested that replacing the diesel bus fleet with hybrid electric buses might largely decrease (64%) the exposure to BC in the city center. Urban planners could use this valuable information to project new cycleways, which would lead to healthier active transportation. Synchronizing traffic signals might further reduce exposure at intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Federal University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lizeth Bibiana Castro
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lars Gidhagen
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Francisco Malucelli
- Institute for Research and Urban Planning of Curitiba (IPPUC), Curitiba Municipality, Brazil; Now at Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alyson Wolf
- Curitiba Urbanization (URBS), Curitiba Municipality, Brazil
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16
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Targino AC, Harrison RM, Krecl P, Glantz P, de Lima CH, Beddows D. Surface ozone climatology of South Eastern Brazil and the impact of biomass burning events. J Environ Manage 2019; 252:109645. [PMID: 31610449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the austral spring, biomass fires affect a vast area of South America each year. We combined in situ ozone (O3) data, measured in the states of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil, in the period 2014-2017, with aerosol optical depth, co-pollutants (NOx, PM2.5 and PM10) and air backtrajectories to identify sources, transport and geographical patterns in the air pollution data. We applied cluster analysis to hourly O3 data and split the investigation area of approximately 290,000 km2 into five groups with similar features in terms of diurnal, weekly, monthly and seasonal O3 concentrations. All groups presented a peak in September and October, associated with the fire activities and enhanced photochemistry. The highest mean O3 concentrations were measured inland whilst, besides having lower concentrations, the coastal group was also associated with the smallest diurnal and seasonal variations. The latter was attributed to lower photochemical activity due to frequently occurring overcast weather situation. The mean annual regional contribution of O3 over the area was 61 μg/m3, with large seasonal and intersite variabilities (from 35 to 84 μg/m3). The long-range transport of smoke contributed with between 23 and 41% of the total O3 during the pollution events. A pollution outbreak in September 2015 caused many-fold increases in O3, PM2.5 and PM10 across the investigation area, which exceeded the World Health Organisation recommendations. We show that the regional transport of particulates and gas due to biomass burning overlays the local emissions in already highly polluted cities. Such an effect can outweigh local measures to curb anthropogenic air pollution in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Paul Glantz
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hatada de Lima
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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17
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Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Targino AC, Toloto MDO, Segersson D, Parra Á, Polezer G, Godoi RHM, Gidhagen L. Modelling urban cyclists' exposure to black carbon particles using high spatiotemporal data: A statistical approach. Sci Total Environ 2019; 679:115-125. [PMID: 31082586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is a pioneering work in South America to model the exposure of cyclists to black carbon (BC) while riding in an urban area with high spatiotemporal variability of BC concentrations. We report on mobile BC concentrations sampled on 10 biking sessions in the city of Curitiba (Brazil), during rush hours of weekdays, covering four routes and totaling 178 km. Moreover, simultaneous BC measurements were conducted within a street canyon (street and rooftop levels) and at a site located 13 km from the city center. We used two statistical approaches to model the BC concentrations: multiple linear regression (MLR) and a machine-learning technique called random forests (RF). A pool of 25 candidate variables was created, including pollution measurements, traffic characteristics, street geometry and meteorology. The aggregated mean BC concentration within 30-m buffers along the four routes was 7.09 μg m-3, with large spatial variability (5th and 95th percentiles of 1.75 and 16.83 μg m-3, respectively). On average, the concentrations at the street canyon façade (5 m height) were lower than the mobile data but higher than the urban background levels. The MLR model explained a low percentage of variance (24%), but was within the values found in the literature for on-road BC mobile data. RF explained a larger variance (54%) with the additional advantage of having lower requirements for the target and predictor variables. The most impactful predictor for both models was the traffic rate of heavy-duty vehicles. Thus, to reduce the BC exposure of cyclists and residents living close to busy streets, we emphasize the importance of renewing and/or retrofitting the diesel-powered fleet, particularly public buses with old vehicle technologies. Urban planners could also use this valuable information to project bicycle lanes with greater separation from the circulation of heavy-duty diesel vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Apucarana-Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Federal University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Apucarana-Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - David Segersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Álvaro Parra
- Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Apucarana-Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Federal University of Paraná, Environmental Engineering Department, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Lars Gidhagen
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Danziger Filho JE, Segura JF, Gibson MD. Spatial variability of on-bicycle black carbon concentrations in the megacity of São Paulo: A pilot study. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:539-543. [PMID: 30005266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, a controversial bicycle lane was installed on Paulista Avenue -a thoroughfare in the heart of the megacity of São Paulo with a high rate of motorised vehicles. For the first time, on-bicycle air pollution concentrations were assessed along this lane using black carbon (BC) as an indicator of fossil fuel combustion. We measured BC concentrations with a hand-held microaethalometer at a high temporal resolution, enabling the capture of fine spatial gradients along the route. Although this new link expanded the city's cycling network, our pioneering study showed that BC concentrations were large (mean 8.5 μg m-3) with extreme values reaching 24.0 μg m-3, comparable to concentrations found in many megacities. In agreement with other studies, we observed that concentrations decreased about 1.6 times on a section of the bicycle lane running through a calmer neighbourhood, which could indicate the potential to safeguard the health of cyclists by installing lanes with greater separation from main roads, such as Paulista Avenue. This pilot work paves the way to more detailed studies aiming to map out the spatial distribution of other traffic-related pollutants across the city's 458-km long bicycle network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil; Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - João Edson Danziger Filho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Julián Felipe Segura
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, PR, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Mark David Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Carvalho AM, Krecl P, Targino AC. Variations in individuals' exposure to black carbon particles during their daily activities: a screening study in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:18412-18423. [PMID: 29696538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a fraction of airborne PM2.5 emitted by combustion, causing deleterious effects on human health. Due to its abundance in cities, assessing personal exposure to BC is of utmost importance. Personal exposure and dose of six couples with different working routines were determined for 48 h based on 1-min mobile BC measurements and on ambient concentrations monitored simultaneously at home (outdoor) and at a suburban site. Although couples spent on average ~ 10 h together at home, the routine of each individual in other microenvironments led to 3-55% discrepancies in exposure between partners. The location of the residences and background concentrations accounted for the differences in inter-couple exposure. The overall average exposure and dose by gender were not statistically different. The personal exposure and dose calculated with datasets from fixed sites were lower than the calculations using data from mobile measurements, with the largest divergences (between four and nine times) in the transport category. Even though the individuals spent only 7% of the time commuting, this activity contributed to between 17 and 20% of the integrated exposure and inhaled dose, respectively. On average, exposure was highest on bus trips, while pedestrians and bus passengers had lower doses. Open windows elevated the in-car exposure and dose four times compared to settings with closed windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Maria Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
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Targino AC, Rodrigues MVC, Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Ribeiro JPM. Commuter exposure to black carbon particles on diesel buses, on bicycles and on foot: a case study in a Brazilian city. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1132-1146. [PMID: 29079981 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Commuting in urban environments accounts for a large fraction of the daily dose of inhaled air pollutants, especially in countries where vehicles have old technologies or run on dirty fuels. We measured black carbon (BC) concentrations during bus, walk and bicycle commutes in a Brazilian city and found a large spatial variability across the surveyed area, with median values between 2.5 and 12.0 μg m-3. Traffic volume on roadways (especially the number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles), self-pollution from the bus tailpipe, number of stops along the route and displacement speed were the main drivers of air pollution on the buses. BC concentrations increased abruptly at or close to traffic signals and bus stops, causing in-cabin peaks as large as 60.0 μg m-3. BC hotspots for the walk mode coincided with the locations of bus stops and traffic signals, whilst measurements along a cycle lane located 12 m from the kerb were less affected. The median BC concentrations of the two active modes were significantly lower than the concentrations inside the bus, with a bus/walk and bus/bicycle ratios of up to 6. However, the greater inhalation rates of cyclist and pedestrians yielded larger doses (2.6 and 3.5 μg on a 1.5-km commute), suggesting that the greater physical effort during the active commute may outweigh the reduction in exposure due to the shift from passive to active transport modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Vinicius C Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, Londrina, 86036-370, Brazil
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Targino AC, Gibson MD, Krecl P, Rodrigues MVC, Dos Santos MM, de Paula Corrêa M. Hotspots of black carbon and PM 2.5 in an urban area and relationships to traffic characteristics. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:475-486. [PMID: 27475962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three instrumented bicycles were used to measure black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 concentrations in a midsized city in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to map the spatial distribution of BC and PM2.5, to identify air pollution hotspots and to assess factors that may affect the concentrations of these pollutants, e.g. traffic volume, number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV), position of traffic signals and street incline. The cyclists collected data in the city centre along streets of different traffic density during nine sampling sessions in the weekday morning and afternoon rush hours, between March 13 and April 28, 2015. The sampling by bicycle covered an area of 2.70 km2, over variable elevation, and travelled a total distance of 215 km. BC and PM2.5 exhibited a large spatial variability on a scale of tens of metres and the concentrations were positively correlated with traffic counts, but exhibited a stronger relationship with the number of HDDV. These results imply that older buses and diesel-powered trucks may be the main driver behind the high pollution levels in the city's inner core. We observed a strong relationship between BC concentrations at junctions managed by traffic signals and the quantity of HDDV. The mean BC concentration was found to be 8.10 μg m-3 near traffic signals located on an inclined street (HDDV > 100 vehicles h-1) compared to traffic signals on flat terrain (6.00 μg m-3), which can be attributed to the higher acceleration required at the start of motion. This pattern was less evident for PM2.5 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Mark David Gibson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Costa Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maurício Moreira Dos Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Paula Corrêa
- Natural Resources Department, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
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Meire RO, Khairy M, Targino AC, Galvão PMA, Torres JPM, Malm O, Lohmann R. Use of passive samplers to detect organochlorine pesticides in air and water at wetland mountain region sites (S-SE Brazil). Chemosphere 2016; 144:2175-82. [PMID: 26595311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers were deployed in upland surface waters and the overlying atmosphere during May and June 2012, to determine the transport and trends of freely dissolved and gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) along altitudinal gradients in mountain regions in south and southeast Brazil. Gaseous OCP concentrations were dominated by hexachlorobenzene (3.0-29 pg m(-3)) and endosulfans (Ʃ = α-endosulfan + β-endosulfan + endosulfan sulphate, 170-260 pg m(-3)), whereas freely dissolved endosulfans were significantly higher than all other OCPs (p < 0.001). The presence of some target pesticides at the highest elevation sites indicated their efficient high-altitude transport from regional sources. Air-water exchange gradients indicated net deposition of most volatile and recently banned OCPs (e.g., HCB, endosulfan) over Brazilian mountains. Moreover, the exposure of these sites to large-scale continental airflows with varying source contributions may partly explain the atmospheric deposition of selected OCPs over upland freshwaters at tropical and subtropical mountains sites in Brazil. These findings, coupled with LDPE passive air and water sampling measurements, point out the potential inputs from distant sources of semi-volatile chemicals to the two high-altitude sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olaf Malm
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
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Meire RO, Targino AC, Torres JPM. Bulk atmospheric deposition of persistent toxic substances (PTS) along environmental gradients in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:2046-2053. [PMID: 22828922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bulk atmospheric deposition measurements for selected persistent toxic substances (PTS) were performed along environment gradients (urban-suburban-rural-background sites) in Brazil. The aim with this work is to investigate the fate of PTS and their emissions in South America, particularly along environment transects. Bulk sampler systems (polyurethane foams, 1 × 1 m(2)) were fixed along environment gradients (urban-suburban-rural-background) over summer and winter periods (2005-2007) at sites of different climate zones of Brazil. Organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector (Shimadzu 2010, 20i GC-ECD). Urban sites reported the highest deposition rates for all PTS, ranging from tens to thousands of pictograms per square meter per day. Basically, there were no obvious seasonal differences in deposition rate concentrations for PTS along the urban-suburban-rural-background gradient. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were the OCs most frequently detected at relatively high deposition rate levels (>1,000 pg m(-2) day(-1)). Other legacy and current-use pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, hexachlorcyclobenzine, dieldrin, aldrin, metoxichlor, and chlodanes were also detected at lower deposition rate levels (10-100 pg m(-2) day(-1)). PCBs were detected at extremely high deposition rate levels (1,000-10,000 pg m(-2) day(-1)) with highest contributions from the tetra-PCBs (PCB-52, PCB-44, PCB-66, PCB-81, and PCB-77) and penta-PCB congeners (PCB-101, PCB-105, PCB-114, PCB-118, and PCB-126). The greatest deposition rate concentrations for total PCBs were mainly detected at urban sites in connection with high population densities. The observed high deposition rate concentrations for PCBs and DDTs at urban sites are probably associated with old PTS stocks emissions. For PCBs in particular, the high levels are strongly associated with local population densities, highlighting the effect of local/regional urban sources on these target PTS. These results are important to show that even though the use of PTS is regulated, the deposition of selected PTS is still impacted by local and regional emissions in Brazil and may be related to the historical and continued emissions from old PTS stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Biophysics Institute, CCS, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Targino AC, Coe H, Cozic J, Crosier J, Crawford I, Bower K, Flynn M, Gallagher M, Allan J, Verheggen B, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, Choularton T. Influence of particle chemical composition on the phase of cold clouds at a high-alpine site in Switzerland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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