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Eregha PB, Vo XV, Nathaniel SP. Military spending, financial development, and ecological footprint in a developing country: insights from bootstrap causality and Maki cointegration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83945-83955. [PMID: 35776309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Military spending is required for national sovereignty, but it comes at a cost. The ecological consequences of military activities remain insufficiently investigated, especially in developing countries, where military spending is on the rise due to terrorism and civil unrest created by different secessionists' groups. As such, this study has a maiden attempt to address this gap by exploring the effects of military spending on the ecological footprint (EF) using the bootstrap causality test and the Maki (2012) cointegration test under multiple structural breaks. The findings suggest that military spending increases the EF. Also, while energy consumption and economic growth degrade the environment, financial development enhances environmental wellbeing by reducing the ecological footprint. The causality results suggest a unidirectional causality from military spending to EF, while feedback causality exists between military spending and economic growth. The result of this study affirms the existence of destruction theory and also provides a better understanding of the links behind environmental degradation and is applicable for the design and implementation of environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perekunah B Eregha
- School of Management and Social Sciences, Pan-Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Institute of Business Research, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Vinh Vo
- Institute of Business Research & CFVG, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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2
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Anser MK, Apergis N, Syed QR, Alola AA. Exploring a new perspective of sustainable development drive through environmental Phillips curve in the case of the BRICST countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48112-48122. [PMID: 33900561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considering that the rigor of economic activities has widely been linked with the turbulent nature of the increasing global atmospheric and environmental hazards thus hampering environmental sustainability, it then presented a suggestive dilemma realizing that increasing unemployment, i.e., de-economizing human activities posit a desirable environmental quality effect. Given this backdrop, and employing the more recent estimation techniques, the current study probes the validity of the novel environmental Phillips curve (i.e., negative relationship between unemployment and environmental degradation) opined by Kashem and Rahman (Environ Sci Pollut Res 1-18, 2020). In this case, the panel of BRICST (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) economies for the selected data set over the experimental period 1992-2016 is analyzed. After using related approaches that are designed to account for probable country-specific factors, i.e., the cross-sectional dependence concern, the findings from the PMG-ARDL model affirmed the validity of the environmental Phillips curve for the BRICST countries. Thus, there is a significant trade-off between unemployment and environmental degradation. Moreover, this study concludes that renewable energy consumption improves the environmental quality, while conventional energy sources remained detrimental factors to environmental quality in the panel of the examined countries. Therefore, the study identified that the share of renewable energy in the energy mix should be escalated to improve environmental quality and maintain or improve the employment level, thus advancing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the BRICST countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Qasim Raza Syed
- National Tariff Commission, Ministry of Commerce, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Andrew Adewale Alola
- Department of Economics and Finance, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Khan A, Sicen L, Khan B, Salman N. On the influence of demographic structure and industrial growth on environmental quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112453. [PMID: 33827026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The working-age population is an essential driver of economic growth that facilitates industrial growth, trade, and urbanization, but its impression on environmental quality is under-researched. This study proposes a novel framework to estimate the impact of demographic structure, industrial growth, and urbanization on two indicators of the environment (CO2 & Ecological footprints) in seven South Asian countries (SAARC) over 1985-2016 employing "Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT)" framework. The results showed the variables have "cross-sectional dependence" and panel heterogeneity. Similarly, the Pedroni, Kao & Westerlund tests indicated the cointegration relationship between the models' chosen variables. The long-run empirical estimates imply that the linear term of industrial growth is negative. The quadratic term is positive, thus supporting the U-shaped Kuznets phenomenon in the SAARC countries. Similarly, the working-age population (demographic structure), urbanization, and trade are detrimental environmental quality indicators. The causal linkages developed between the variables duly verified the causality between demographic structure, urbanization, and industrial growth with environmental degradation based on ecological footprints and CO2 emissions. These results for SAARC countries offer important policies for theorists, academicians, and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Khan
- Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liu Sicen
- Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
| | - Babar Khan
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal.
| | - Nazia Salman
- Department of Economics, Karakorum International University, Gilgit, Pakistan.
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Anser MK, Apergis N, Syed QR. Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO 2 emissions: evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29369-29378. [PMID: 33555468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) has surged across the globe. Furthermore, EPU affects economic activities, which may also generate strong CO2 emissions. The goal of this study is to explore the impact of EPU (measured by the world uncertainty index) on CO2 emissions in the case of the top ten carbon emitter countries, spanning the period 1990 to 2015. The findings from the PMG-ARDL modelling approach document that the world uncertainty index (WUI) affects CO2 emissions in both the short and the long run. In the short run, a 1% increase in WUI mitigates CO2 emissions by 0.11%, while a 1% rise in WUI escalates CO2 emissions by 0.12% in the long run. The findings could have some substantial practical effects on economic policies through which policy makers try to shrink any uncertainty by organizing and participating in international summits and treaties. In addition, international organizations could also launch certain programs to shrink uncertainties associated with economic policy. Finally, these countries should introduce innovation, renewable energy, and enforce alternative technologies that are environment friendly. Overall, governments must provide strong tax exemptions on the use of clean energy, while R&D budgets should also expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid Anser
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Qasim Raza Syed
- National Tariff Commission, Ministry of Commerce, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Nathaniel SP. Environmental degradation in ASEAN: assessing the criticality of natural resources abundance, economic growth and human capital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21766-21778. [PMID: 33411275 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ASEAN countries have enjoyed significant economic advancement over the years. The region is also blessed with lots of natural resources. However, natural resource abundance and economic growth could contribute to environmental deterioration, especially when the exploration and consumption of natural resource is not sustainable. This study has a maiden attempt to constitute the dynamic linkages between natural resources, human capital, economic growth, and ecological footprint (EF) in ASEAN. The Augmented Mean Group (an advanced econometric estimator) is adopted for empirical analysis over the period 1990 to 2016. The findings confirm the adverse effect of economic growth and natural resource on environmental quality. Human capital, though with a negative coefficient, is not efficient in mitigating environmental degradation in ASEAN. The country-wise results affirm that economic growth intensifies environmental degradation in all the countries, and the outcome was consistent with the dynamic OLS results. Further findings from the country-wise results suggest that natural resource is not harmful in Laos PDR and Thailand, but constitute environmental deterioration in the other countries. Finally, a feedback causality is discovered between natural resource and economic growth, and between human capital and economic growth. The limitations of the study and directions for future research have been highlighted along with relevant policy directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Prince Nathaniel
- University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria.
- Lagos State University, School of Foundation, Badagry, Nigeria.
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The Imperativeness of Environmental Quality in China Amidst Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13095054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that CO2 emissions are the primary cause of climate change and environmental destruction. China, the world’s biggest carbon emitter, is the subject of this research. Utilizing the wavelet tools (wavelet correlation, wavelet coherence, multiple wavelet coherence, and partial wavelet coherence), the present study intends to capture the time-frequency dependence between CO2 emissions and renewable energy, economic growth, trade openness, and energy usage in China between 1965 and 2019. The advantage of the wavelet tools is that they can differentiate between short, medium, and long-run dynamics over the period of study. Furthermore, the study utilized the gradual shift causality test to capture the causal interconnection between CO2 emissions and the regressors. The findings from Bayer and Hanck showed a long-run relationship among the variables of interest. Furthermore, the findings from the wavelet coherence test revealed a positive relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth and energy usage at all frequencies. Although there is a weak negative relationship between renewable energy and CO2 emissions in the short run, there is no significant co-movement between CO2 emissions and trade openness. The outcomes of the partial and multiple wavelet coherence also give credence to the outcomes of the wavelet coherence test. Lastly, the gradual shift causality test revealed a one-way causality from energy usage and economic growth to CO2 emissions. Based on the findings, suitable policy suggestions were proposed.
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Sharma R, Sinha A, Kautish P. Does financial development reinforce environmental footprints? Evidence from emerging Asian countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9067-9083. [PMID: 33125680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the preceding two decades, the expansion of financial services has played a vital role in pursuing economic growth agendas in the developing Asian nations. However, its harmful effect on environmental quality cannot be denied. In this backdrop, in the present study, we investigated whether the financial sector development moderated the ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and land footprint in the eight developing nations of South and Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2015. In doing so, we included the per capita income, energy solutions, and trade expansions as determinants of the ecological indicators. The results of the second-generation unit root tests and Westerlund's cointegration test reported the long-run stability and cointegration, respectively. To navigate the possible cross-country dependency, we employed the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag approach (CS-ARDL). The results confirmed that per capita income, energy solutions, trade expansion, and financial sector development invigorated the ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and land footprint in the long run. Further, it is reported that the development in the financial sector has a significant moderating impact on the nexus between energy and environmental footprints. In other words, the financial sector development drove the association between the overall environmental quality and energy solutions in the long run. Similarly, we observed that the financial sector development worked as a significant mediator between environmental proxies and trade expansion. By including the ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and land footprint as environmental proxies, the study provides the wider environmental spectrum. Based on the outcomes of the study, we proposed a novel scheme, which may help to address the harmful environmental impacts of the financial sector development in the selected developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Economics, School of Business, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Avik Sinha
- Centre for Excellence in Sustainable Development, Goa Institute of Management, Goa, India
| | - Pradeep Kautish
- Department of Marketing, Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Nwaka ID, Uma KE, Ike GN. Determinants of household fuel choices among Nigerian family heads: are there gender-differentiated impacts? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42656-42669. [PMID: 32712942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consensus in the literature holds that female-headed households (FHHs) are more vulnerable to social and economic exclusion than male-headed households (MHHs). This paper investigates the socioeconomic determinants of household cooking fuel choices across MHHs and FHHs, using the rich Nigerian Demographic Health Survey data. Using the exogenous switching treatment effect regression (ESTER) technique, the study is able to unravel differences in socioeconomic effects of gender inequality on cooking fuel choices in Nigeria. The results validate the energy ladder hypothesis in the Nigerian case and show that the choices of dirty fuel (biomass) is more prevalent among the de-jure FHH when compared with the de-facto FHH and MHHs. Also, the probability of biomass-use among MHHs would have fallen by 1.3% if MHHs had similar socioeconomic attributes as the FHHs. In the same vain for FHHs, the probability of kerosene-use would have increased by 2%. The study observed no gender gap in kerosene-use. Thus, the established gender gap in biomass- and kerosene-use would have reduced to 6.7% and 2.8%, respectively, if the de-facto FHHs had same socioeconomic attributes as the de-jures. Considering the traditional gendered household division of labor within the households, de-jure FHHs' energy choices may be due to limited economic opportunities that guarantees cleaner energy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu D Nwaka
- Department of Economics, Girne American University, Girne, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Kalu E Uma
- Department of Economics and Development Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - George Nwokike Ike
- Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
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Sharma R, Sinha A, Kautish P. Examining the impacts of economic and demographic aspects on the ecological footprint in South and Southeast Asian countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36970-36982. [PMID: 32577979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The re-examination of the existing economic and environmental policies in the South and Southeast Asian countries seems to be necessary, as these countries are struggling to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For designing a long-term environmental policy, we intended to examine whether the selected economic and demographic indicators have influenced the ecological footprint in the eight developing countries of Asia from 1990 to 2015. The use of pooled mean group (PMG) approach allowed driving the long-run common coefficients, which may facilitate us to develop a common policy framework for fortifying the environmental quality. The computed results confirmed that the selected variables are cointegrated in the long run, and the variables, i.e., per capita income, nonrenewable energy usage, urbanization, fertility rate, and population density are observed as the significant drivers of the environmental pollution. Moreover, the consumption of renewable energy restored the environmental quality in these countries. Based on the results, we recommended the need for the diversification of the energy-basket for enhancement of the use of renewable energy resources. Further, through sensitization of the necessity of environmental conservation, the governments should promote less carbon-intense economic and demographic practices across the industries and sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sharma
- School of Business, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, District Sikar, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Avik Sinha
- Centre for Sustainable Development, Goa Institute of Management, Goa, India
| | - Pradeep Kautish
- Department of Marketing, Institute of Management, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Kirikkaleli D, Sowah JK. A wavelet coherence analysis: nexus between urbanization and environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30295-30305. [PMID: 32451900 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the co-movement between urbanization and environmental sustainability for the period 1950 to 2014 using the wavelet coherence technique within the global framework. The wavelet coherence technique allows us to investigate both the long-run and short-term causal relationships between urbanization and environmental sustainability within the global framework. The findings reveal that (i) wavelet correlation from the global perspectives indicates a significant wavelet relationship between urbanization and environmental sustainability for medium- and long-term horizons; however, the correlations are not significant for the short-term horizons; (ii) significant vulnerabilities in urbanization and environmental sustainability are observed at different periods and different frequency levels; (iii) urbanization has reliable power for explaining environmental sustainability at different periods between 1970 and 2000. Based on our study, we suggest that global urban planners and policymakers should support modern environment-friendly technologies and renewable energies to control global CO2 emissions and pollutions created by industrialization; policy action to fight climate change is as well recommended as evidence supports to compact city theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Kirikkaleli
- Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - James Karmoh Sowah
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10, Mersin, Turkey
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Akadiri SS, Alola AA, Alola UV, Nwambe CS. The role of ecological footprint and the changes in degree days on environmental sustainability in the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24929-24938. [PMID: 32342407 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the adverse effect of extreme weather and weather variation across the globe, the ecological deficit accounting associated with the USA is perceived to have further worsen the country's environmental quality. Considering the aforementioned motivation, this study examined the effects of cooling degree days, heating degree days and ecological footprint on environmental degradation in the USA over the period of 1960 to 2016. While employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Bounds testing to cointegration approaches, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is further incorporated in the estimation model to avoid estimation bias thus enhancing a robust estimate. The result overwhelmingly found that the cooling degree days, the heating degree days and the ecological footprint accounting aggravates the country's environmental degradation. Worse still, the study further presents that there is short-run adverse impacts of the heating and cooling degree days, and the short-run and long-run ecological footprint on the country's environmental sustainability. Moreover, there is statistical evidence that the income growth in the USA especially in the long run will not also improve the environmental quality. Irrespective of the income-environmental degradation long-run relationship, the relieving impact of income growth on environmental degradation is observed in the short run. In general, the study presents relevant policy pathway for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Adewale Alola
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Administrative and Social Science, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Financial Technologies, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
| | - Uju Violet Alola
- Department of Tourism Guidance, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Economics and Management, South Ural State University, Lenin prospect 76, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 454080
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Ibrahiem DM, Sameh R. How do clean energy sources and financial development affect unemployment? Empirical evidence from Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22770-22779. [PMID: 32319070 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing unemployment rate to reach 5% is one of the most important priorities in Egypt's Strategy for Sustainable Development. So, enhancing the finance of medium and small enterprises and attracting investors to clean energy resources sectors are considered the most important government's priorities to achieve this strategic goal (UN 2018). Depending on this strategy, the study investigates the long-run and causal relationships between unemployment, financial development, population, and clean energy sources in Egypt from 1971 to 2014. Johansen and Juselius, auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL), and vector error correction (VECM) approaches are employed to achieve this purpose. The results indicate that while clean energy resources have an adverse effect on unemployment, financial development and population have positive effect. The main findings of VECM reveal the existence of short run one-way causal relation from unemployment to financial development and from population to financial development and alternative energy sources. The main results imply that devoting domestic credit to renewable energy sector can help in providing job opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M Ibrahiem
- Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rasha Sameh
- Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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