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Goel V, Tripathi N, Gupta M, Sahu LK, Singh V, Kumar M. Study of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging using ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor during high pollution events over Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118542. [PMID: 38403149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Secondary aerosols constitute a significant fraction of atmospheric aerosols, yet our understanding of their formation mechanism and fate is very limited. In this work, the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aging of ambient air of Delhi are studied using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor, an oxidation flow reactor (OFR), coupled with aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), and scanning mobility particle sizer with counter (SMPS + C). The setup mimics atmospheric aging of up to several days with the generation of OH radicals. Variations in primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) as a function of photochemical age were investigated. Primary VOCs such as benzene, toluene, xylene, trimethyl benzene, etc. decrease and OVOCs like formic acid, formaldehyde, acetone, ethanol, etc. increase substantially upon oxidation in OFR. The highest organic aerosol (OA) enhancement was observed for the 4.2 equivalent photochemical days of aging i.e., 1.84 times the ambient concentration, and net OA loss was observed at very high OH exposure, typically after 8.4 days of photochemical aging due to heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation/evaporation. In ambient air, OA enhancement is highest during nighttime due to the high concentrations of precursor VOCs in the atmosphere. SMPS + C results demonstrated substantial new particle formation upon aging and decrement in preexisting aerosol mass. This is the first experimental study conducting an in-situ evaluation of potential SOA mass generated from the ambient aerosols in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Goel
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Nidhi Tripathi
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany; Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | | | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India.
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Khoshakhlagh AH, Yazdanirad S, Ducatman A. Climatic conditions and concentrations of BTEX compounds in atmospheric media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118553. [PMID: 38428562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Climatic and meteorological conditions are among the factors affecting the ambient concentrations of BTEX compounds. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to interrogate the seasonal effect of climatic conditions on the concentrations of BTEX compounds. Three electronic bibliographic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to November 14, 2023. The search algorithm followed PRISMA guidance and consisted of three groupings of keywords and their possible combinations. For various climatic conditions, the overall mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) of effect size related to BTEX concentrations were calculated using a random-effect model. In total, 104 articles were included for evaluation in this review. BTEX ambient concentration was higher in winter (ranging from 36 out of 79 relevant studies for xylene to 52 out of 97 relevant studies for benzene) followed by summer and autumn. For humidity conditions, the highest exposure values for BTEX were detected for rainy weather (ranging from 3 out of 5 relevant studies for toluene and xylene to 4 out of 5 relevant studies for benzene and ethyl benzene) compared to dry conditions. The pooled concentration (μg/m3) of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene were computed as 2.61, 7.12, 2.21, and 3.61 in spring, 2.13, 7.53, 1.61, and 2.75 in summer, 3.04, 9.59, 3.14, and 5.50 in autumn, and 3.56, 8.71, 2.35, and 3.91 in winter, respectively. Moreover, the pooled concentrations (μg/m3) of BTEX were measured as 2.98, 7.22, 1.90, and 3.03 in dry weather and 3.15, 6.30, 2.14, and 3.86 in rainy or wet weather, respectively. In most seasons, the ambient concentrations of BTEX were higher in countries with low and middle incomes and in Middle Eastern countries and East/Southeast Asia compared to those in other regions (P < 0.001). The increasing concentrations of BTEX in winter and autumn followed by the summer season and during rainy/wet weather appear to be reasonably consistent despite variations in study methods, quality, or geography. Therefore, it is recommended that more serious control measures are considered for decreasing exposure to BTEX in these climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Yazdanirad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Alan Ducatman
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Kumari P, Soni D, Aggarwal SG. Benzene: A critical review on measurement methodology, certified reference material, exposure limits with its impact on human health and mitigation strategies. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024; 39:e2024012-0. [PMID: 39054826 PMCID: PMC11294662 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a carcinogenic pollutant with significant emission sources present in the atmosphere. The need for accurate and precise measurement of benzene in the atmosphere has become increasingly evident due to its toxicity and the adverse health effects associated with exposure to different concentrations. Certified reference material (CRM) is essential to establish the traceability of measurement results. The present review compiles the available national and international measurement methods, certified reference materials (CRMs) for benzene and the limit of benzene in fuel composition (v/v) worldwide. Overall, the review indicates the benzene level in the atmosphere and the resulting impacts on the environment and human health, which frequently exceed the exposure limits of different environment regulatory agencies. An extensive literature review was conducted to gather information on monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, revealing that the most preferred method, i.e. Gas Chromatography- Flame Ionization Detector and Mass Spectrometry, is neither cost-effective nor suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. By analysing existing literature and studies, this review will shed light on the understanding of the importance of benzene pollution monitoring in ambient air and its implications for public health. Additionally, it will reflect the mitigation strategies applied by regulators & need for future revisions of air quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Daya Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shankar G Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Mao Y, Yang L, Liu S, Song Y, Luo M, Guo Y. A theoretical study on toluene oxidization by OH radical. BMC Chem 2024; 18:72. [PMID: 38609951 PMCID: PMC11015615 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Toluene, a prominent member of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), exerts a substantial adverse influence on both human life and the environment. In the context of advanced oxidation processes, the ·OH radical emerges as a highly efficient oxidant, pivotal in the elimination of VOCs. This study employs computational quantum chemistry methods (G4MP2//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) to systematically investigate the degradation of toluene by ·OH radicals in an implicit solvent model, and validates the rationale of choosing a single-reference method using T1 diagnostics. Our results suggest three possible reaction mechanisms for the oxidation of toluene by ·OH: firstly, the phenyl ring undergoes a hydrogen abstraction reaction followed by direct combination with ·OH to form cresol; secondly, ·OH directly adds to the phenyl ring, leading to ring opening; thirdly, oxidation of sidechain to benzoic acid followed by further addition and ring opening. The last two oxidation pathways involve the ring opening of toluene via the addition of ·OH, significantly facilitating the process. Therefore, both pathways are considered feasible for the degradation of toluene. Subsequently, the UV-H2O2 system was designed to induce the formation of ·OH for toluene degradation and to identify the optimal reaction conditions. It was demonstrated that ·OH and 1O2 are the primary active species for degrading toluene, with their contribution ranking as ·OH > 1O2. The intermediates in the mixture solution after reactions were characterized using GC-MS, demonstrating the validity of theoretical predictions. A comparative study of the toluene consumption rate revealed an experimental comprehensive activation energy of 10.33 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the preliminary activation energies obtained via theoretical analysis of these three mechanisms (0.56 kJ/mol to 13.66 kJ/mol), indicating that this theoretical method can provide a theoretical basis for experimental studies on the oxidation of toluene by ·OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Mao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China.
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
| | - Yunchang Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
| | - Mengchao Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
| | - Yongxue Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Multi-Pollutant Collaborative Control of Flue Gas From Coal-Fired Power Stations, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, Hebei, China
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Jayaraj S, Shiva Nagendra SM. Health risk assessment of workers' exposure to BTEX and PM during refueling in an urban fuel station. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1507. [PMID: 37987919 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The proximity of fuel stations to the roads and the activities inside the station can contribute to PM and VOCs and impose health risks on station workers. The study presents the exposure and health risk assessment of the fuel station personnel to total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and particulate matter (PM) during refueling operations. TVOCs and PM monitoring were carried out at a fuel station in Chennai, India, for 1 week in March 2021, covering both weekdays and weekends. The health risks were assessed using EPA's health impact assessment methodology. Exposure to TVOCs (3177.39 ± 5450.32 μg/m3) exceeded the EPA standard of 5 μg/m3, by more than 500 times, peaking during refueling operations. The average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 76.55 ± 23.08 μg/m3, 41.81 ± 9 μg/m3, and 30.38 ± 7.56 μg/m3, respectively. The concentrations were observed to be high during morning and evening hours due to the increased traffic on the adjacent road and inside the fuel station. The synergistic health risks linked with long-term exposure to high concentrations of BTEX and PM were also estimated. At the fuel station, a significant contribution to the SOA formation potential was shown by toluene, followed by m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, and benzene. Furthermore, the deposition of airborne particles in the workers' respiratory tract was calculated using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model while considering the daily average exposure duration of 12 h. The results showed that 59% of PM10 particles were deposited in the head region, whereas 11% and 10% of PM2.5 and PM1 particles were deposited in the pulmonary region. Hence, the health risk assessment indicated no non-cancer risk of exposure to PM (hazard quotient = 0.13) to station personnel exposed regularly for 1 year. However, prolonged exposure to VOCs for more than 1 year can result in both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient = 0.045 and cancer risk > 10-6) in workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Jayaraj
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - S M Shiva Nagendra
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Kumari P, Soni D, Aggarwal SG, Singh K. Seasonal and diurnal measurement of ambient benzene at a high traffic inflation site in Delhi: Health risk assessment and its possible role in ozone formation pathways. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023016-0. [PMID: 37853697 PMCID: PMC10613561 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is the most toxic and hazardous pollutant among volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as it comes under group 1 carcinogens recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It also plays a significant role in forming secondary pollutants like ozone. The benzene concentration was measured using a charcoal sorbent tube by active sampling at a traffic junction and analysis was done using GC-FID. The maximum average concentration of benzene in ambient air was found to be 33 μg/m3. A diurnal study of benzene measurement shows higher benzene concentrations in the evening compared to the morning. Seasonal variation of benzene is found to be winter > spring > summer > autumn > monsoon and OFP was found to be 21, 19, 14, 13, and 10 respectively. Cancer (ILCR) and non-cancer (HQ) health risk assessment was done to determine the impact of ambient benzene on the residents of urban areas. The yearly average value of ILCR was found to be 2×10-6 ± 1×10-6 which ranges from acceptable value to three times the WHO acceptable value i.e 1×10-6. The correlation of ozone and its precursor, benzene with meteorological parameters is also evaluated. The correlation of benzene and ozone with solar radiation shows the influence of photochemical reactions on the levels of benzene and ozone at the study site, although it is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Daya Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shankar G. Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Khem Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
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Dehhaghi S, Hasankhani H, Taheri A. Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023; 37:1-17. [PMID: 37362845 PMCID: PMC10218775 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the concentration of BTEX in Tehran from 2018 to 2020 in five monitoring stations with different backgrounds, which has been accomplished using the combination of passive sampling and GC-FID method. The total concentration of BTEX was estimated to be 65.39 (µg/m3), with a higher average concentration in 2019-2020 (77.79 µg/m3) compared to 2018-2019 (53.48 µg/m3) due to the leaping concentration of Toluene in the pandemic era. Despite a Benzene concentration decline in recent years, the average annual concentration of Benzene (5.66 µg/m3) at five stations remained higher than the EU commission and India standards (5 µg/m3) as well as Japan and Iraq thresholds (3 µg/m3). Toluene dominated other species in terms of concentrations, mass distribution (~0.6%), followed by m,p-Xylene (~0.2%), Benzene (~0.05-0.1) and Ethylbenzene (< 0.05). The evidence regarding seasonal changes of BTEX in 2019 shows the maximum concentration of these compounds in autumn, which is probably due to heavier traffic compared to other seasons. In contrast, in the first half of 2020 (which encompasses the start of the pandemic period and urban lockdown), point sources seem to play a prominent role in concentration fluctuations, as confirmed by changes in interspecies relationships and lower traffic congestion. The highest mean concentrations were observed in high-traffic, residential and suburban sites, respectively. The study reveals that m,p-Xylene possess the highest Ozone formation potential (~109.46), followed by Toluene (~85.34), o-Xylene (~46.87), Ethylbenzene (~13.52) and Benzene (~2.61). Health risk assessment results indicated the high carcinogenic risk of Benzene (mean = 3.6 × 10-6) and the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk of BTEX (hazard index~0.03 < specified limit of 1). Finally, the estimated weighted exposures of BTEX emphasized that residents near the high-traffic districts are more exposed to BTEX. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dehhaghi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Taheri
- Tehran Air Quality Control Company, Tehran Municipality, Tehran, Iran
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Khalili M, Nasrabadi T. Assessment of occupational health risk due to inhalation of chemical compounds in an aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul company. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57558-57570. [PMID: 36964811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in an aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) company in 2021 to identify the extent of occupational exposures and quantitative assessment of the health risk due to inhalation of chemical compounds. According to the inspection of different parts of this company, heavy metals including Co, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr(VI), and Mn and organic compounds including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were selected for health risk assessment. In total, the air in the inhalation area of active workers was sampled in 51 workstations. Measurement of the above pollutants showed that the average occupational exposure to Cd, Pb, and all organic compounds fell within the acceptable range of occupational exposure standard, while the measured values for Co, Ni, Mn, and Cr(VI) exceeded the standard limit. According to calculations, the highest carcinogenic risk (CR) was seen in the plating (airplane) workshop for exposure to Cr(VI) (7.58E-01), and the lowest CR was observed in the electronic workshop for exposure to Pb (7.75E-08). The highest non-carcinogenic hazard (HQ) was found in the welding workshop for exposure to Co (1.00E + 04), while the lowest HQ was related to toluene in the fabrication workshop (9.10E-03). Considering the high rate of exposure indicators, CR and HQ exceeded the standards set by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in most workshops. Accordingly, company managers should take the necessary measures to reduce the vulnerability of individuals working in areas with unacceptable CR and HQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Touraj Nasrabadi
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang T, Kang W, Ge X, Lin Q, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Explication on distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds in petro-chemistry and oil refineries of China using a species-transport model and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160707. [PMID: 36493815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial emissions have attracted great attention due to their negative effects on human, but there is lack of deterministic air quality model for VOC emissions. In this study, airborne VOCs from a typical petrochemical and oil refinery region, Lanzhou, Gansu province of China, were on-site measured. The regional pollution patterns were investigated using a species transport model and the health risks were evaluated. The spatial distribution of VOCs showed that 87.5 % of the airborne VOCs were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene having higher concentration (146 μg/m3) in the north direction oil refinery industrial areas. The concentrations of toluene and benzene were as high as 41.5 and 33.3 μg/m3 in the 4 km2 area away from the petrochemical emission source, respectively, and the concentration of o-/m + p-xylene was up to 79.7 μg/m3. Based on the measured concentration data, the numerical results showed that the accumulation of high concentration of VOC species by mass transfer in the region is related to the atmospheric diffusion driven by downward-moving air over the valley areas. Non-carcinogenic risk assessments showed that airborne benzene exposure had acceptable hazard quotient of 0.185 for adults, which was 1.8 times of children's (0.102), whereas it was found that a high carcinogenic risk (>10-4) from benzene in several sampling sites and diffuse distance become significant for carcinogenic risk. This study verified the effectiveness of VOC atmospheric diffusion model through a large number of on-site monitoring data, providing data support for model-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, PR China
| | - Wei Kang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Duan C, Liao H, Wang K, Ren Y. The research hotspots and trends of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources: A systematic quantitative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114386. [PMID: 36162470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions have attracted wide attention due to their impacts on atmospheric quality and public health. However, most studies reviewed certain aspects of natural VOCs (NVOCs) or anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs) rather than comprehensively quantifying the hotspots and evolution trends of AVOCs and NVOCs. We combined the bibliometric method with the evolution tree and Markov chain to identify research focus and uncover the trends in VOC emission sources. This study found that research mainly focused on VOC emission characteristics, effects on air quality and health, and VOC emissions under climate change. More studies concerned on AVOCs than on NVOCs, and AVOC emissions have shifted with a decreasing proportion of transport emissions and an increasing share of solvent utilization in countries with high emissions and publications (China and the USA). Research on AVOCs is imperative to develop efficient and economical abatement techniques specific to solvent sources or BTEX species to mitigate the detrimental effects. Research on NVOCs originating from human sources risen due to their application in medicine, while studies on sources sensitive to climate change grew slowly, including plants, biomass burning, microbes, soil and oceans. Research on the long-term responses of NVOCs derived from various sources to climate warming is warranted to explore the evolution of emissions and the feedback on global climate. It is worthwhile to establish an emission inventory with all kinds of sources, accurate estimation, high spatial and temporal resolution to capture the emission trends in the synergy of industrialization and climate change as well as to simulate the effects on air quality. We review VOC emissions from both anthropogenic and natural sources under climate change and their effects on atmospheric quality and health to point out the research directions for the comprehensive control of global VOCs and mitigation of O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Duan
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hu Liao
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Kaide Wang
- Yunnan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Yin Ren
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, China.
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11
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Kim SJ, Lee SJ, Lee HY, Son JM, Lim HB, Kim HW, Shin HJ, Lee JY, Choi SD. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea: Diurnal variation, source identification, secondary formation of organic aerosol, and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156344. [PMID: 35654203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, have attracted increased attention owing to their emission, secondary formation, and human health risk. In this study, we collected 24 hourly samples once a month at an urban site in Seoul for a year (a total of 288 samples) using a sequential tube sampler. Analysis results revealed that toluene (9.08 ± 8.99 μg/m3) exhibited the highest annual mean concentration, followed by ethyl acetate (5.55 ± 9.09 μg/m3), m,p-xylenes (2.79 ± 4.57 μg/m3), benzene (2.37 ± 1.55 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (1.81 ± 2.27 μg/m3), and o-xylene (0.91 ± 1.47 μg/m3), indicating that these compounds accounted for 77.8-85.6% of the seasonal mean concentrations of the total (Σ59) VOCs. The concentrations of the Σ59 VOCs were statistically higher in spring and winter than in summer and fall because of meteorological conditions, and the concentrations of individual VOCs were higher during the daytime than nighttime owing to higher human activities during the daytime. The conditional bivariate probability function and concentration weighted trajectory analysis results suggested that domestic effects (e.g., vehicular exhaust and solvents) exhibited a dominant effect on the presence of VOCs in Seoul, as well as long-range atmospheric transport of VOCs. Further, the most important secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) compounds included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p,o-xylenes, and the total SOAFP of nine VOCs accounted for 5-29% of the seasonal mean PM2.5 concentrations. The cancer and non-cancer risks of the selected VOCs were below the tolerable (1 × 10-4) and acceptable (Hazard quotient: HQ < 1) levels, respectively. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of the sequential sampling of VOCs and hybrid receptor modeling to further understand the source-receptor relationship of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Bae Lim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woong Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Zulkifli MFH, Hawari NSSL, Latif MT, Hamid HHA, Mohtar AAA, Idris WMRW, Mustaffa NIH, Juneng L. Volatile organic compounds and their contribution to ground-level ozone formation in a tropical urban environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134852. [PMID: 35533940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the trends of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and their potential contribution to O3 formation. The hourly data (August 2017 to July 2018) for 29 VOCs were obtained from three Malaysian Department of Environment continuous air quality monitoring stations with different urban backgrounds (Shah Alam, Cheras, Seremban). The Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was calculated based on the individual Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) and VOC concentrations. The results showed that the highest mean total VOC concentrations were recorded at Cheras (148 ± 123 μg m-3), within the Kuala Lumpur urban environment, followed by Shah Alam (124 ± 116 μg m-3) and Seremban (86.4 ± 89.2 μg m-3). VOCs such as n-butane, ethene, ethane and toluene were reported to be the most abundant species at all the selected stations, with overall mean concentrations of 16.6 ± 11.9 μg m-3, 12.1 ± 13.3 μg m-3, 10.8 ± 11.9 μg m-3 and 9.67 ± 9.00 μg m-3, respectively. Alkenes (51.3-59.1%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (26.4-33.5%) have been identified as the major contributors to O3 formation in the study areas based on the overall VOC measurements. Relative humidity was found to influence the concentrations of VOCs more than other meteorological parameters. Overall, this study will contribute to further understanding of the distribution of VOCs and their contribution to O3 formation, particularly in the tropical urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizul Hilmi Zulkifli
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Air Division, Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Water, 62574, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Razi Wan Idris
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liew Juneng
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
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13
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Soares MV, Mesadri J, Gonçalves DF, Cordeiro LM, Franzen da Silva A, Obetine Baptista FB, Wagner R, Dalla Corte CL, Soares FAA, Ávila DS. Neurotoxicity induced by toluene: In silico and in vivo evidences of mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118856. [PMID: 35033616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toluene is an air pollutant widely used as an organic solvent in industrial production and emitted by fossil fuel combustion, in addition to being used as a drug of abuse. Its toxic effects in the central nervous system have not been well established, and how and which neurons are affected remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to fill this gap by investigating three central questions: 1) How does toluene induce neurotoxicity? 2) Which neurons are affected? And 3) What are the long-term effects induced by airborne exposure to toluene? To this end, a Caenorhabditis elegans model was employed, in which worms at the fourth larval stage were exposed to toluene in the air for 24 h in a vapor chamber to simulate four exposure scenarios. After the concentration-response curve analysis, we chose scenarios 3 (E3: 792 ppm) and 4 (E4: 1094 ppm) for the following experiments. The assays were performed 1, 48, or 96 h after removal from the exposure environments, and an irreversible reduction in neuron fluorescence and morphologic alterations were observed in different neurons of exposed worms, particularly in the dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, a significant impairment in a dopaminergic-dependent behavior was also associated with negative effects in healthspan endpoints, and we also noted that mitochondria may be involved in toluene-induced neurotoxicity since lower adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and mitochondrial viability were observed. In addition, a reduction of electron transport chain activity was evidenced using ex vivo protocols, which were reinforced by in silico and in vitro analysis, demonstrating toluene action in the mitochondrial complexes. Based on these findings model, it is plausible that toluene neurotoxicity can be initiated by complex I inhibition, triggering a mitochondrial dysfunction that may lead to irreversible dopaminergic neuronal death, thus impairing neurobehavioral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Valandro Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mesadri
- Departamento: Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Centro de Ciência Rurais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Farina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Departamento: Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Centro de Ciência Rurais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14021040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the environment and air quality, playing an important role in global warming, depletion of atmospheric ozone and emission of unpleasant odors, but also directly affect human health. This study investigated the health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) compounds and biogas released in and around the municipal landfill. Sampling of the VOCs was carried out by the 1501NIOSH method from 8 points over 5 months. The samples were analyzed for BTEX in the ambient air of the landfill, resulting in 0.03–18.09 ppm concentrations, while for biogases a 0.08–25.2 ppm range was found. Assessment of definite health and potential risks showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for benzene and hazard quotient (HQ) for the BTEX components in all studied sampling sites are higher than the acceptable standard. The high concentration of benzene measured in ambient air indicated that petroleum compounds containing benzene and its derivatives have the highest value in the category of BTEX compounds among all emissions. Therefore, high concentrations of volatile compounds derived from VOCs, especially benzene, should be reduced at the site with control engineering measures.
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