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Xu H, Zhang H, Qin C, Li X, Xu D, Zhao Y. Groundwater Cr(VI) contamination and remediation: A review from 1999 to 2022. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142395. [PMID: 38797207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination of groundwater has traditionally been an environmental issue of great concern due to its bioaccumulative and highly toxic nature. This paper presents a review and bibliometric analysis of the literature on the interest area "Cr(VI) in groundwater" published in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1999 to 2022. First, information on 203 actual Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater sites around the world was summarized, and the basic characteristics of the sources and concentrations of contamination were derived. 68.95% of the sites were due to human causes and 56.43% of these sites had Cr(VI) concentrations in the range of 0-10 mg/L. At groundwater sites with high Cr(VI) contamination due to natural causes, 75.00% of the sites had Cr(VI) concentrations less than 0.2 mg/L. A total of 936 papers on "Cr(VI) in groundwater" were retrieved for bibliometric analysis: interest in research on Cr(VI) in groundwater has grown rapidly in recent years; 59.4% of the papers were published in the field of environmental sciences. A systematic review of the progress of studies on the Cr(VI) removal/remediation based on reduction, adsorption and biological processes is presented. Out of 666 papers on Cr(VI) removal/remediation, 512, 274, and 75 papers dealt with the topics of reduction, adsorption, and bioremediation, respectively. In addition, several studies have demonstrated the potential applicability of natural attenuation in the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater. This paper will help researchers to understand and investigate methodological strategies to remove Cr(VI) from groundwater in a more targeted and effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chuanyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Zhou Y, Jiang D, Ding D, Wei J, Xie W, Zhu X, Deng S, Long T, Wu Y. Comprehensive distribution characteristics and factors affecting the migration of chromium in a typical chromium slag-contaminated site with a long history in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21881-21893. [PMID: 38400974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of abandoned chromium slag-contaminated sites poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Therefore, improving the understanding of their distribution characteristics and health risks by multiple information is necessary. This study explored the distribution, accumulation characteristic, and the role in the migration process of chromium. The results showed that the contents of total Cr and Cr (VI) ranged from 12.00 to 7400.00 mg/kg, and 0.25 to 2160.00 mg/kg, respectively. The average contents of both total Cr and Cr (VI) reached the highest value at the depth of 7-9 m, where the silt layer retaining total Cr and Cr (VI) was. The spatial distribution analysis revealed that the total contamination area percentages of total Cr and Cr (VI) reached 7.87% and 90.02% in the mixed fill layer, and reduced to 1.21% and 34.53% in the silty layer, and the same heavily polluted areas were located in the open chromium residue storage. Soil pH and moisture content were the major factors controlling the migration of total Cr and Cr(VI) in soils. Results of probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that carcinogenic risk was negligible for adults and children, and the sensitive analysis implied that the content of Cr(VI) was the predominant contributor to carcinogenic risk. The combination of chemical reduction and microbial remediation could be the feasible remediation strategy for soil Cr(VI) pollution. Overall, this study provides scientific information into the chromium post-remediation and pollution management for various similar chromium-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengdeng Jiang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da Ding
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyi Xie
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Long
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunjin Wu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China.
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Guo J, Wang D, Shi Y, Lyu H, Tang J. Minor chromium passivation of S-ZVI enhanced the long-term dechlorination performance of trichlorethylene: Effects of corrosion and passivation on the reactivity and selectivity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120973. [PMID: 38071903 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The corrosion and surface passivation of sulfidized zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) by common groundwater ions and contaminants are considered to be the most challenging aspects in the application of S-ZVI for remediation of chlorinated contaminants. This study investigated the impacts of corrosive chloride (Cl-) and passivation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) on the long-term reactivity, selectivity, corrosion behavior, and physicochemical properties during the 60-day aging process of S-ZVI. Although the co-existing of Cl- promoted the initial reactivity of S-ZVI, the rapid consumption of Fe° content shortened the reactive lifetime owing to the insufficient electron capacity. Severe passivation by Cr(VI) (30 mg L-1) preserved the Fe° content but significantly interfered with the reductive sulfur species, resulting in an increase in electron transfer resistance. In comparison, minor passivated S-ZVI (5.0 mg L-1 Cr(VI)) inhibited the hydrogen evolution while concurrently mitigating the further oxidation of the reductive iron and sulfur species, which significantly enhanced the long-term reactivity and selectivity of S-ZVI. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of minor passivation could be detected in the aging processes of one-step, two-step, and mechanochemically synthesized S-ZVI particles with different S/Fe ratios and precursors, which further verified the advantages of minor passivation. This observation is inspirable for the development of innovative strategies for environmental remediation by S-ZVI-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Environmental Protection Institute, SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yinghao Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Honghong Lyu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Li Y, Chen X, Tian X, Liang J, Zhao Z, Ye J, Liu Y, Tong M. Sulfite Poses a Risk of Hexavalent Chromium Rebound in Vadose Zone: A Challenge of the Stability of Cr xFe 1-x(OH) 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15203-15212. [PMID: 37729390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) rebound is the primary risk associated with the reduction remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The potential impact of sulfites, which can be produced by microbial activities or originate from sulfur-containing remediation agents, on the Cr(VI) rebound in the vadose zone has been overlooked. When sulfites are present, the stability of CrxFe1-x(OH)3 is compromised and significantly inferior to that of Cr(OH)3, as demonstrated in this paper. First, Fe acts as a catalyst for the conversion of adsorbed sulfite to SO4·-, which subsequently triggers the oxidation of Cr(III) and results in the rebound of Cr(VI). The heterogeneous catalysis by Fe on the surface of CrxFe1-x(OH)3 plays a predominant role, contributing to 78% of the actual oxidation of Cr(III) among all employed catalytic processes. The presence of ambient Cl- can exacerbate the rebound effect of Cr(VI) by promoting the generation of HOCl. Furthermore, a portion of released Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by dissolved sulfite in the presence of dissolved Fe as a catalyst, thereby increasing the dissolution and migration risk associated with CrxFe1-x(OH)3. Hence, the presence of sulfites results in a significant increase in the Cr(VI) rebound and Cr(III) release from CrxFe1-x(OH)3. This challenges the conventional understanding of the stability of CrxFe1-x(OH)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Yangsheng Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Meiping Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Zhang W, Zhao K, Wan B, Liang Z, Xu W, Li J. Chromium Transport and Fate in Vadose Zone: Effects of Simulated Acid Rain and Colloidal Types. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16414. [PMID: 36554303 PMCID: PMC9778184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) can enter groundwater through rainfall infiltration and significantly affects human health. However, the mechanisms by which soil colloids affect chromium transport are not well investigated. In this study, column experiments were conducted to simulate the chromium (Cr) transport mechanism in two typical soils (humic acid + cinnamon soil and montmorillonite + silt) in the vadose zone of a contaminated site and the effects of acid rain infiltration conditions. The results showed that Mt colloids have less influence on Cr. The fixation of Cr by colloid mainly occurs in the cinnamon soil layer containing HA colloid. The adsorption efficiency of Cr was increased by 12.8% with the addition of HA. In the HA-Cr system, the introduction of SO42- inhibited the adsorption of Cr, reducing the adsorption efficiency from 31.4% to 24.4%. The addition of Mt reduced the adsorption efficiency of Cr by 15%. In the Mt-Cr system, the introduction of SO42- had a promoting effect on Cr adsorption, with the adsorption efficiency increasing from 4.4% to 5.1%. Cr release was inhibited by 63.88% when HA colloid was present, but the inhibition owing to changes in acidity was only 14.47%. Mt colloid promotes Cr transport and increases the leaching rate by 2.64% compared to the absence of Mt. However, the effect of acidity change was not significant. Intermittent acid rain will pose a higher risk of pollutant release. Among the influencing factors, the type of colloid had the most significant influence on the efficiency of Cr leaching. This study guides the quantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk caused by Cr in the vadose zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kaichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bo Wan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhentian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Chemical Geological Prospecting Institute of Liaoning Province Co., Ltd., Jinzhou 121007, China
| | - Jingqiao Li
- Songliao Water Resources Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Changchun 130021, China
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A Questionnaire Survey on Contaminated Site Regulators’ View of Implementing Green and Sustainable Remediation in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Government contaminated site regulators, as policy executors and makers, have a profound impact on the development of green and sustainable remediation (GSR), but their cognitive level of GSR has not been well-studied. China has some experience in the management of contaminated sites and has the foundation to promote GSR. This study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire to investigate the understanding of GSR among Chinese site regulators at different levels. The study found that there was still a lot of resistance to promoting GSR in China. Firstly, even though the regulators thought GSR was necessary in China, most of them did not know GSR very well or lacked practical experience. Secondly, existing national and provincial policy standards did not have a good balance between the environmental, social and economic aspects, but gave priority to the environmental factors. Thirdly, the lack of standard and regulatory requirements was the most significant barrier to the implementation of GSR. The results of the survey can provide a reference for China or other developing countries to implement GSR. Practitioners should provide more knowledge and cases for regulators, supplement national policies or improve the provincial and municipal policy system.
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Wei Y, Xu X, Zhao L, Chen X, Qiu H, Gao B, Cao X. Migration and transformation of chromium in unsaturated soil during groundwater table fluctuations induced by rainfall. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126229. [PMID: 34492983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The groundwater table fluctuation zone is the main interface for contaminants to transport between the unsaturated soil and saturated aquifers which still lacks of concern. In this study, we explored the interactions of Cr(VI) in this specific zone during water table fluctuation through laboratory experiment and numerical modeling. The higher reduction of Cr(VI) was found in the lower soil layer due to the lower Eh at the bottom layer of the unsaturated zone and the Cr(III) concentration increased with rise in water level and fluctuation amplitudes. After twice water fluctuation, nevertheless, there was still about 42.2% Cr retained in the soil and dominantly present as Cr(III) form. The model coupling reaction network with hydrodynamic field showed the cumulative Cr(III) in the unsaturated soil zone had a faster increase at the higher water level rise speed compared with lower rise speed. The cumulative Cr(VI) decreases over time in the saturated aquifers, whereas the cumulative Cr(III) increased with the increase of fluctuation amplitude. Reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) was accompanied with Fe(II) and organic carbon oxidation. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic conditions have impacts on the redox environment of soil which could further affect the transformation and transport of Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Lu SF, Wu YL, Chen Z, Li T, Shen C, Xuan LK, Xu L. Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater using chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization method: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12766-12779. [PMID: 33094457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a systematic on-site remediation case involving both heavy metal and organic contaminants in soil and groundwater in a historically industrial-used site in Shanghai, China. Lab-scale experiments and field tests were conducted to determine the optimum parameters for the removal of contaminants in soil and groundwater. It has been found that the remediation goal of hexavalent chromium in soil could be achieved with the mass content of added sodium hydrosulfite and ferrous sulfate reaching 3% + 6%. The total chromium in the groundwater was effectively removed, when the mass ratio of sodium metabisulfite was not less than 3 g/L, and the added quick lime made pH value not less than 9. The concentrations of arsenic and 1,2-dichloropropane in the groundwater decreased evidently after extraction and mixing of groundwater. The pH and calcium chloride dosage added should be larger than 9.5 and 5 g/L, respectively, to remove phosphate in groundwater. The removal efficiency of those contaminants was examined and evaluated after the on-site remediation. The results demonstrated that it was feasible to use the chemical reduction and solidification/stabilization methods for the on-site ex situ remediation of this site, which could be referenced for the realistic remediation of similar sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Feng Lu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wu
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Zhan Chen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Tao Li
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chao Shen
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lin-Kang Xuan
- SGIDI Engineering Consulting (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Geo-Environment, Shuifeng Road No. 38, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road No. 28, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
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Recovery of Molybdenum, Chromium, Tungsten, Copper, Silver, and Zinc from Industrial Waste Waters Using Zero-Valent Iron and Tailored Beneficiation Processes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) has been used for water treatment for more than 160 years. However, passivation of its surface often constituted a problem which could only be tackled recently by the innovative Ferrodecont process using a fluidized bed reactor. In this study, pilot scale experiments for the removal of Mo, Cr, W, Cu, Ag and Zn from two industrial waste water samples and lab-scale experiments for the beneficiation of the abrasion products are presented to integrate the Ferrodecont process into a complete recycling process chain. Firstly, 38.5 % of Cu was removed from sample A, yielding abrasion products containing 33.1 wt% Cu as metallic copper (Cu) and various Cu compounds. The treatment of sample B removed 99.8 % of Mo, yielding abrasion products containing 17.8 wt% of Mo as amorphous phases or adsorbed species. Thermal treatment (1300 °C) of the abrasion product A indicated a reduction of delafossite to metallic Cu according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was successfully separated from the magnetic iron phases. Hydrometallurgical treatment (1.5 M NaOH, 3 d, liquid:solid ratio (L:S) = 15:1) of sample B yielded aqueous extracts with Mo concentrations of 5820 to 6300 mgL−1. In conclusion, this corresponds to an up to 53-fold enrichment of Mo during the entire process chain.
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