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Neves AP, Rosa ACS, Larentis AL, da Silva Rodrigues Vidal PJ, Gonçalves ES, da Silveira GR, Dos Santos MVC, de Carvalho LVB, Alves SR. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: from 2000 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:10. [PMID: 38049584 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas, in the control of arboviruses and agriculture. These pesticides cause environmental/occupational exposure and associated risks to human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to carry out an integrative review of epidemiological studies that identified and quantified dialkylphosphate metabolites in the urine of exposed populations, focusing on the vector control workers, discussing the application and the results found. Searches utilized the Pubmed, Scielo, and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) databases between 2000 and 2021. From the 194 selected studies, 75 (39%) were with children/adolescents, 48 (24%) with rural workers, 36 (19%) with the general population, 27 (14%) with pregnant women, and 9 (4%) with vector control workers. The total dialkylphosphate concentrations found in the occupationally exposed population were higher than in the general population. Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure. The work revealed a lack of studies with vector control workers and a lack of studies in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neves
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH) - Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, nº. 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Simões Rosa
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Corrêa Dos Santos
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- General Superintendence of Technical and Scientific Police/Department of Civilian Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Guzman-Torres H, Sandoval-Pinto E, Cremades R, Ramírez-de-Arellano A, García-Gutiérrez M, Lozano-Kasten F, Sierra-Díaz E. Frequency of urinary pesticides in children: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1227337. [PMID: 37711246 PMCID: PMC10497881 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1227337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are any mix of ingredients and substances used to eliminate or control unwanted vegetable or animal species recognized as plagues. Its use has been discussed in research due to the scarcity of strong scientific evidence about its health effects. International literature is still insufficient to establish a global recommendation through public policy. This study aims to explore international evidence of the presence of pesticides in urine samples from children and their effects on health through a scoping review based on the methodology described by Arksey and O'Malley. The number of articles resulting from the keyword combination was 454, and a total of 93 manuscripts were included in the results and 22 were complementary. Keywords included in the search were: urinary, pesticide, children, and childhood. Children are exposed to pesticide residues through a fruit and vegetable intake environment and household insecticide use. Behavioral effects of neural damage, diabetes, obesity, and pulmonary function are health outcomes for children that are commonly studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods are used predominantly for metabolite-pesticide detection in urine samples. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) are common in organophosphate (OP) metabolite studies. First-morning spot samples are recommended to most accurately characterize OP dose in children. International evidence in PubMed supports that organic diets in children are successful interventions that decrease the urinary levels of pesticides. Several urinary pesticide studies were found throughout the world's population. However, there is a knowledge gap that is important to address (public policy), due to farming activities that are predominant in these territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Guzman-Torres
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elena Sandoval-Pinto
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa Cremades
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Gutiérrez
- Centro Metropolitano de Atención de la Diabetes Tipo 1, OPD Servicios de Salud, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Felipe Lozano-Kasten
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erick Sierra-Díaz
- Departamentos de Clínicas Quirúrgicas y Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- División de Epidemiología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Janoš T, Ottenbros I, Bláhová L, Šenk P, Šulc L, Pálešová N, Sheardová J, Vlaanderen J, Čupr P. Effects of pesticide exposure on oxidative stress and DNA methylation urinary biomarkers in Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115368. [PMID: 36716809 PMCID: PMC10009299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticide (CUP) exposure occurs mainly through diet and environmental application in both agricultural and urban settings. While pesticide exposure has been associated with many adverse health outcomes, the intermediary molecular mechanisms are still not completely elucidated. Among others, their roles in epigenetics (DNA methylation) and DNA damage due to oxidative stress are presumed. Scientific evidence on urinary biomarkers of such body response in general population is limited, especially in children. A total of 440 urine samples (n = 110 parent-child pairs) were collected during the winter and summer seasons in order to describe levels of overall DNA methylation (5-mC, 5-mdC, 5-hmdC, 7-mG, 3-mA) and oxidative stress (8-OHdG) biomarkers and investigate their possible associations with metabolites of pyrethroids (3-PBA, t/c-DCCA), chlorpyrifos (TCPY), and tebuconazole (TEB-OH). Linear mixed-effects models accounting for intraindividual and intrahousehold correlations were utilized. We applied false discovery rate procedure to account for multiplicity and adjusted for potential confounding variables. Higher urinary levels of most biological response biomarkers were measured in winter samples. In adjusted repeated measures models, interquartile range (IQR) increases in pyrethroid metabolites were associated with higher oxidative stress. t/c-DCCA and TCPY were associated with higher urinary levels of cytosine methylation biomarkers (5-mC and/or 5-mdC). The most robust association was observed for tebuconazole metabolite with 3-mA (-15.1% change per IQR increase, 95% CI = -23.6, -5.69) suggesting a role of this pesticide in reduced demethylation processes through possible DNA glycosylase inhibition. Our results indicate an urgent need to extend the range of analyzed environmental chemicals such as azole pesticides (e.g. prothioconazole) in human biomonitoring studies. This is the first study to report urinary DNA methylation biomarkers in children and associations between CUP metabolites and a comprehensive set of biomarkers including methylated and oxidized DNA alterations. Observed associations warrant further large-scale research of these biomarkers and environmental pollutants including CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilse Ottenbros
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Pálešová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica Sheardová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Thammachai A, Sapbamrer R, Rohitrattana J, Tongprasert S, Hongsibsong S, Wangsan K. Effects of urinary of organophosphate metabolites on nerve conduction and neurobehavioral performance among farmers in northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38794-38809. [PMID: 36586021 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Farmers are regarded as a high-risk population for pesticide exposure because of the frequency of their occupational exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides. The purposes of this study were 1) to compare urinary OP metabolites, nerve conduction, and neurobehavioral (NB) performance between farmers and a control group, as well as between baseline measurement and after spraying OP pesticides; 2) to investigate the factors associated with increased urinary OP metabolites after spraying OP pesticides; and 3) to investigate the effects of OP metabolites on changes in nerve conduction and NB performance after spraying OP pesticides. This study was conducted with a sample size of 71 farmers and a control group of 26. The findings showed that after spraying OP pesticides total dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels were significantly higher than baseline levels. Multiple linear regression showed that increased urinary OP metabolites among farmers after spraying pesticides were negatively associated with wearing a mask when spraying OP pesticides and positively associated with the number of years of farm work and type of sprayer equipment. The results also showed a positive association between the increased urinary total diethylphosphate (DEP) levels and the decreased amplitude of motor nerve conduction. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between increased urinary total DEP and decreased right amplitude of sympathetic skin response (SSR). An increase in urinary total DMP was positively associated with a decrease in raw score and a standard score of visual-motor integration (VMI). Our findings provide evidence that exposure to OP pesticides can cause a deficit in nerve conduction and NB performance in farmers. These findings may contribute to the early detection of neurological disease and inform strategies to prevent damage to the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajchamon Thammachai
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Chiang Mai, 50200, Muang District, Thailand
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Mae Ka Subdistrict, Phayao, 56000, Muang District, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Chiang Mai, 50200, Muang District, Thailand.
| | - Juthasiri Rohitrattana
- Center for Safety, Health and Environment of Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siam Tongprasert
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Chiang Mai, 50200, Muang District, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sriphum Subdistrict, Chiang Mai, 50200, Muang District, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Wangsan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Chiang Mai, 50200, Muang District, Thailand
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Yoshida T, Mimura M, Sakon N. Exposure to organophosphorus compounds of Japanese children and the indoor air quality in their residences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158020. [PMID: 35973537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several organophosphorus compounds such as organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) and trialkylphosphates (TAPs) are suspected to inhibit cholinesterase activities, to affect endocrine systems or to possibly be carcinogenic. To evaluate their adverse effects on health with chronic exposure in the general population, especially in children, we measured the household exposure to OPPs and TAPs by Japanese children via all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality. First-morning void urine was collected from subjects aged 6 to 15 years (n = 132), and airborne organophosphorus compounds were sampled in the subject's bedroom for 24 h. Airborne levels of nine OPPs and three TAPs and their urinary metabolites were determined. No significant correlations were detected for any compounds between their airborne concentrations and the urinary excretion amounts of their corresponding metabolites. The estimated daily intakes were as follows (median, μg/kg b.w./d): chlorpyrifos, 0.042; diazinon, 0.067; tri-n-butylphosphate, 0.094. The 95th percentiles of the intakes for fenthion, fenitrothion and the above three compounds did not exceed their reference limit values, although one subject had a daily intake of tri-n-butylphosphate that was about twice its reference limit value. The concentration levels of the urinary metabolite of tri-n-butylphosphate in our subjects tended to be higher than those for children in many other countries. The fractions of the amounts absorbed by inhalation to the amounts absorbed via all of the exposure pathways was only 2.3 % (median) for tri-n-butylphosphate. Inhalation did not seem to contribute very much as an absorption pathway of the organophosphorus compounds in these Japanese children while they were at home. The exposure amounts of OPPs were not suggested to be high enough to adversely affect the health of these children at present on the basis of their daily intakes compared to their reference limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshida
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Mimura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Samare-Najaf M, Samareh A, Namavar Jahromi B, Jamali N, Vakili S, Mohsenizadeh M, Clark CCT, Abbasi A, Khajehyar N. Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2120897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samare-Najaf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Samareh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Navid Jamali
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Mohsenizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khajehyar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
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Wongta A, Sawang N, Tongjai P, Jatiket M, Hongsibsong S. The Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure among School Children in Four Regions of Thailand: Analysis of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites in Students' Urine and Organophosphate Pesticide Residues in Vegetables for School Lunch. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080434. [PMID: 36006115 PMCID: PMC9416577 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography-Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children's urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurak Wongta
- Environmental, Occupational and NCD Center of Excellent, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.T.)
| | - Nootchakarn Sawang
- Environmental, Occupational and NCD Center of Excellent, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.T.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Phanika Tongjai
- Environmental, Occupational and NCD Center of Excellent, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.T.)
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Surat Hongsibsong
- Environmental, Occupational and NCD Center of Excellent, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (N.S.); (P.T.)
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Larsen K, Black P, Rydz E, Nicol AM, Peters CE. Using geographic information systems to estimate potential pesticide exposure at the population level in Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110100. [PMID: 32853660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residents in close proximity to agricultural land are at risk of higher pesticide exposures. The purpose of this study was to generate national population-level exposure estimates for Canada for three commonly applied pesticides that are suspected carcinogens (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), glyphosate and chlorothalonil). Using geographic information systems, pesticide exposure was estimated for every - census subdivision (CSD) in Canada (n = 5054) by combining raster-based surfaces for the distribution of crops with average crop-specific pesticide application rates data. Analyses examined all identified crops in combination with different pesticide application rates to obtain a cumulative potential total exposure. Specifically, the number of acres of particular crops were calculated for each CSD and then multiplied by the average pesticide application rates data, summed across crops, and combined with population data by CSD to provide a potential pesticide exposure estimate for each CSD. Results demonstrate that the population exposure varies greatly depending on agricultural production by CSD region. For example, in Ontario, the 2,4-D application rate was an average of 361 kg/km2, while in Saskatchewan, which primarily grows field/cereal crops, 2,4-D application rates were much higher (3810 kg/km2). The highest potential exposures to all three pesticides were in the prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) along with Prince Edward Island, Southern Quebec and British Columbia. This work can be used in conjunction with other exposure assessment approaches to better understand overall pesticide exposure among Canada's general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Larsen
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Paleah Black
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Ecotox Consulting, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ela Rydz
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Nicol
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl E Peters
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Preventive Oncology & Community Health Sciences. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
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