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Baidoo EB, Tulashie SK, Miyittah M, Alale EM, Adukpoh KE, Agyekwaga GW, Asante PA. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies on oil extraction from Ghanaian cashew kernel using hexane. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32421. [PMID: 39005915 PMCID: PMC11239464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study underlines all the techniques adopted to extract and define the oil that was extracted from cashew kernels and also to figure out if it fits the bill for applications in industrial operations. Using the solvent extraction method, the oil was obtained at different extraction times and temperatures. At the maximum temperature 333 K, the highest yield of the oil (34.7 %) was obtained at the highest extraction time 130 min adhering to first order kinetics. The mass transfer (km) and the regression coefficient (R2) were 0.0115 and 0.9853 respectively. The activation energy (Ea.), the entropy changes (ΔS), the equilibrium constant (K) and the enthalpy change (ΔH) were 59.958 KJmol-1, 228.4 KJmolK-1, 7.54 and 70.29 KJmol-1 respectively. The activation enthalpy (ΔH*), entropy (ΔS*) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG*) were 57.2880 KJmol-1, -0.1617 KJ (molK)-1 and 114.834 KJ mol-1, respectively, favoring an endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous extraction. The negative Gibbs free energy range of -2.3342 KJ(molK)-1 to -5.7602 KJ(molK)-1 indicated the feasibility of oil extraction from cashew kernels. Also, some major fatty acids compositions that were identified in the oil after characterization were oleic acid (71 %) and linoleic acid (32 %). The oil's bond and potential functional groups were identified using the Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR) which indicated the presence of O-H, C-H, C-N, C[bond, double bond]O, C-C and = C-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boafo Baidoo
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kofi Tulashie
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
- Department of Chemical and Renewable Energy Engineering, School of Sustainable Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Michael Miyittah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Enoch Mbawin Alale
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Kingsley Enoch Adukpoh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - George Wardu Agyekwaga
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
| | - Philomina Adams Asante
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana
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Ramasamy SVM, Booramurthy V, Pandian S, Albaqami MD, Alotabi RG. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bifunctional nano-catalyst for the production of biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66912-66922. [PMID: 37186187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reusable magnetic multimetal nano-catalyst (Fe3O4.Cs2O) was synthesized using co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was used to esterify and transesterify Madhuca indica (M. indica) oil to produce biodiesel with methanol. The prepared catalyst, caesium oxide doped on the nano-magnetite core, was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, the activity of the catalyst was investigated by subjecting it to a biodiesel reaction. To maximize biodiesel conversion, studies were carried out by varying the process variables like catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A maximum conversion of 97.4% was obtained at the holding conditions of 18:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 7 wt% catalyst loading, 65 °C reaction temperature, and 300 min reaction time. Moreover, the catalyst recyclability study showed that it could be recycled up to 12 cycles with a conversion of 90% and above. The biodiesel's fuel properties were analysed and found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751 standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijayakumar Booramurthy
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641402, India
| | - Sivakumar Pandian
- School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Munirah Dukhi Albaqami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ghazi Alotabi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Singh D, Sharma D, Sharma PK, Jhalani A, Sharma DK. Characterization of homogenous acid catalyzed biodiesel production from palm oil: experimental investigation and numerical simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34481-34502. [PMID: 36515877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a biological renewable source produced from the conversion of triglycerides to alkyl esters. Palm oil is one of the most used lipid feedstocks for biodiesel production. It becomes necessary to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters to reduce the cost and enhance the quality of biodiesel. This study focuses on the use of homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm fatty acids to methyl esters in a batch-scale reactor. A novel examination of transesterification reaction input parameters using the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution optimization technique and the effect of these parameters on yield, viscosity, and density of palm biodiesel using 3D surface graphs is investigated in this research. The present optimization approach is implemented to find out the optimum ranking of biodiesel production. From the experimental and numerical simulation, optimum results were observed at the catalyst concentration of 6% (w/w), reaction temperature of 70 °C, the reaction time of 120 min, and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 at which yield of 95.35%, viscosity of 5.0 cSt, and density of 880 kg/m3 of palm biodiesel were obtained. The different physicochemical properties of produced palm methyl esters are obtained within standards set by international authorities. Selected optimized process parameters can be used for commercial-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Singh
- Department of Basic Science and Engineering, College of Technology and Agriculture Engineering, Agriculture University Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India.
| | - Dilip Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Jhalani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Alsaiari M, Ahmad M, Munir M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Dawood S, Almohana AI, Hassan M H AM, Alharbi AF, Ahmad Z. Efficient application of newly synthesized green Bi 2O 3 nanoparticles for sustainable biodiesel production via membrane reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136838. [PMID: 36244423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of waste and non-edible oil seeds coupled with green nanotechnology offered a pushover to sustainable and economical biofuels and bio refinery production globally. The current study encompasses the synthesis and application of novel green, highly reactive and recyclable bismuth oxide nanocatalyst derived from Euphorbia royealeana (Falc.) Boiss. leaves extract via biological method for sustainable biofuel synthesis from highly potent Cannabis sativa seed oil (34% w/w) via membrane reactors. Advanced techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Diffraction X-Ray (EDX), and FT-IR were employed to illustrate the newly synthesized green bismuth oxide nanoparticles. 92% of FAMEs were produced under optimal reaction conditions such as a 1.5% w/w catalyst weight, 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, and a reaction temperature of 92 ⸰C for 3.5 h via membrane reactor. The synthesized Cannabis biodiesel was identified using the FT-IR and GC-MS techniques. The fuel properties of synthesized biofuels (acid number 0.203 mg KOH/g, density 0.8623 kg/L, kinematic viscosity 5.32 cSt, flash point 80 °C, pour point -11 °C, cloud point -11 °C, and Sulfur 0.00047 wt %, and carbon residues 0.2) were studied and established to be comparable with internationally set parameters. The experimental data (R2 = 0.997) shows that this reaction follow pseudo first-order kinetics. These findings affirm the application of green bismuth oxide nanoparticles as economical, highly reactive and eco-friendly candidate for industrial scale biodiesel production from non-edible oil seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano Research Centre, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Empty Quarter Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art in Sharurah, Najran University, Sharurah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mamoona Munir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sumreen Dawood
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Ibrahim Almohana
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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Rajamanickam SK, Kasinathan S. Fatty acid ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil: a completely renewable biofuel for sustainable development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61790-61800. [PMID: 34189688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the deliverables of the experimental study on the production of a completely renewable biofuel from Manilkara zapota fruit and seed oil. It was attempted to synthesis ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil using bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit. Bioethanol was produced through fermentation of decayed Manilkara zapota fruit, waste skin, and pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then distilled at 72°C. The bioethanol yield was noted as 10.45% (v/w). The 95.09% pure bioethanol and 4.9% water molecules were present in the distilled sample. Mechanically extracted raw Manilkara zapota seed oil was used for ethyl ester conversion. The molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, the quantity of KOH, and process temperature were investigated for the maximum yield of Manilkara zapota ethyl ester. A 9:1 molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, 1.5% (w/w) KOH, and 70°C process temperature were identified as enhanced ethanolysis process parameters. The maximum yield of ethyl ester was identified as 93.1%. Physicochemical characteristics of Manilkara zapota oil, bioethanol, and ethyl ester were measured as per the corresponding ASTM standards. It was found that both Manilkara Zapota ethyl ester and bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit could be promising substitutes for fossil diesel and gasoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Rajamanickam
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Padur, Tamil Nadu, 603 103, India.
| | - Sureshkumar Kasinathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
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Nguyen TT, Lam MK, Cheng YW, Uemura Y, Mansor N, Lim JW, Show PL, Tan IS, Lim S. Reaction kinetic and thermodynamics studies for in-situ transesterification of wet microalgae paste to biodiesel. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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