Synthesized chrysin-loaded nanoliposomes improves cadmium-induced toxicity in mice

The roles of MicroRNAs in cadmium toxicity and in the protection offered by plant food-derived dietary phenolic bioactive substances against cadmium-induced toxicity

Cadmium, a harmful food contaminant, poses severe health risks. There are ongoing efforts to reduce cadmium pollution and alleviate its toxicity, including plant-based dietary intervention. This review hypothesizes that microRNAs (miRNAs), as regulatory eukaryotic transcripts, play crucial roles in modulating cadmium-induced organ damage, and plant food-derived bioactive compounds provide protective effects via miRNA-mediated mechanisms. The review reveals that there are interplays between certain miRNAs and plant food-derived dietary bioactive substances when these bioactives, especially phenolics, counteract cadmium toxicity through regulating physiologic and pathologic events (including oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation). The review discusses common miRNA-associated physiologic/pathologic events and signal pathways shared by the cadmium toxicity and dietary intervention processes. This paper identifies the existing knowledge gaps and potential future work (e.g. joint actions between miRNAs and other noncoding RNAs in the fights against cadmium). The insights provided by this review can improve food safety strategies and public health outcomes.

Lactic acid bacteria supplementation: A bioprotective approach to mitigating cadmium-induced toxicity and modulating gene expression in murine models

This study aimed to assess the effects of different strains of lactic acid bacteria, namely LeviLactobacillus brevis (AC10), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (AC11), and Pediococcus acidilactici (AC15), on mice exposed to cadmium-induced oxidative stress. The study assessed weight gain, liver enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, immunoglobulin factors, lipid peroxidation, and gene expression in liver and brain of mice. The findings revealed that the AC10 and AC11 strains had a higher ability to absorb Cd as compared to AC15. The in vivo analysis demonstrated that the dietary dual supplementation of AC10 and AC11 resulted in significant (p < 0.05) improvements, including increased body weight and food intake, reduced cadmium tissue deposition, decreased lipid peroxidation, enhanced cellular antioxidant redox potential, suppressed inflammation genes in the liver and brain tissues, and improved morpho-characteristics of the jejunum in mice challenged by cadmium-induced toxicity. The multiple mechanisms of action, including heavy metal sequestration, antioxidant enhancement, and maintenance of intestinal integrity, highlight the potential of these probiotics' intervention as a viable approach to counteract the deleterious effects of cadmium exposure.

Protective Effects of Lactobacillus Strains Against Oxidative Stress and Immune Suppression in Mice Receiving Aflatoxin-Contaminated Diet

Mycotoxins like aflatoxins pose a significant threat to the health of both people and animals because of their deadly effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Lactobacillus strains in reducing the toxicity caused by aflatoxins in mice receiving a diet contaminated with aflatoxins. The mice were split up into various treatment groups, including a control group, an aflatoxin-treated group, and groups treated with the aflatoxin-contaminated diet along with Lactobacillus strains. Various parameters, including liver enzymes, blood parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, morphometric analysis of ileum, and gene expression, were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the Lactobacillus strains in mitigating aflatoxins toxicity. Results showed that mice in the aflatoxin-treated group had increased MDA levels, indicating oxidative stress. Alternatively, the Lactobacillus cocktail treatment group showed a decreasing trend in MDA levels, suggesting a reduction in lipid peroxidation. The morphometric analysis of ileum tissue demonstrated that the Lactobacillus-treated group exhibited improved structural integrity compared to the aflatoxin-treated group. Additionally, gene expression analysis revealed that the Lactobacillus treatment attenuated the downregulation of SOD gene expression and mitigated the upregulation of iNOS gene expression induced by aflatoxins. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus strains have the potential to reduce aflatoxin-induced toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, preserving intestinal tissue integrity, and modulating gene expression associated with antioxidant defense and inflammation. This study provides evidence for the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus strains in reducing aflatoxin toxicity in mice. The findings obtained may contribute to the development of preventive or therapeutic strategies against mycotoxin-induced toxicity.

Anti-proliferative activity of chitosan-coated oxypeucedanin nano-chitosomes (COPD-NCs) against human HT-29 colon cancer cells: in vitro study

Oxypeucedanin (OPD) as a powerful anti-proliferative agent found in the Angelicae dahuricae has been used to suppress cancer cell growth. However, the hydrophobic chemical structure has limited its solubility and bio-accessibility. This is the first time OPD is encapsulated into a nano-liposomal structure and coated with poly-cationic chitosan polymer as the oxypeucedanin drug delivery system to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-colon cancer potential. The chitosan-coated oxypeucedanin nano-chitosomes (COPD-NCs) were synthesized utilizing the thin-layer hydration method and characterized by FESEM, DLS, FTIR, and zeta potential analysis. The anti-cancer potential of COPD-NC was analyzed by measuring the cell survival rate (MTT assay) and studying the cellular death type (AO/PI staining) following the increased treatment concentrations of COPD-NC on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Moreover, the COPD-NCs' apoptotic activity was verified by analyzing Cas-3 and Cas-9 gene expression profiles. Finally, the COPD-NCs' antioxidant activity was evaluated by applying ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant assays. The 258.26-nm COPD-NCs significantly inhibited the HT-29 colon cancer cells compared with the normal fibroblast HFF cells. The up-regulated Cas-3 and Cas-9 gene expression exhibited the COPD-NCs' apoptotic activity. Also, the COPD-NCs' apoptotic activity was verified by detecting the increased apoptotic bodies following the AO/PI fluorescent staining in the increased exposure doses of COPD-NCs. Ultimately, the COPD-NCs meaningfully inhibited the ABTS-DPPH radicals and exhibited an appropriate FRAP-reductive potential. The designed nanostructure for COPD-NCs significantly improved its antioxidant potential and selective cytotoxicity on human HT-29 human cancer cells, which makes them a safe selective natural drug delivery system. Therefore, the COPD-NCs can selectively induce apoptotic death in human HT-29 cancer cells and have the potential to be studied as an anti-colon cancer compound. However, further cancer and normal cell lines are required to verify their selective cytotoxicity.

Novel nano-drug delivery system for natural products and their application

The development of natural products for potential new drugs faces obstacles such as unknown mechanisms, poor solubility, and limited bioavailability, which limit the broadened applicability of natural products. Therefore, there is a need for advanced pharmaceutical formulations of active compounds or natural products. In recent years, novel nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) for natural products, including nanosuspensions, nanoliposomes, micelle, microemulsions/self-microemulsions, nanocapsules, and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been developed to improve solubility, bioavailability, and tissue distribution as well as for prolonged retention and enhanced permeation. Here, we updated the NDDS delivery systems used for natural products with the potential enhancement in therapeutic efficiency observed with nano-delivery systems.

Nose to brain delivery of naringin loaded transniosomes for epilepsy: formulation, characterisation, blood-brain distribution and invivo pharmacodynamic evaluation

The current work limns the preparation of naringin-loaded transnioosomes (NRN-TN) to enhance NRN solubility, permeation and bioavailability via nasal mucosa for intranasal delivery. NRN-TN was created by the thin-film hydration technique, and with the BBD (Box-Behnken design), optimisation was carried out. NRN-TNopt was characterised for the vesicle size, PDI (Polydispersity index), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro NRN release. For further assessment, nasal permeation study, study of Blood-brain distribution, TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), and CLSM (Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy) were conducted withal. The NRN-TNopt exhibited spherical as well as sealed vesicles with a considerable small size of 151.3 nm, an EE of 75.23 percent, a PDI of 0.1257, and an in vitro release of 83.32 percent. CLSM investigation revealed that the new formulation allows for higher NRN permeation across nasal mucosa than the NRN solution. The blood-brain distribution investigation revealed that intranasally administered NRN-TN had a greater Cmax and AUC0-24 h than orally administered NRN-TN. Seizure activity and neuromuscular coordination as measured by the rotarod test, biochemical estimate of oxidative stress indicators, and histological investigations demonstrated that the NRN-TN has superior anti-epileptic potential in comparison to the standard diazepam. In addition, nasal toxicity studies demonstrate that the NRN-TN formulation is safer for intranasal administration. This study confirmed that the created TN vesicle formulation is a valuable carrier for the intranasal administration of NRN for the treatment of epilepsy.

Roles of Cyt-c/Caspase-9/Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway in Cd-induced testicular injury in rats and the protective effect of quercetin

Cadmium (Cd) exposure causes oxidative damage to mitochondria, which would adversely affect rat testicular tissue. Quercetin (Que) is a natural antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the mechanism by which Que inhibits Cd-induced apoptosis of testicular cells remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Cyt-c/Caspase-9/Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway) in inhibiting Cd-induced apoptosis of testicular cells by Que. We used SD rats to simulate Cd chloride exposure by treating all sides of the rats with CdCl2 and/or Que. The levels of GSH and MDA in rat testis were detected using reagent kits. The effects of CdCl2 and/or Que on tissue damage, apoptosis, and gene and protein expression of the Cyt-c/Caspase-9/Caspase-3/Bax/Bcl-2 pathway in rat testis were examined by HE, TUNEL, RNA extraction and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot (Wb). The results show that Cd significantly increased the contents of GSH and MDA in rat testis (P < 0.01); conversely, Que significantly reduced the contents of GSH and MDA (P < 0.01). Cd inflicted damage to testicular tissue, and Que addition significantly reduced the damage. Cd increased the number of apoptosis of testicle cells, and Que inhibited testicle-cell apoptosis. In addition, the results of reverse transcription PCR and Wb assays confirmed that, as expected, Cd increased the expression levels of Cyt-c, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, and Bax mRNAs as well as proteins. And at the same time decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the cells. Surprisingly, these effects were reversed when Que was added. Therefore, Que can play an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic role in reducing the testicular tissue damage caused by Cd exposure. This provides a conceptual basis for the later development and utilization of Que as well as the prevention and treatment of tissue damage caused by Cd exposure.

PEGylation of Chrysin Improves Its Water Solubility while Preserving the In Vitro Biological Activity

Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that despite having numerous biological properties, its therapeutic value is limited due to its very low solubility in aqueous media. In this work, chrysin was conjugated with methoxypolyethylene glycols (mPEGs) of different molecular weights (350, 500, 750, and 2000 g/mol), affording PEGylated chrysins with high yields and excellent purities. In all cases, an increase in the water solubility of the conjugates was observed, which was highest when 500 g/mol of mPEG was used in the PEGylation reaction. Furthermore, in aqueous solution, PEGylated chrysins formed aggregates of ellipsoid shape. Electrochemical studies showed that the redox properties were conserved after PEGylation. While in vitro antibacterial and antifungal studies probed that the intrinsic activity was conserved, in vitro antitumor activities against HepG2 (liver carcinoma cells) and PC3 (prostate cancer cell) showed that PEGylated chrysins retained the cytotoxic activity and the ability of induction of apoptosis for the evaluated human cancer cells.

The anti-spermatogenic activity of nanoliposomes loaded with Heracleum persicum phenolic compounds in Balb/C mice

There are various types of bioactivities that have been reported for Heracleum persicum species, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties. In the current study, the bio-accessibility of H. persicum bioactive compounds was improved by purifying its phenolic-enriched fractions (PEF) and encapsulating them into nanoliposomes to analyze its cytotoxic impacts on mice testicular tissue and their fertility status. Nano liposomal H. persicum PEF (NL-HPEF) was prepared by ultrasound-based encapsulation of HPEF and L-agranular lecithin mixture. The size, morphology, and stability of NL-HPEF were characterized by dynamic light scattering, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The 18 white male Balb/c mice (20-25 g) at 3 treatment groups were provided to study the NL-HPPF cytotoxicity by measuring the mice liver enzyme including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALP and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), testis lipid peroxidation, and testicular tissue destruction levels. Moreover, the mice's fertility was evaluated by studying the Adam3, Prm1, Spata19, and Tnp2 gene expression in the testicular tissues. The obtained results manifested that the synthesized NL-HPEF was stable (193.7 nm) and exhibited a notable cytotoxic impact on the mice's liver (ALT and AST enhancement levels) and testicular tissues. Moreover, their increasing treatment doses impaired the male mice's fertility by decreasing the sperm count, viability, and motility. In addition, fertility suppression was verified by decreasing serum testosterone and downregulating the Adam3, Prm1, Spata19, and Tnp2 gene expression in their testicular tissues. The male mice's fertility was significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed by increasing treatment doses of NL-HPEF. Hence, the NL-HPEF could be considered a promising alternative to replace the male chemical contraceptives drugs.

Feasibility of feeding cadmium accumulator maize (Zea mays L.) to beef cattle: Discovering a strategy for eliminating phytoremediation residues

Eco-friendly and efficient strategies for eliminating cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation plant residues are needed. The present study investigated the feasibility of feeding Cd accumulator maize to beef cattle. In total, 20 cattle at 6 months of age were selected and randomly allocated into two groups fed with 85.82% (fresh basis) Cd accumulator maize (CAM) or normal maize (control [Con]) silage diets for 107 d. Feeding CAM did not affect the body weight (P = 0.24), while it decreased feed intake and increased feed efficiency of beef cattle (P < 0.01). Feeding CAM increased serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A and G, complement 3 and 4, blood urea nitrogen, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.05), and caused wider lumens in the renal tubules. The Cd residue in meat was 7 μg/kg beyond the restriction for human food. In the muscle, the unsaturated fatty acids (t11C18:1 and C20:4), Lys, Arg, Pro, and Cys were decreased, while the saturated fatty acids (C10:0, C12:0, and C17:0) and Leu were increased (P < 0.05). Therefore, at the current feeding level, phytoremediation maize increased the feed efficiency of beef cattle, but did present risks to cattle health and production safety, and decreased the meat nutrition and flavor. Further research must be performed to determine whether a lower proper dose of phytoremediation maize and an appropriate feeding period may be possible to ensure no risk to cattle health and the supply of safe meat for humans.

Albumin nanoparticles and their folate modified counterparts for delivery of a lupine derivative to hepatocellular carcinoma

In this study, folate polyethylene glycol CTr albumin nanoparticles (FA-PEG-CTr-NPs) targeting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were prepared. The nanoparticle preparation method was optimized using single-factor and response surface analysis. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, and morphology. The particle size and zeta potential were also determined. Additionally, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release of the nanoparticles were determined. Using the Cell Counting Kit-8 method, their cytotoxicity and their cell-targeted uptake were determined using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Finally, the in vivo antitumor impact and tumor-targeting ability of the nanoparticles were evaluated by determining tumor volume inhibition and drug biodistribution and performing hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. It was found that CTr could be effectively encapsulated into albumin nanoparticles and functionalized. The drug loading of the two nanoparticles was 67.12 ± 2.4% and 69.33 ± 2.8%, respectively. Regarding drug release, FA-PEG-CTr-NPs (89.0%) exhibited a superior release rate to CTr-NPs (70.5%) in an acidic environment. The in vitro experiments confirmed that FA-PEG-CTr-NPs yielded better cytotoxicity and faster drug uptake results than CTr and CTr-NPs. In vivo experiments confirmed that FA-PEG-CTr-NPs exhibited markedly better tumor inhibitory activity (inhibition rate was 80.21%), drug safety, and targeting than CTr and CTr-NPs. In conclusion, functionalized nanoparticles (FA-PEG-CTr-NPs) can specifically inhibit the malignant proliferation of HCC cells and are thus a promising nanoagent for the treatment of HCC.

Tectorigenin: A Review of Its Sources, Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetics

Tectorigenin is a well-known natural flavonoid aglycone and an active component that exists in numerous plants. Growing evidence suggests that tectorigenin has multiple pharmacological effects, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. These pharmacological properties provide the basis for the treatment of many kinds of illnesses, including several types of cancer, diabetes, hepatic fibrosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, etc. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive summary and review of the sources, extraction and synthesis, pharmacological effects, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and delivery strategy aspects of tectorigenin. Tectorigenin may exert certain cytotoxicity, which is related to the administration time and concentration. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the main metabolic pathways in rats for tectorigenin are glucuronidation, sulfation, demethylation and methoxylation, but that it exhibits poor bioavailability. From our perspective, further research on tectorigenin should cover: exploring the pharmacological targets and mechanisms of action; finding an appropriate concentration to balance pharmacological effects and toxicity; attempting diversified delivery strategies to improve the bioavailability; and structural modification to obtain tectorigenin derivatives with higher pharmacological activity.

Optimization of a Luteolin-Loaded TPGS/Poloxamer 407 Nanomicelle: The Effects of Copolymers, Hydration Temperature and Duration, and Freezing Temperature on Encapsulation Efficiency, Particle Size, and Solubility

BACKGROUND

Luteolin is a flavonoid compound that has been widely studied for its various anti-cancer properties and sensitization to multidrug-resistant cells. However, the limited solubility and bioavailability of Lut hindered its potential clinical use. Theoretically, the combination of this compound with vitamin E TPGS and poloxamer 407 can produce a synergistic effect to enhance tumor apoptosis and P-glycoprotein inhibition. This study aimed to develop and optimize vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 micelles loaded with luteolin through investigating certain factors that can affect the encapsulation efficiency and particle size of the micelle.

METHODS

A micelle was prepared using the film hydration method, and the micellar solution was lyophilized. The cake formed was analyzed. The factors investigated include the concentrations of the surfactants, ratio of vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407, temperature of the hydrating solution, duration of hydration, and freezing temperature before lyophilization. The effects of these factors on the encapsulation efficiency and particle size of the micelle were also studied. The encapsulation efficiency was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while particle size was measured using dynamic light scattering.

RESULTS

The optimized micelle was found to have 90% encapsulation efficiency with a particle size of less than 40 nm, which was achieved using a 10% concentration of surfactants at a vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 ratio of 3:1. The optimized temperature for hydrating the micellar film was 40 °C, the optimized mixing time was 1 h, and the optimized freezing temperature was -80 °C. The solubility of the luteolin-loaded micelles increased 459-fold compared to pure Lut in water. The critical micelle concentration of the vitamin E TPGS/Poloxamer 407 micelle was 0.001 mg/mL, and the release study showed that luteolin-loaded micelles exhibited sustained release behavior. The release of luteolin from a micelle was found to be higher in pH 6.8 compared to pH 7.4, which signified that luteolin could be accumulated more in a tumor microenvironment compared to blood.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that several factors need to be considered when developing such nanoparticles in order to obtain a well-optimized micelle.

Aloe-emodin ameliorated MI-induced cardiac remodeling in mice via inhibiting TGF-β/SMAD signaling via up-regulating SMAD7

BACKGROUND

Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural anthraquinone extract from traditional Chinese medicinal plants, has been certified to protect against acute myocardial ischemia. However, its effect on cardiac remodeling after chronic myocardial infarction (MI) and the possible mechanism remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study investigated the effect of AE on cardiac remodeling and oxidative damage induced by myocardial infarction (MI) in vitro and explored the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Echocardiography and Masson staining were used to demonstrate myocardial dysfunction and fibrosis. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The expressions of fibrosis-related factors such as type I collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Our data demonstrated that AE treatment significantly improved cardiac function, reduced structural remodeling, and reduced cardiac apoptosis and oxidative stress in mice with myocardial infarction. In vitro, AE could protect neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCM) from angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) Ang II-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase. Furthermore, AE treatment significantly reversed the Ang ii-induced upregulation.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our work reveals for the first time that AE activates the TGF-β signaling pathway by up-regulating Smad7 expression, which in turn regulates the expression of fibrosis-related genes, ultimately improving cardiac function, inhibiting the development of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in rats with chronic MI.

Evaluation of dietary curcumin nanospheres as phytobiotics on growth performance, serum biochemistry, nutritional composition, meat quality, gastrointestinal health, and fecal condition of finishing pigs

Curcumin is a bioactive functional feeding stimulant that is widely used as an additive in cuisine and animal feeds. Owing to its hydrophobic nature and low bioavailability, the nanoformulation of curcumin has recently received special attention from researchers. In this study, we investigated the effects of curcumin nanospheres (CN) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, meat quality, intestinal immunohistochemistry, fecal malodors and microbes in finishing pigs. A total of 90 crossbred pigs (Duroc × [Yorkshire × Landrace]) with an average initial body weight of 73.77 ± 0.08 kg were randomized into 3 dietary groups in triplicate pens (10 pigs in each pen): control (CON) without supplementation of CN and the pigs in the remaining two groups were supplemented with CN at 1.0 (CN1) and 2.0 (CN2) mL/kg diet for a 40-day long experiment. The results showed that pigs fed the higher CN supplemented diet (CN2) had significantly higher final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) than those fed the CON diet, and no significant differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) after 28 days. At the end of the experiment, pigs fed the CN supplemented diet showed no significant difference in WG, ADFI or FCR compared to those on the CON diet. Overall, at the termination of the 40-day feeding trial, dietary CN had a significant effect on FW and WG, except for ADFI and FCR, in finishing pigs. After 40 days of the feeding trial, serum biochemical parameters such as glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in pigs fed the CN supplemented diet. However, high density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased in pigs fed the CN diets. Protein and lipid contents, as well as yellowness and lightness of the neck and longissimus dorsi muscles were not significantly affected by CN supplementation; however, there was a tendency to increase the redness of the longissimus dorsi muscle in pigs fed the CN2 supplemented diet compared to the CON diet. Meat grading and carcass weight significantly increased in pigs fed a higher CN supplemented diet. Fecal Escherichia coli and ammonia gas were significantly depleted in pigs fed CN diets. Histomorphological parameters, such as villus height, crypt depth and goblet cells in the jejunum of the intestine were significantly increased in pigs fed CN diet. Immunohistochemical staining showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine like tumor necrosis factor-α expression was reduced in pigs fed CN supplemented diets compared to the CON diet; however, antibodies such as immunoglobulin A and tight junction proteins such as claudin 3 were highly expressed in the intestine of pigs fed the CN diets. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of dietary curcumin nanospheres as a nanobiotechnology tool as well as an effective feed additive for improving the performance and health status of finishing pigs.

Pancreas-Liver-Adipose Axis: Target of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Linked to Metabolic Diseases

Cadmium has been well recognized as a critical toxic agent in acute and chronic poisoning cases in occupational and nonoccupational settings and environmental exposure situations. Cadmium is released into the environment after natural and anthropogenic activities, particularly in contaminated and industrial areas, causing food pollution. In the body, cadmium has no biological activity, but it accumulates primarily in the liver and kidney, which are considered the main targets of its toxicity, through oxidative stress and inflammation. However, in the last few years, this metal has been linked to metabolic diseases. The pancreas-liver-adipose axis is largely affected by cadmium accumulation. Therefore, this review aims to collect bibliographic information that establishes the basis for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms linked to cadmium with carbohydrate, lipids, and endocrine impairments that contribute to developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.

Spanlastics as a Potential Approach for Enhancing the Nose-To-Brain Delivery of Piperine: In Vitro Prospect and In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy for the Management of Epilepsy

The present study delineates the preparation of piperine-loaded spanlastics (PIP-SPL) to improve piperine (PIP) solubility, bioavailability, and permeation through nasal mucosa for intranasal delivery. PIP-SPL was formulated using the thin-film hydration method and optimization was performed using Box-Behnken design (BBD). PIP-SPL optimized formulation (PIP-SPLopt) was characterized for polydispersity index (PDI), vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and in vitro PIP release. For further evaluation, blood-brain distribution study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nasal permeation study, and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) were performed withal. The PIP-SPLopt presented spherical and sealed shape vesicles with a small vesicle size of 152.4 nm, entrapment efficiency of 72.93%, PDI of 0.1118, and in vitro release of 82.32%. The CLSM study unveiled that the developed formulation has greater permeation of PIP across the nasal mucosa in comparison with the PIP suspension. The blood-brain distribution study demonstrated higher C_max and AUC_0-24h of PIP-SPL via the intranasal route in comparison to PIP-SPL via oral administration. The in vivo study revealed that the PIP-SPL has good antiepileptic potential in comparison with the standard diazepam, which was evinced by seizure activity, neuromuscular coordination by rotarod test, biochemical estimation of oxidative stress markers, and histopathological studies. Furthermore, nasal toxicity study confirm that the developed PIP-SPL formulation is safer for intranasal application. The current investigation corroborated that the prepared spanlastic vesicle formulation is a treasured carrier for the PIP intranasal delivery for the management of epilepsy.

Synthesized nanoliposome-encapsulated kaempferol attenuates liver health parameters and gene expression in mice challenged by cadmium-induced toxicity

In the present research, we encapsulated a flavonoid called kaempferol into nanoliposomal structures and the health-promoting effects of synthesized nanoliposome-loaded kaempferol (NLK) were evaluated in mice challenged by cadmium-induced . The NLK characteristics, such as size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, were 218.4 nm, -28.55 mV, and 0.29, respectively. The in vivo experiment revealed that the mice receiving water containing cadmium (2 mg/kg body weight/day) showed significant (p < 0.05) weight loss, an increase in liver enzyme activities, and hepatic oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation with NLK at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg mice body weight notably (p < 0.05) improved the body weight, liver enzyme activities, hepatic oxidative stress, and antioxidant potential of the liver. Our findings elucidated that NLK could alleviate the toxicity of cadmium in mice challenged by cadmium-induced toxicity.

Hepatoprotective effect of nanoniosome loaded Myristica fragrans phenolic compounds in mice-induced hepatotoxicity

In this study, nanoniosome‐loaded Myristica fragrans' (MF) phenolic compounds (NLMP) were synthesized and characterized for their physical properties, and hepatoprotective effects on mice with liver toxicity induced by L‐asparaginase (LA) injection. According to the results, NLMP has a spherical shape with a 263 nm diameter, a zeta potential of −26.55 mV and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.192. The weight and feed intake of mice induced with hepatotoxicity were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased after they were treated with NLMP (2.5 mg/kg body weight of mice). In addition, the blood levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and total bilirubin were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased. A significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the blood levels of the antioxidant defence system (glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) were also reported after NLMP treatment. NLMP was also led to a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in inflammatory‐related gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in the liver, as well as a meaningful (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the expression of SOD as an antioxidant status biomarker. Consequently, the NLMP is recommended as a potential dietary supplement to alleviate the symptoms of LA‐induced hepatotoxicity.

Nano-liposomal encapsulation of Artemisia aucheri phenolics as a potential phytobiotic against Campylobacter jejuni infection in mice

Background

Artemisia aucheri contains antibacterial phenolic compounds. The current work was implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of a nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction (PRF-NLs), as a dietary phytobiotic derived from Artemisia aucheri's areal parts, on the inhibition of enteropathogenic Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) infection in mice.

Methods

The phenolic-rich fraction was loaded into the nanoliposome structure to obtain a nanometer-scale size liposome with homogenous dispersion. Next, 40 white male balb/c mice were assigned to 4 treatment groups. The PRF-NLs antibacterial potential was evaluated by evaluating the blood parameters, liver lipid peroxidation, and gene expression profiling in the mice challenged by C. jejuni infection.

Results

Mice infected by C. jejuni showed impairment in food intake, weight gain, liver function, ileum morphometric features, and ileum tissue inflammation. The diet of fortified food with the nonencapsulated and nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic compounds was found to improve these parameters at 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day concentration. Our data indicated that the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF was more effective in promoting the health parameters in mice as compared to nonencapsulated PRF.

Conclusion

It could be concluded that the liposomal encapsulation can promote the solubility, availability, and effectiveness of Artemisia aucheri phenolic compounds playing a key role as phytobiotic in mice intervened by enteropathogenic C. jejuni.

Oral Subacute Exposure to Cadmium LOAEL Dose Induces Insulin Resistance and Impairment of the Hormonal and Metabolic Liver-Adipose Axis in Wistar Rats

Cadmium is a nonessential transition metal considered one of the more hazardous environmental contaminants. The population is chronically exposed to this metal at low concentrations, designated as the LOAEL (lowest observable adverse effect level) dose. We aimed to investigate whether oral subacute exposure to cadmium LOAEL disrupts hormonal and metabolic effects of the liver-adipose axis in Wistar rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were separated into two groups: control (standard normocalorie diet + water free of cadmium) and cadmium (standard normocalorie diet + drinking water with 32.5 ppm CdCl₂). After 1 month, zoometry, a serum lipid panel, adipokines, and proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Tests of glucose and insulin tolerance (ITT) and insulin resistance were performed. Histological studies on structure, triglyceride distribution, and protein expression of the insulin pathway were performed in the liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. In both tissues, the cadmium, triglyceride, glycogen, and proinflammatory cytokine contents were also quantified. The cadmium group developed dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, inflammation, and selective insulin resistance in the liver and adipose tissue. In the liver, glycogen synthesis was diminished, while de novo lipogenesis increased, which was associated with low GSK3β-pS9 and strong expression of SREBP-1c. Dysfunctional adipose tissue was observed with hypertrophy and lipolysis, without changes in SREBP-1c expression and low glycogen synthesis. Both tissues accumulated cadmium and developed inflammation. In conclusion, oral subacute cadmium LOAEL dose exposure induces inflammation, insulin signaling modifications, an early insulin resistance stage (insensibility), and impairment of the hormonal and metabolic liver-adipose axis in Wistar rats.

Protective Effects of Astilbin Against Cadmium-Induced Apoptosis in Chicken Kidneys via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway

Cadmium (Cd) can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in animals. The kidney is an organ seriously affected by Cd because it can accumulate metal ions. Astilbin (ASB) is a dihydroflavonol rhamnoside, which has an anti-renal injury effect. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of ASB on Cd-induced ERS and apoptosis in the chicken kidney. In this study, a total of 120 1-day-old chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups. Chickens were fed with a basic diet (Con group), ASB 40 mg/kg (ASB group), CdCl₂ 150 mg/kg + ASB 40 mg/kg (ASB/Cd group), and CdCl₂ 150 mg/kg (Cd group) for 90 days. The results showed that Cd exposure induced pathological and ultrastructural damages and apoptosis in chicken kidneys. Compared with the Con group, metallothionein (MT1/MT2) level, nitric oxide (NO) content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, ERS-related genes 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78), protein kinase PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Perk), activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4) and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (Chop), and pro-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax), caspase-12, caspase-9, caspase-3 expression levels, and apoptotic rate were significantly increased in the Cd group. The expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the Cd group. ASB/Cd combined treatment significantly improves the damage of chicken kidneys by ameliorating Cd-induced kidney ERS and apoptosis. Cd can cause the disorder of the GRP78 signal axis, activate the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway, aggravate the structural damage and dysfunction of ER, and promote the apoptosis of chicken kidneys, while the above changes were significantly alleviated in the ASB/Cd group. The results showed that ASB antagonizes the negative effects of Cd and against Cd-induced apoptosis in chicken kidneys via ERS signaling pathway.

Curative Potential of Substances with Bioactive Properties to Alleviate Cd Toxicity: A Review

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to alarming cadmium (Cd) pollution. Cd is a toxic heavy metal without any known physiological function in the organism, leading to severe health threat to the population. Cd has a long half-life (10-30 years) and thus it represents serious concern as it to a great extent accumulates in organs or organelles where it often causes irreversible damage. Moreover, Cd contamination might further lead to certain carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. Therefore, its negative effect on population health has to be minimalized. As Cd is able to enter the body through the air, water, soil, and food chain one possible way to defend and eliminate Cd toxicities is via dietary supplements that aim to eliminate the adverse effects of Cd to the organism. Naturally occurring bioactive compounds in food or medicinal plants with beneficial, mostly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, or anti-tumorigenesis impact on the organism, have been described to mitigate the negative effect of various contaminants and pollutants, including Cd. This study summarizes the curative effect of recently studied bioactive substances and mineral elements capable to alleviate the negative impact of Cd on various model systems, supposing that not only the Cd-derived health threat can be reduced, but also prevention and control of Cd toxicity and elimination of Cd contamination can be achieved in the future.

Heracleum persicum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion: A Nanocarrier System for the Delivery of Promising Anticancer and Antioxidant Bioactive Agents

Essential oils are important compounds for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases in which solubility and bio-accessibility can be improved by nanoemulsion systems. Heracleum persicum oil nanoemulsion (HAE-NE) was prepared and biological properties were investigated against human breast cancer cells and normal human fibroblasts foreskin. Particle size, zeta potential and poly dispersity index were 153 nm, −47.9 mV and 0.35, respectively. (E)anethole (57.9%), terpinolene (13.8%), ɣ-terpinene (8.1%), myrcene (6.8%), hexyl butyrate (5.2%), octyl butanoate (4.5%) and octyl acetate (3.7%) was detected in nanoemulsion. Proliferation of cancer cells at IC50 = 2.32 μg/mL was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited, and cell migration occurred at 1.5 μL/mL. The HAE-NE at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 µg/concentration up-regulated caspase 3 and enhanced sub-G1 peak of cell cycle with nil cytotoxic effects in the liver, kidney and jejunum of mice. Villus height, villus width, crypt depth and goblet cells in mice group fed with 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight of HAE-NE improved. Cellular redox state in the liver indicated 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight of nanoemulsion significantly up-regulated the expression of SOD, CAT and GPx genes. Heracleum persicum oil nanoemulsion could be an eco-friendly nanotherapeutic option for pharmaceutical, cosmetological and food applications.

Suppression of colorectal carcinogenesis by naringin

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most malignant cancer worldwide. Despite novel treatment options, the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer continue to increase in most countries, especially in US, European and Asian countries. Colorectal carcinogenesis is multifactorial, including dietary and genetic factors, as well as lacking physical activity. Vegetables and fruits contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, which might reduce the risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. Flavonoids are important bioactive polyphenolic compounds. There are more than 4,000 different flavonoids, including flavanones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and catechins in a large variety of plant.

HYPOTHESIS

Among various other flavonoids, naringin in Citrus fruits has been a subject of intense scrutiny for its activity against many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that naringin is capable to inhibit the growth of transformed colonocytes and to induce programmed cell death in colon cancer cells.

RESULTS

We comprehensively review the inhibitory effects of naringin on colorectal cancers and address the underlying mechanistic pathways such as NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, apoptosis, NF-κB-COX-2-iNOS, and β-catenin pathways.

CONCLUSION

Naringin suppresses colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis by various signaling pathways. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine their effectiveness in combating colorectal cancer.

Chemical investigation and screening of anti-cancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. bud (clove) essential oil nanoemulsion

This study was done to improve the medicinal properties of Syzygium Aromaticum L by processing S. Aromaticum L. bud essential oil (SABE) to the Nanoemulsion drug delivery system (SABE-NE) and investigating its anti-tumor and apoptotic impacts against the human HT-29 colon cancer cells. Applying the ultra-sonication method and characterization by DLS and FESEM analysis facilitates the nanoemulsification procedure. Human cancer (HT-29) and normal (HFF) cell lines were then evaluated based on the SABE-NE apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. In an in vitro section, flow cytometry method, Cas3 gene profile, AO/PI cell staining, and MTT assays are used to analyze the apoptotic and cytotoxic activities. In further analysis, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant genes expression (SOD, CAT, and GPx) investigate alterations in mice organs. As a result, produced 131.2 nm SABE-NE induces apoptosis response and cellular death (Cas3 up-regulation and enhanced SubG1 peaks). Subsequently, the HT-29 cells' viability can reduce significantly, while HFF cells indicate confined cytotoxic impacts. Moreover, in vivo test results on mice livers demonstrate the cytoprotective properties of SABE-NE (reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzymes gene expression and nondetectable cytotoxic impacts). We produced a novel nanoemulsion drug delivery system called SABE-NE, a cell-specific apoptotic inducer. We thus can be utilized as an efficient anti-cancer compound for human colon cancer treatment. However, further supplementary studies are required to verify and approve its cell-specific anti-tumor activity.

Chrysin: Perspectives on Contemporary Status and Future Possibilities as Pro-Health Agent

Chrysin belongs to the group of natural polyphenols. It can be found, among others, in honey, propolis and fruits and has a wide range of biological activities, including the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. Being a part of the human diet, chrysin is considered to be a promising compound to be used in the prevention of many diseases, including cancers, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Nevertheless, due to the low solubility of chrysin in water and under physiological conditions, its bioavailability is low. For this reason, attempts at its functionalization have been undertaken, aiming to increase its absorption and thus augment its in vivo therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent research on chrysin, including its sources, metabolism, pro-health effects and the effects of its functionalization on biological activity and pharmacological efficacy, evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.

Study on toxicological effect and the mechanism of cadmium in rice and inorganic cadmium on ICR mice

Cadmium (Cd) exposure may induce chronic intoxication, but the harm of cadmium in rice to human at chronic low-level Cd exposure remains unclear. This study employed a mouse model to investigate the toxicity and mechanism of cadmium in rice and CdCl2. After 8-week exposure to Cd (CdCl2 and Cd-contaminated rice), the biochemical indicators and oxidation indicators in the serum and liver of mice were determined, and used mRNA sequencing to investigate the mechanism of different forms of Cd. Results showed that the cadmium concentration of the liver in the CdCl2 + Rice-N group (CdCl2 mixed with feed and normal rice, 0.4mg/kg.bw) was higher than that in the Rice-H group (0.4mg/kg.bw). However, the cadmium concentration of the kidneys in the Rice-H group was higher than that in the CdCl2 + Rice-N group. Our study demonstrated that Cd-treated (Cd in rice and CdCl2) ICR mice generated obviously tissues injury, such as the increased biochemical studies, the activity of antioxidant enzymes debasement. Simultaneously, our data also indicated that there existed difference of the hepatic toxicity between Cd in rice and CdCl2. By means of transcriptomics, we discovered that CdCl2 and Cd in rice may affect different gene expression at the molecular level. We hope to provide some theoretical basis for the revision of food security standards.

Mechanisms involved in the possible protective effect of chrysin against sodium arsenite-induced liver toxicity in rats

Arsenic as a one of the most important toxic metals could induce hepatotoxicity. Previous reports revealed the significance of oxidative stress in promoting of arsenic-induced liver toxicity. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of chrysin (CHR), a natural flavonoid with potent antioxidant activity, against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group 1: received normal saline (2 ml/kg/day, orally for 21 days), Group 2: received SA (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days), Group 3, 4 and 5: received CHR (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, orally for 21 days) and SA (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days) from the 7th day. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated. Moreover, liver glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activity as well as levels of protein carbonylation, malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were evaluated. Moreover, histological evaluation was done. Our results revealed that treatment with CHR (more potentially at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day) before and alongside with SA significantly mitigated the SA-induced hepatotoxicity. Also, the hepatoprotective effect of CHR was verified by the histological evaluation of the liver. The results of current study demonstrated that CHR (100 mg/kg/day) could mitigate the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by SA in liver tissue.