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Falandysz J, Kilanowicz A, Fernandes AR, Zhang J. Rare earth contamination of edible vegetation: Ce, La, and summed REE in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:268. [PMID: 38506962 PMCID: PMC10954923 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The increasing and diversified use of rare earth elements (REE) is considered a potential source of pollution of environmental media including soils. This work documents critically overview data on the occurrence of REE in the fruiting bodies of wild and farmed species of edible and medicinal mushrooms, as this was identified as the largest published dataset of REE occurrence in foodstuff. Most of the literature reported occurrences of cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La), but a number of studies lacked data on all lanthanides. The Ce, La, and summed REE occurrences were assessed through the criteria of environmental geochemistry, analytical chemistry, food toxicology, mushroom systematics, and ecology. Ce and La accumulate similarly in fruiting bodies and are not fractionated during uptake, maintaining the occurrence patterns of their growing substrates. Similarly, there is no credible evidence of variable REE uptake because the evaluated species data show natural, unfractionated patterns in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins' order of environmental lanthanide occurrence. Thus, lithosphere occurrence patterns of Ce and La as the first and the third most abundant lanthanides are reflected in wild and farmed mushrooms regardless of substrate and show that Ce is around twice more abundant than La. The current state of knowledge provides no evidence that mushroom consumption at these REE occurrence levels poses a health risk either by themselves or when included with other dietary exposure. Macromycetes appear to bio-exclude lanthanides because independently reported bioconcentration factors for different species and collection sites, typically range from < 1 to 0.001. This is reflected in fruiting body concentrations which are four to two orders of magnitude lower than growing substrates. KEY POINTS: •Original REE occurrence patterns in soils/substrates are reflected in mushrooms •No evidence for the fractionation of REE during uptake by fungi •Mushrooms bio-exclude REE in fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ji Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China
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Falandysz J, Fernandes AR. A critical review of the occurrence of scandium and yttrium in mushrooms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:107-141. [PMID: 38783723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y) along with the other rare earth elements (REE) are being increasingly extracted to meet the escalating demand for their use in modern high technology applications. Concern has been voiced that releases from this escalating usage may pollute environments, including the habitats of wild species of mushrooms, many of which are foraged and prized as foods. This review collates the scarce information on occurrence of these elements in wild mushrooms and also reviews soil substrate levels, including forested habitats. Sc and Y occurred at lower levels in mushrooms (<1.0-1000 µg kg-1 dw for Sc and<1.8-1500 µg kg-1 dw for Y) compared to the corresponding range for the sum of the lanthanides in the same species (16-8400 µg kg-1 dw). The reported species showed considerably more variation in Y contents than Sc which show a narrow median distribution range (20-40 µg kg-1 dw). Data allowing temporal examination was very limited but showed no increasing trend between the 1970s to 2019, nor were any geographical influences apparent. The study of the essentiality, toxicity or other effects of REE including Sc and Y at levels of current dietary intake are as yet undefined. High intake scenarios using the highest median concentrations of Sc and Y, resulted in daily intakes of 1.2 and 3.3 μg respectively from 300 g portions of mushroom meals. These could be considered as low unless future toxicological insights make these intake levels relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hachinohe M, Fujiwara H, Shinano T, Maruyama H, Kubo K, Saito T. Reduction of Radiocesium in Internal- and Surface-Contaminated Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) during Washing and Processing. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100060. [PMID: 36916563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiocesium dynamics data during food processing are required for the realistic estimation of internal radiation content in food. Radiocesium contamination of leafy vegetables can occur externally due to the adhesion of fallout and/or resuspension from the air, and internally from soil via the root transport. Information regarding the dynamics of both surface and internal radiocesium contamination during food processing is required; however, such information for leafy vegetables is limited compared to other major agricultural products. In this study, the effect of washing on the removal of surface radiocesium contamination by resuspended materials and that of cooking (grilling, boiling, and microwave heating) on internal radiocesium contamination were investigated using komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), a leafy vegetable. The surface-contaminated samples were experimentally grown in a difficult-to-return area in Fukushima Prefecture, which has not yet been decontaminated. The internally contaminated komatsuna were obtained after experimental cultivation in a greenhouse with soil containing 137Cs and no surface contamination. The concentration of 137Cs in surface-contaminated komatsuna was reduced to approximately half (processing factor: 0.55) after washing with water. However, the annual processing factor ranged from 0.12 to 0.95, suggesting that the growing environment and climatic conditions may affect the removal rate of radiocesium by washing. Internal contamination of 137Cs was removed by 23% and 14% by boiling and grilling, respectively, but no effect was observed for microwaving. Moreover, the concentration of 137Cs decreased by 0.66-fold after boiling, while it increased by 1.19- and 1.20-fold after grilling and microwaving, respectively. Therefore, boiling was found to be preferable than grilling or microwaving for radiocesium removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hachinohe
- Institute of Food Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Fujiwara
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Takuro Shinano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Katashi Kubo
- Agricultural Radiation Research Center, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 50 Harajukuminami, Arai, Fukushima 960-2156, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center, Sukakeba, Haramachikukaibama Minamisoma, Fukushima 975-0036, Japan
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Mędyk M, Falandysz J. Occurrence, bio-concentration and distribution of rare earth elements in wild mushrooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158159. [PMID: 35988594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using validated methodology, this study explores the bioconcentration potential and status of rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) in wild mushrooms collected from Belarus, China and Poland and in the associated forest topsoil. Baseline data for REE and Y distributions in the morphological parts of the fruiting bodies of Caloboletus calopus, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Imleria badia, Laccaria amethystina, Lactifluus piperatus, Leccinum scabrum and Suillus grevillei are presented. REE were in the range of 14 to 42 mg kg-1 dw in forest topsoil and from 35 to 48 mg kg-1 dw in profiled soil layers from the Sobowidz site in Poland. Forest topsoil sampled in Belarus contained 67 mg kg-1 dw. Yttrium concentrations in soil ranged from 2.9 to 10 mg kg-1 dw. The median REE concentration in wild mushrooms was around 200 μg kg-1 dw (20 μg kg-1 fresh weight). This implies negligible dietary intake even for high level consumers. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) of individual REE and Y ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0229, showing bio-exclusion. The BCF tended to be similar for groups of REE (La to Tb and Dy to Lu) depending on the mushroom species and site. REE from Dy to Lu were better bioconcentrated than those from La to Tb. The similarity of the BCFs of individual REE by species at a given site implies the same absorption pathway, although a lower concentration in the topsoil favoured bioconcentration. REE and Y concentrations varied between species as well as within the same species between sites. Their accumulation in mushrooms appears to reflect condition at the site of collection, and may also be species-specific but confirming this would require further investigation of different species, topsoils and sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mędyk
- University of Gdańsk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 1 Muszyńskiego St., 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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Falandysz J, Nnorom IC, Mędyk M. Rare Earth Elements in Boletus edulis (King Bolete) Mushrooms from Lowland and Montane Areas in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8948. [PMID: 35897319 PMCID: PMC9331855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mining/exploitation and commercial applications of the rare-earth elements (REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in the past 3 decades have raised concerns about their emissions to the environment, possible accumulation in food webs, and occupational/environmental health effects. The occurrence and distribution of REEs Y and Sc in the fruitbodies of Boletus edulis collected from geographically diverse regions in Poland were studied in 14 composite samples that were derived from 261 whole fruiting bodies. Individual REE median concentrations ranged from 0.4-95 µg kg-1 dry weight (dw). The summed REE concentrations varied widely, with a median value of 310 µg kg-1 dw and a range of 87 to 758 µg kg-1. The Sc and Y median concentrations (dw) were 35 and 42 µg kg-1, respectively. Ce, La, and Nd, with median values of 95, 51, and 32 µg kg-1, respectively, showed the highest occurrence. B. edulis collected from a forested area formerly used as a military shooting range-possibly a historically contaminated site-had an elevated summed REE content of 1796 µg kg-1. REE concentrations were generally low in Polish King Bolete. Dietary intake from a mushroom meal was negligible, posing no health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
| | - Innocent Chidi Nnorom
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu P.M.B. 2000, Nigeria;
| | - Małgorzata Mędyk
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Falandysz J, Meloni D, Fernandes AR, Saniewski M. Effect of drying, blanching, pickling and maceration on the fate of 40K, total K and 137Cs in bolete mushrooms and dietary intake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:742-754. [PMID: 34338984 PMCID: PMC8724179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of blanching, blanching and pickling and maceration on the leaching of 137Cs and 40K from the flesh of three edible bolete mushroom species-Boletus edulis, Leccinum scabrum and Leccinum versipelle-were investigated. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in activity were observed but varied depending on the treatment. Relative to fresh mushrooms, blanching decreased the activity concentration of 137Cs by 15 ± 13%, and of 40K, by 16 ± 7%, but blanching and pickling (vinegar) reduced activity more effectively, by 55 ± 8% and 40 ± 20% respectively. The corresponding losses of 137Cs and 40K through maceration of dried, powdered mushrooms were 38 ± 11% and 35 ± 14% ww, respectively. These results indicate that traditional domestic processing methods may not be as efficient at excluding 137Cs radioactivity as shown in some other studies. The activity concentration of 137Cs in a typically sized (100 g) portion of a processed mushroom (sourced from nearshore regions of the southern Baltic Sea coast near Gdańsk in 2015) meal was projected to be low, i.e. in the range of 0.51 to 12 Bq kg-1 ww. The corresponding effective dose of 137Cs from blanched, blanched and pickled and macerated mushrooms per capita was also assessed to be low, from 0.001 to 0.010 μSv. Nutritionally, the median concentration of potassium (330 mg) in 100 g portions of blanched or pickled mushrooms would account for around 7% of the adequate adult daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Lódź, Poland.
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Michał Saniewski
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, 42 Waszyngtona Av, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
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Falandysz J, Saba M, Rutkowska M, Konieczka P. Total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in braised and crude Boletus edulis carpophores during various developmental stages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3107-3115. [PMID: 34386922 PMCID: PMC8732834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We collected and processed Boletus edulis (King Bolete) carpophores grouped in four batches based on their developmental stage (button stage, young-white, large-white, and large-yellow). The study aimed, for the first time, to examine the B. edulis content and effect of braising and to estimate the intake of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from a single meal based on whole (wet) weight (ww) and dry weight (dw). In braised carpophores, THg concentrations ranged from 0.2668 ± 0.0090 to 0.5434 ± 0.0071 mg kg-1 ww at different developmental stages, whereas crude products concentrations ranged from 0.1880 ± 0.0247 to 0.2929 ± 0.0030 mg kg-1 ww. The button stage crude carpophores were more highly contaminated with THg than at later stages of maturity, but MeHg levels were lower (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, braised button stage carpophores showed more MeHg than at later maturity stages. MeHg contributed at 1.9 ± 0.7% in THg in crude mushrooms and at 1.4 ± 0.3% in braised meals. The effect of braising was to increase the average THg and MeHg contents in fresh mushroom meals by 52 ± 31% and 53 ± 122% respectively, but a reduction of 40 ±14% and 40 ± 49% respectively was seen on a dw basis. The potential intakes of THg and MeHg from braised meals of B. edulis studied were small and considered safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Martyna Saba
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Konieczka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Falandysz J. Nutritional and Other Trace Elements and Their Associations in Raw King Bolete Mushrooms, Boletus edulis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:417. [PMID: 35010677 PMCID: PMC8744723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and associations of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Tl, U, V, W, and Zn, including data that have not been previously reported on Be, Hf, In, Li, Mo, Nb, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti and Zr, and the sum of (14) rare earth elements (ƩREE), were studied in a spatially diverse collection of the B. edulis caps, stipes, and whole fruiting bodies using a validated procedure with measurement by quadrupole ICP-MS. Toxic Cd and Pb were in B. edulis at concentrations below limits set by the European Union in regulations for raw cultivated mushrooms, while Ag, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, and U, which are not regulated, were at relatively low or typical levels as is usually found in mushrooms from an unpolluted area. The elements Be, Bi, Ga, Ge, Hf, In, Nb, Ta, Th, and W, and also ƩREEs, were found at relatively low concentrations in B. edulis, i.e., with levels from below 0.1 to below 0.01 mg kg-1 dw, and for Ʃ14 REEs, the median was 0.31 mg kg-1 dw. The composite samples of caps showed Ag, Cd, Cu, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hg, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sb, Ti, and Zn at higher concentrations than stipes, while Ba, Co, Hf, Sr, Tl, and Zr were found at higher concentrations in stipes than caps (p < 0.05). Mushrooms were characterized by a low coefficient of variation (CV) of below 20%, between sites for concentrations of As, Cu, Ge, Hg, Ni, V, and Zn, while substantial differences (CV > 100%) were found for Ba, Bi, Co, Hf, Zr, and ƩREEs, and an intermediate variation was found for Sr, W, and U. Principal component analysis performed on mushrooms allowed differentiation with respect to 13 collection sites and separation of a consignment that was specifically contaminated, possibly due to a legacy pollution, with significantly higher levels of Ba, Co, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Sr, Th, Ti, Y, Zr, and ƩREEs, and another due to possible recent pollution (Pb-gasoline and also Ni); two due to geological contamination because of the Bi, In, Sc, Sb, Sn, Ta, V and W; and one more, the Sudety Mts. site, which was considered as "geogenic/anthropogenic" due to Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cs, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
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Melgar MJ, García MÁ. Natural radioactivity and total K content in wild-growing or cultivated edible mushrooms and soils from Galicia (NW, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52925-52935. [PMID: 34018117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The radioactive isotope, 40K, of naturally occurring potassium (0.012%) is present in the Earth's crust in a low percentage of all potassium, leading to its presence in almost all foodstuffs. The impact of 40K activity concentrations was assessed in wild and cultivated edible mushrooms and in growing substrates. Samples were analysed by gamma spectroscopy. In the wild mushroom species, the average activity concentration of 40K was 1291 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dw), approximately 140 Bq kg-1 fresh weight (fw), with a range of average values per species from 748 in Lactarius deliciosus to 1848 Bq kg-1 dw in Tricholoma portentosum. The cultivated species presented an average value of 1086 Bq kg-1 dw; and the soils, compost of cultivation and wood of substrate are 876, 510 and 59.4 Bq kg-1 dw, respectively. The total K content reached a maximum of 59,935 mg kg-1 dw in T. portentosum. The transfer factors (TF > 1) suggested that mushrooms preferentially bioconcentrated 40K. Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus tubaeformis, Hydnum repandum and T. portentosum by most TF could be considered as bioindicators of 40K. Taking into account that the annual radiation dose of 40K due to the average consumption of mushrooms analysed (0.15 μSv/year) is very low, it can be concluded that the consumption of these mushrooms does not represent a toxicological risk for human health. Finally, according to the total K content, from the nutritional point of view, these mushrooms could be considered as a potential source of potassium for the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Melgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles García
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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Falandysz J, Saba M, Strumińska-Parulska D. 137Caesium, 40K and total K in Boletus edulis at different maturity stages: Effect of braising and estimated radiation dose intake. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129336. [PMID: 33359994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied activity concentrations of artificial 137Cs and natural 40K and concentration of total potassium (K) in Boletus edulis at different maturity stages (button, young - white, large - white and large - yellow), and the effect of braising and human dietary intake. Mushrooms were collected from the northern region of Poland in 2019. The 137Cs activity concentration was significantly higher in raw and braised button stage samples and decreased as the fruitbody matured, but conversely, 40K was lower in the raw button stage than in older fruitbodies. 137Cs activity concentrations in raw, button stage B. edulis were 36 ± 1 Bq kg-1 ww (360 ± 1 Bq kg-1 dw), increasing to 70 ± 2 Bq kg-1 ww (290 ± 7 Bq kg-1 dw) when braised. This activity was around fourteen-fold higher (p < 0.0001) than at higher maturity stages which showed 2.5 ± 0.7 Bq kg-1 ww (25 ± 7 Bq kg-1 dw) in raw and 4.9 ± 0.7 Bq kg-1 ww (19 ± 4 Bq kg-1 dw) in braised fruitbodies. In comparison to raw B. edulis, braising enriched the activity concentrations of 137Cs at 110 ± 69% and 40K at 80 ± 56% on a whole (wet) weight basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Martyna Saba
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska
- University of Gdańsk, Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Falandysz J, Zalewska T, Saniewski M, Fernandes AR. An evaluation of the occurrence and trends in 137Cs and 40K radioactivity in King Bolete Boletus edulis mushrooms in Poland during 1995-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-12433-8. [PMID: 33625702 PMCID: PMC8241671 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
B. edulis, collected from 33 forested or woodland sites across Poland over 25 years since 1995, were analysed for radiocaesium. The results (137Cs activity range: 25 to 10,000 Bq kg-1 dry weight) provide a good indication of artificial radioactivity in this food material. The relatively higher levels detected in the earlier years, mostly in easterly location, is consistent with depositions from the projected Chernobyl incident (1986) fallout plumes. Nevertheless, the 137Cs concentrations during 1995-2010 were, on average, higher than those reported by other studies for Polish B. edulis over the period 1986-1994. The data concurs with the general hypothesis and observations that deposited 137Cs permeates slowly over time to deeper soil horizons which host the mycelial networks. This delay in availability shows that (apart from hotspots) higher contamination of fruiting bodies occurred around 10 to 20 years after the incident. Local consumers and recreational mushroomers were undoubtedly exposed, although reported 137Cs concentrations suggest that serious breaches of regulated levels were uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 63 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tamara Zalewska
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - Maritime Branch, National Research Institute, 42 Waszyngtona Av, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Michał Saniewski
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - Maritime Branch, National Research Institute, 42 Waszyngtona Av, 81-342, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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