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Buratto WG, Muniz RN, Nied A, Barros CFDO, Cardoso R, Gonzalez GV. A Review of Automation and Sensors: Parameter Control of Thermal Treatments for Electrical Power Generation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:967. [PMID: 38339684 PMCID: PMC10856863 DOI: 10.3390/s24030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the critical role of automation and sensor technologies in optimizing parameters for thermal treatments within electrical power generation. The demand for efficient and sustainable power generation has led to a significant reliance on thermal treatments in power plants. However, ensuring precise control over these treatments remains challenging, necessitating the integration of advanced automation and sensor systems. This paper evaluates the pivotal aspects of automation, emphasizing its capacity to streamline operations, enhance safety, and optimize energy efficiency in thermal treatment processes. Additionally, it highlights the indispensable role of sensors in monitoring and regulating crucial parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rates. These sensors enable real-time data acquisition, facilitating immediate adjustments to maintain optimal operating conditions and prevent system failures. It explores the recent technological advancements, including machine learning algorithms and IoT integration, which have revolutionized automation and sensor capabilities in thermal treatment control. Incorporating these innovations has significantly improved the precision and adaptability of control systems, resulting in heightened performance and reduced environmental impact. This review underscores the imperative nature of automation and sensor technologies in thermal treatments for electrical power generation, emphasizing their pivotal role in enhancing operational efficiency, ensuring reliability, and advancing sustainability in power generation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gouvêa Buratto
- Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Electrical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Joinville 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ninno Muniz
- Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Production Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Science and Technology, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Rio das Ostras 28895-532, Brazil
| | - Ademir Nied
- Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Electrical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Joinville 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico de Oliveira Barros
- Production Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Science and Technology, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Rio das Ostras 28895-532, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cardoso
- Production Engineering Graduate Program, Department of Science and Technology, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Rio das Ostras 28895-532, Brazil
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Hegdahl SH, Ghoreishi S, Løhre C, Barth T. Exploring hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of digested sewage sludge (DSS) at 5.3 L and 0.025 L bench scale using experimental design. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18806. [PMID: 37914814 PMCID: PMC10620431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A common perspective within the prospect of a greener future is utilising our waste materials. One waste material of which the world has abundant resources, and where we will keep having resources, is sewage sludge. This waste material is getting an increased focus, and is commonly utilised by anaerobic digestion processes for methane production. This leaves a bioresidue of digested sewage sludge (DSS). In this study, DSS is submitted to hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce bio-oil. The studied process includes upscaling as well as considering the effects of temperature, reaction medium of water or ethanol, degree of reactor filling and stirring rate. Promising results are found as high oil yields are obtained also after upscaling. The results reported here show that stirring reduces the need of high temperatures during HTL, providing energy savings that are promising for further upscaling. In addition, a total of 18 compounds are identified and semi-quantified, showing an abundance of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives within the oil, encouraging further studies towards separation of said fatty acids for use as biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solmaz Ghoreishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Løhre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanja Barth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
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3
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Hegdahl SH, Løhre C, Barth T. Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge anaerobic digestate for bio-oil production: Screening the effects of temperature, residence time and KOH catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:977-986. [PMID: 36404769 PMCID: PMC10170558 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to sewage sludge being an abundant biobased resource, and with the number of biogas plants utilizing sewage sludge increasing, digested sewage sludge (DSS) is a promising feedstock for producing bio-oil. This study uses DSS from a biogas plant to produce bio-oil in a hydrothermal liquefaction process adjusting time from 2 to 6 hours, temperature from 280 to 380°C and the presence of a base as a depolymerization agent and potential catalyst. High conversion yields are obtained, with the maximum of 58 wt% on a dry, ash free basis and an energy recovery of up to 94%. The oils contain compounds with a potential for utilization as biofuels and building blocks, especially fatty acids as biodiesel feedstock and biobased phenols, glycols and aliphatic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Løhre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanja Barth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Ghorbani M, Konvalina P, Walkiewicz A, Neugschwandtner RW, Kopecký M, Zamanian K, Chen WH, Bucur D. Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12983. [PMID: 36232283 PMCID: PMC9564516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) has been connected to a variety of global environmental problems. Assessing the risk of various disposal techniques can be quite useful in recommending appropriate management. The preparation of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) and its impacts on soil characteristics, plant health, nutrient leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are critically reviewed in this study. Comparing the features of SSB obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures revealed changes in its elemental content. Lower hydrogen/carbon ratios in SSB generated at higher pyrolysis temperatures point to the existence of more aromatic carbon molecules. Additionally, the preparation of SSB has an increased ash content, a lower yield, and a higher surface area as a result of the rise in pyrolysis temperature. The worldwide potential of SS output and CO2-equivalent emissions in 2050 were predicted as factors of global population and common disposal management in order to create a futuristic strategy and cope with the quantity of abundant global SS. According to estimations, the worldwide SS output and associated CO2-eq emissions were around 115 million tons dry solid (Mt DS) and 14,139 teragrams (Tg), respectively, in 2020. This quantity will rise to about 138 Mt DS sewage sludge and 16985 Tg CO2-eq emissions in 2050, a 20% increase. In this regard, developing and populous countries may support economic growth by utilizing low-cost methods for producing biochar and employing it in local agriculture. To completely comprehend the benefits and drawbacks of SSB as a soil supplement, further study on long-term field applications of SSB is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Konvalina
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Walkiewicz
- Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry, Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Marek Kopecký
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kazem Zamanian
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, University Road/70101, Tainan 70101, Taiwan or
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Bucur
- Department of Pedotechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania
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Yu F, Hu Y, Li L, Guo Q, Zhu Y, Jiao L, Wang Y, Cui X. Investigation on oxygen-controlled sewage sludge carbonization with low temperature: from thermal behavior to three-phase product properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31441-31452. [PMID: 35006570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study was conducted on the characteristics of oxygen-controlled carbonization process of sewage sludge (SS) using thermogravimetric analysis and lab-scale carbonization experiment. Reaction temperature of SS carbonization was varied between 250 and 650 °C in carrier gas with different O2 contents. The thermal process of SS in low oxygen could be divided into three stages: dehydration (below 160 °C), devolatilization (160-380 °C), stubborn volatile decomposition and fixed carbon combustion (380-600 °C). Based on Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods, the reaction activation energy (E) of SS carbonization process in 10% O2 was the lowest, with values of 98.50 kJ mol-1 (KAS) and 103.49 kJ mol-1 (FWO). The properties of the obtained char, tar, and gas products were analyzed by FTIR and GC-MS. With the increase of carbonization temperature, char yield decreased and gas yield increased. The highest yield of tar was 27.76% (N2) and 27.04% (10% O2) at 450 °C. Low-oxygen atmosphere at the same temperature did not change the yield of char but increased the fixed carbon content and its aromaticity. Oxygen would participate in secondary cracking in tar and promote gas generation above 350 °C. It was found that the presence of oxygen not only increased the concentration of H2, CO, and CH4 in gas product, but also improved the quality of tar in terms of high aromatic content and low nitrogen-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Lianming Li
- Jiaxing New Jies Heat & Power Co., Ltd, Qiumao Road 55#, Jiaxing, 314016, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yonghao Zhu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Long Jiao
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Yihong Wang
- Jiaxing New Jies Heat & Power Co., Ltd, Qiumao Road 55#, Jiaxing, 314016, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Mishra A, Kumar M, Bolan NS, Kapley A, Kumar R, Singh L. Multidimensional approaches of biogas production and up-gradation: Opportunities and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 338:125514. [PMID: 34265593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The expanding interest towards biogas generation from biowaste via complex anaerobic digestion (AD) opened new avenues in the improvement of biogas production processes and their up-gradation. The adsorption/removal of impurities particularly hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the biogas stream will significantly improve the efficiency of biogas for its further use as a renewable energy fuel. The production and up-gradation of biogas rely upon the types of feedstocks, AD condition, microbial diversity, purification methods along with the application of various additives. In that context, this review aims to emphasize the current state of the art in the field of biogas production via AD using diverse bio-waste. Further, this review will critically explore the biogas up-gradation technologies adopted so far and their pros and cons. Finally, techno-economic and environmental impact assessment of the biogas production process will be underlined to make the process cost-effective and environmentally sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Mishra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Atya Kapley
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lal Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India.
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