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Griffin AM, Bellona C, Strathmann TJ. Rejection of PFAS and priority co-contaminants in semiconductor fabrication wastewater by nanofiltration membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122111. [PMID: 39089122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Use of high-pressure membranes is an effective means for removal of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that is less sensitive than adsorption processes to variable water quality and specific PFAS structure. This study evaluated the use of nanofiltration (NF) membranes for the removal of PFAS and industry relevant co-contaminants in semiconductor fabrication (fab) wastewater. Initial experiments using a flat sheet filtration cell determined that the NF90 (tight NF) membrane provided superior performance compared to the NF270 (loose NF) membrane, with NF90 rejection values exceeding 97 % for all PFAS evaluated, including the ultrashort trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS). Cationic fab co-contaminants diaryliodonium (DIA), triphenylsulfonium (TPS), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were not as highly rejected as anionic PFAS likely due to electrostatic effects. A spiral wound NF90 module was then used in a pilot system to treat a lab solution containing PFAS and co-contaminants and fab wastewater effluent. Treatment of the fab wastewater, containing high concentrations of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA: 96,413 ng/L), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA: 11,796 ng/L), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA: 504 ng/L), resulted in ≥92 % rejection of all PFAS while achieving 90 % water recovery in a semi-batch configuration. These findings demonstrate nanofiltration as a promising technology option for incorporation in treatment trains targeting PFAS removal from wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron M Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
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Maculewicz J, Dołżonek J, Sharma L, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P, Pazdro K. Bioconcentration of imidazolium ionic liquids: In vivo evaluation in marine mussels Mytilus trossulus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159388. [PMID: 36240918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) are beginning to be used more widely in many industrial fields e.g., as reaction media, electrolytes, stationary phases in gas chromatography), there is still little information about their potential environmental fate. Among the uncertainties regarding the risks associated with these compounds, bioconcentration is one of the key issues, about which many doubts have been raised in recent years. While in vitro data suggest that permanently charged compounds can also bioconcentrate, conclusive evidence in the form of studies on organisms, at least for selected compounds, is needed. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to determine whether imidazolium cations of ILs, namely 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium ([IM18]+) and 1-methyl-3-dodecylimidazolium ([IM1-12]+), can bioconcentrate in marine invertebrates tissues. During 21-day experiments, Mytilus trossulus mussels were exposed to these cations individually, at a concentration of 10 μg/L. In our study, it has been demonstrated for the first time during in vivo study, that long-chain imidazolium ionic liquids can bioconcentrate. The determined BCF value for [IM1-12]+ of 21,901 ± 3400 L/kg makes this compound to be considered highly bioaccumulative according to commonly accepted criteria. However, the obtained BCF for [IM18]+ (with the value below 100) suggests that this cation has little potential for bioconcentration. On the other hand, no salinity or anion influence on the bioconcentration of the tested cations was observed. Our tests also confirm that imidazolium ILs exhibit acute toxicity only at relatively high concentration levels, as LC50 reached 0.68 mg/L for [IM1-12][Br], and 11.66 mg/L for [IM18][C(CN)3]. This further confirms that the risks associated with the potential presence of these compounds in the environment should be attributed to their high persistence and potential bioconcentration, rather than acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Lilianna Sharma
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Nan X, Luo Y, Wu M, Chen G. Glycine ester ionic liquid as new co‐initiator used in initiating radical and cationic photopolymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Nan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Youping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hainan Normal University Haikou People's Republic of China
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Niu XZ, Pepel RD, Paniego R, Abrell L, Field JA, Chorover J, Sierra-Alvarez R. Fate of bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium under photolithography relevant irradiation and the environmental risk properties of the formed photoproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25988-25994. [PMID: 35218486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-iodonium salts are utilized as photoacid generators (PAGs) in semiconductor photolithography and other photo-initiated manufacturing processes. Despite their utilization and suspected toxicity, the fate of these compounds within the perimeter of semiconductor fabrication plants is inadequately understood; the identification of photolithography products is still needed for a comprehensive environmental impact assessment. This study investigated the photolytic transformation of a representative iodonium PAG cation, bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium, under conditions simulating industrial photolithography. Under 254-nm irradiation, bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium reacted rapidly with a photolytic half-life of 39.2 s; different counter ions or solvents did not impact the degradation kinetics. At a semiconductor photolithography-relevant UV dosage of 25 mJ cm-2, 33% of bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium was estimated to be transformed. Six aromatic/hydrophobic photoproducts were identified utilizing a combination of HPLC-DAD and GC-MS. Selected photoproducts such as tert-butyl benzene and tert-butyl iodobenzene had remarkably higher acute microbial toxicity toward bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri compared to bis-(4-tert-butyl phenyl)-iodonium. Octanol-water partition coefficients estimated using the Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ indicated that the photoproducts were substantially more hydrophobic than the parent compound. The results fill a critical data gap hindering the environmental impact assessment of iodonium PAGs and provide clues on potential management strategies for both iodonium compounds and their photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi Niu
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, Tucson, USA
| | - Richard D Pepel
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Rodrigo Paniego
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, Tucson, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, Tucson, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Niu XZ, Abrell L, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA, Chorover J. Analysis of hydrophilic per- and polyfluorinated sulfonates including trifluoromethanesulfonate using solid phase extraction and mixed-mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1664:462817. [PMID: 35032899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-hydrophilic per- and polyfluorinated sulfonates (PFSA) are increasingly scrutinized in recent years due to their ubiquitous occurrence, persistence, and aqueous mobility in the environment, yet analysis remains a challenge. This study developed methods for the analysis of trifluoromethanesulfonate, perfluorobutanesulfonate, 10-camphorsulfonate, and a di-fluorinated sulfonate utilizing mixed-mode liquid chromatography, where all analytes were adequately retained and separated. Chromatography and electrospray ionization parameters were optimized; instrumental limits of quantification for the anionic target analytes were in the range of 4.3 - 16.1 ng L-1. Solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were developed using Oasis WAX cartridges; SPE recoveries for the analytes ranged from 86% to 125%. Salinity and total organic carbon both impaired the SPE performance to different extents, depending on the respective analyte. Utilizing widely accessible instrumentation and materials, this is a single method to simultaneously analyze conceivably the most hydrophilic PFAS chemical, i.e., trifluoromethanesulfonate, and moderately hydrophobic PFSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Zhi Niu
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Leif Abrell
- Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science & Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Niu XZ, Pepel RD, Paniego R, Field JA, Chorover J, Abrell L, Sáez AE, Sierra-Alvarez R. Photochemical fate of sulfonium photoacid generator cations under photolithography relevant UV irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mullen E, Morris MA. Green Nanofabrication Opportunities in the Semiconductor Industry: A Life Cycle Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1085. [PMID: 33922231 PMCID: PMC8146645 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The turn of the 21st century heralded in the semiconductor age alongside the Anthropocene epoch, characterised by the ever-increasing human impact on the environment. The ecological consequences of semiconductor chip manufacturing are the most predominant within the electronics industry. This is due to current reliance upon large amounts of solvents, acids and gases that have numerous toxicological impacts. Management and assessment of hazardous chemicals is complicated by trade secrets and continual rapid change in the electronic manufacturing process. Of the many subprocesses involved in chip manufacturing, lithographic processes are of particular concern. Current developments in bottom-up lithography, such as directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs), are being considered as a next-generation technology for semiconductor chip production. These nanofabrication techniques present a novel opportunity for improving the sustainability of lithography by reducing the number of processing steps, energy and chemical waste products involved. At present, to the extent of our knowledge, there is no published life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluating the environmental impact of new bottom-up lithography versus conventional lithographic techniques. Quantification of this impact is central to verifying whether these new nanofabrication routes can replace conventional deposition techniques in industry as a more environmentally friendly option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Mullen
- CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 W085 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A. Morris
- CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 W085 Dublin, Ireland
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