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Caglak A, Sari-Erkan H, Onkal Engin G. Chemical oxygen demand and tannin/lignin removal from paper mill wastewater by electrocoagulation combined with peroxide and hypochlorite treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:3076-3094. [PMID: 37105959 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2206529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation sought to assess the practicality of utilizing a combined pre-treatment approach comprising electrocoagulation, peroxide, and hypochlorite treatments for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and tannin/lignin from paper mill wastewater. The study aimed to optimize the operating parameters with a view to maximizing the removal efficiencies while minimizing energy consumption. A pair of iron electrodes were used as anode and cathode in the study, and the main operating parameters were determined as initial pH, applied current, treatment time and oxidant dosage/COD ratio. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of these parameters on COD and tannin/lignin removals. The primary findings of the investigation indicated that the integration of electrocoagulation with peroxide and hypochlorite treatments exhibited efficacy in removing COD, tannin/lignin, colour, phenol, and turbidity from paper mill wastewater. The optimized conditions resulted in COD removal efficiencies of 48.13 ± 2.2% and 29.53 ± 1.4% for EC with H2O2 and Ca(OCl)2, respectively. Tannin/lignin removal efficiencies were 92.59 ± 3.6% and 94.09 ± 1.8% for EC-H2O2 and EC-Ca(OCl)2, respectively. The specific energy consumption (SEC) values showed that EC-Ca(OCl)2 required 7 times more energy than EC-H2O2 for removing 1 kg COD. The principal deduction drawn from the study was that EC-H2O2 pre-treatment demonstrated superior COD removal efficiency and lower energy consumption, while EC-Ca(OCl)2 pre-treatment exhibited greater efficiency in removing toxic and recalcitrant pollutants. In future studies, it would be useful to conduct research to increase COD removal efficiency in addition to tannin/lignin removal in EC-Ca(OCl)2 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Caglak
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Sari-Erkan
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guleda Onkal Engin
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sari Erkan H, Bakaraki Turan N. Effects of hydrogen peroxide and calcium hypochlorite on chemical oxygen demand solubilization and disintegration of waste activated sludge by electro-chemical pretreatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:508-522. [PMID: 35993109 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe combination of electrochemical (EC) pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and calcium hypochlorite (CHC) was investigated in this study for their effect on soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) and disintegration degree (DD) of waste activated sludge (WAS). For this aim, response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were applied the determination of the optimum operational conditions. Operational conditions were varied between 0.2 and 2.0 mmol/g SS for HP and CHC dosages, 1-5 A for the applied current, 2-10 for the initial pH, and 15-45 min for the treatment time. Obtained results for each treatment were accurate and significant with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.8639% and 0.9189% for EC combined with HP pretreatment and EC combined with CHC pretreatment, respectively. According to the obtained results, CODs increased in comparison to the raw sludge (168 mg/L) noting that CODs for EC - CHC (1155 ± 21 mg/L) was higher than EC - HP (811.5 ± 15 mg/L) at optimized conditions (for EC-HP pretreatment: HP dosage: 0.34 mmol/g TSS, Applied current:5 A, Initial pH:10, Time: 45 min, For EC-CHC pretreatment: CHC dosage: 0.23 mmol/g TSS, Applied current:4.83 A, Initial pH:10, Time: 40 min). Besides, the DD in terms of COD, total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) (DDCOD, DDTN and DDTOC) registered increased values after the application of the EC treatment with both oxidants. The highest DDCOD, DDTN and DDTOC values were obtained with EC-CHC pretreatment for 11.34%, 20.34% and 9.18% respectively compared to EC-HP pretreatment (DDCOD: 7.37%, DDTN: 15.18% and DDTOC: 6.94%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Sari Erkan
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nouha Bakaraki Turan
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yildirim R, Eskikaya O, Keskinler B, Karagunduz A, Dizge N, Balakrishnan D. Fabric dyeing wastewater treatment and salt recovery using a pilot scale system consisted of graphite electrodes based on electrooxidation and nanofiltration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116283. [PMID: 37286123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, color removal, suspended solids removal, and salt recovery were investigated from different fabric dyeing wastewaters using a pilot scale treatment system. A pilot scale system was installed in the wastewater outlet area of five different textile companies. Experiments were planned for pollutant removal and salt recovery from wastewater. First, the wastewater was treated by electrooxidation (EO) using graphite electrodes. After a reaction time of 1 h, the wastewater was passed throughout the granular activated carbon (AC) coloumn. The pre-treated wastewater was passed through the membrane (NF) system to recover the salt in the wastewater. Finally, the recovered salt water was used for fabric dyeing. In the pilot scale treatment system (EO + AC + NF), 100% of suspended solids (SS) and an average of 99.37% of color were removed from fabric dyeing wastewaters. At the same time, a high amount of salt water was recovered and reused. Optimum conditions were determined as 4 V current, 1000 A power, wastewater's own pH values and 60 min of reaction time. The energy and operating cost for treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater were determined as 40.0 kWh/m3 and 2.2 US$/m3, respectively. In addition to the prevention of environmental pollution by the treatment of wastewater using the pilot-scale treatment system, the reuse of the recovered water will contribute to the protection of our valuable water resources. In addition, using the NF membrane process after the EO system, it will be possible to recover salt from wastewater with high salt content such as textile wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Yildirim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, 33343, Turkey
| | - Ozan Eskikaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, 33343, Turkey
| | - Bulent Keskinler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, 33343, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karagunduz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 44440, Turkey
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, 33343, Turkey.
| | - Deepanraj Balakrishnan
- College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.
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Castillo-Suárez LA, Sierra-Sánchez AG, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V, Teutli-Sequeira EA. A critical review of textile industry wastewater: green technologies for the removal of indigo dyes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-38. [PMID: 37360556 PMCID: PMC10041522 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The denim textile industry represents an important productive sector. It generates wastewater with low biodegradability due to the presence of persistent pollutants, which can produce toxic and carcinogenic compounds; therefore, wastewater treatment reduces risks to aquatic life and public health. This paper presents a review of 172 papers regarding textile industry wastewater treatment for the removal of contaminants, especially indigo dyes used in the denim industry, in the context of green technologies. The physicochemical characteristics of textile wastewater, its environmental and health impacts, and the permissible limit regulations in different countries were reviewed. Biological, physicochemical and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of indigo dyes were reviewed. The goal of this study was to analyze the characteristics of green technologies; however, the research does not clearly demonstrate an effect on energy consumption savings, carbon footprint decreases, and/or waste generation. Advanced oxidation processes showed the highest color removal efficiency (95 and 97% in synthetic or real wastewater, respectively). Photocatalysis and Fenton reactions were the most efficient processes. None of the revised works presented results regarding upscaling for industrial application, and the results should be discussed in terms of the guidelines and maximum permissible limits established by international legislation. New technologies need to be developed and evaluated in a sustainable context with real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Castillo-Suárez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - A. G. Sierra-Sánchez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - I. Linares-Hernández
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - V. Martínez-Miranda
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - E. A. Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
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Bakaraki Turan N, Sari Erkan H, Ilhan F, Onkal Engin G. Decolorization of textile wastewater by electrooxidation process using different anode materials: Statistical optimization. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e1683. [PMID: 35044018 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of reactive dyes in textile wastewater is a serious environmental concern due to their associated mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The present study aims to analyze the effect of different anodic materials on the decolorization of a real textile wastewater effluent. For this purpose, four different anodic materials-TiO2-coated platine, TiO2-coated ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) (viz., RuO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and graphite-were connected, respectively, to titanium dioxide (TiO2) used as a cathode electrode. Color and cost optimization studies were performed using the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). According to ANOVA results, the R2 values for Pt/TiO2, RuO2/TiO2, TiO2/TiO2, and graphite/TiO2 electrode pairs were found to be 97.4%, 93.8%, 92.44%, and 92.2%, respectively, indicating a good compatibility as it is close to one. The results show that color removal efficiencies at the optimal conditions were 86.3%, 90.8%, 91.5%, and 93.6% for Pt/TiO2, graphite/TiO2, TiO2/TiO2, and RuO2/TiO2, respectively. Furthermore, energy consumption cost at the optimum conditions was also evaluated, and the results were as follows: Pt/TiO2 (0.95 €/m3), graphite/TiO2 (0.74 €/m3), TiO2/TiO2 (0.31 €/m3), and RuO2/TiO2 (0.26 €/m3). Consequently, this research paper shows that all of the tested anodic materials give satisfactory color removal efficiencies higher than 86%. When energy consumption and color removal are considered together, the use of TiO2/TiO2 and RuO2/TiO2 pairs would be preferred. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Anodic contribution was investigated for decolorization of textile wastewater by electrooxidation process. Graphite, TiO2-coated Pt, TiO2-coated RuO2, and TiO2 were used as anode materials. Highest color removal with lowest energy consumption was achieved with TiO2-coated RuO2 anode material (93.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Bakaraki Turan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Sari Erkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ilhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guleda Onkal Engin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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