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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N. Blue revolution turning green? A global concern of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwater aquaculture: A literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121115. [PMID: 38749125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
To enhance productivity, aquaculture is intensifying, with high-density fish ponds and increased feed input, contributing to nutrient load and eutrophication. Climate change further exacerbates cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxin production that affect aquatic organisms and consumers. A review was conducted to outline this issue from its inception - eutrophication, cyanobacterial blooms, their harmful metabolites and consequential effects (health and economic) in aquacultures. The strength of evidence regarding the relationship between cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and potential consequences in freshwater aquacultures (fish production) globally were assessed as well, while identifying knowledge gaps and suggesting future research directions. With that aim several online databases were searched through June 2023 (from 2000), and accessible publications conducted in aquacultures with organisms for human consumption, reflecting cyanotoxin exposure, were selected. Data on cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins in aquacultures and its products worldwide were extracted and analyzed. Selected 63 papers from 22 countries were conducted in Asia (48%), Africa (22%), America (22%) and Europe (8%). Microcystis aeruginosa was most frequent, among over 150 cyanobacterial species. Cyanobacterial metabolites (mostly microcystins) were found in aquaculture water and fish from 18 countries (42 and 33 papers respectively). The most affected were small and shallow fish ponds, and omnivorous or carnivorous fish species. Cyanotoxins were detected in various fish organs, including muscles, with levels exceeding the tolerable daily intake in 60% of the studies. The majority of research was done in developing countries, employing less precise detection methods, making the obtained values estimates. To assess the risk of human exposure, the precise levels of all cyanotoxins, not just microcystins are needed, including monitoring their fate in aquatic food chains and during food processing. Epidemiological research on health consequences, setting guideline values, and continuous monitoring are necessary as well. Further efforts should focus on methods for elimination, prevention, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, 30387, Poland.
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2
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Linz D, Struewing I, Sienkiewicz N, Steinman AD, Partridge CG, McIntosh K, Allen J, Lu J, Vesper S. Periodic Addition of Glucose Suppressed Cyanobacterial Abundance in Additive Lake Water Samples during the Entire Bloom Season. JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCE AND PROTECTION 2024; 16:140-155. [PMID: 38487714 PMCID: PMC10936582 DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2024.162009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that prophylactic addition of glucose to Harsha Lake water samples could inhibit cyanobacteria growth, at least for a short period of time. The current study tested cyanobacterial control with glucose for the entire Harsha Lake bloom season. Water samples (1000 ml) were collected weekly from Harsha Lake during the algal-bloom season starting June 9 and lasting until August 24, 2022. To each of two 7-liter polypropylene containers, 500 ml of Harsha Lake water was added, and the containers were placed in a controlled environment chamber. To one container labeled "Treated," 0.15 g of glucose was added, and nothing was added to the container labeled "Control." After that, three 25 ml samples from each container were collected and used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing each week. Then 1000 ml of Harsha Lake water was newly collected each week, with 500 ml added to each container, along with the addition of 0.15 g glucose to the "Treated" container. Sequencing data were used to examine differences in the composition of bacterial communities between Treated and Control containers. Treatment with glucose altered the microbial communities by 1) reducing taxonomic diversity, 2) largely eliminating cyanobacterial taxa, and 3) increasing the relative abundance of subsets of non-cyanobacterial taxa (such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota). These effects were observed across time despite weekly inputs derived directly from Lake water. The addition of glucose to a container receiving weekly additions of Lake water suppressed the cyanobacterial populations during the entire summer bloom season. The glucose appears to stimulate the diversity of certain bacterial taxa at the expense of the cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Linz
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian Struewing
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Alan David Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, USA
| | | | - Kyle McIntosh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joel Allen
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Vesper
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Peng P, Zhou L, Yilimulati M, Zhang S. Unleashing the power of acetylacetone: Effective control of harmful cyanobacterial blooms with ecological safety. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168644. [PMID: 38000755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms resulting from eutrophication pose a severe threat to human health. Acetylacetone (AA) has emerged as a potential chemical for combatting cyanobacterial blooms, but its real-world application remains limited. In this study, we conducted a 42-day evaluation of AA's effectiveness in controlling blooms in river water, with a focus on the interplay between ecological community structure, organism functional traits, and water quality. At a concentration of 0.2 mM, AA effectively suppressed the growth of Cyanobacteria (88 %), Bacteroidia (49 %), and Alphaproteobacteria (52 %), while promoting the abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (5.0 times) and Actinobacteria (7.2 times) that are associated with the degradation of organic matter. Notably, after dosing of AA, the OD680 (0.07 ± 0.02) and turbidity (8.6 ± 2.1) remained at a satisfactory level. AA induced significant disruptions in two photosynthesis and two biosynthesis pathways (P < 0.05), while simultaneously enriching eight pathways of xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. This enrichment facilitated the reduction of organic pollutants and supported improved water quality. Importantly, AA treatment decreased the abundance of two macrolide-related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), ereA and vatE, while slightly increased the abundance of two aminoglycoside-related ARGs, aacA and strB. Overall, our findings establish AA as an efficient and durable algicide with favorable ecological safety. Moreover, this work contributes to the development of effective strategies for maintaining and restoring the health and resilience of aquatic ecosystems impacted by harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mihebai Yilimulati
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zinnert HM, Gladfelter MF, Poe HP, Merrill KL, Hennessey AV, McDonald MB, Wang D, Torbert HA, Wilson AE. Positive and negative impacts of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum on water quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119307. [PMID: 37862886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a by-product of carbon-based energy sources, has typically been incorporated as a component of concrete mixes and wallboard and beneficially used as an agricultural amendment to enhance terrestrial crop production and improve the quality of runoff. These various uses for the by-product aid in reducing the amount that is ultimately landfilled. Limited studies have investigated its benefits when used directly in aquatic settings, such as ponds and lakes, to increase hardness and potentially mitigate eutrophication. A 36-day field mesocosm experiment tested a larger range of FGD gypsum concentrations (500-2000 mg/L) than those previously tested in the literature to investigate its desired and potentially undesired impacts on water quality, including the algal community. High FGD gypsum concentrations, 1000 and 2000 mg/L, were found to have more undesired impacts than the 500 mg/L treatment, including an initial spike in cyanobacteria, a decrease in total zooplankton abundance, and an increase in certain trace metals in the highest treatment. Ultimately, the 500 mg/L FGD gypsum treatment was found to have fewer undesired impacts while still resulting in significant desired effects, including those on hardness and pH, as well as moderate reductions in algal abundance. This experiment provides a better understanding of the effects of FGD gypsum when directly used in an aquatic setting, determines an optimal dose for future field experiments, and helps provide the groundwork for developing an upper threshold on FGD gypsum so as to not have the negative effects outweigh the positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Zinnert
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Matthew F Gladfelter
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - H Peyton Poe
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kate L Merrill
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Ashley V Hennessey
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Michael B McDonald
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - H Allen Torbert
- USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Moreno-Andrés J, Romero-Martínez L, Seoane S, Acevedo-Merino A, Moreno-Garrido I, Nebot E. Evaluation of algaecide effectiveness of five different oxidants applied on harmful phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131279. [PMID: 36989795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas similarly impact both ecosystems and human health. The translocation of phytoplankton species via maritime transport can potentially promote the growth of HABs in coastal systems. Accordingly, ballast water must be disinfected. The main goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different emerging biocides, including H2O2, peracetic acid (PAA), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effectiveness of these biocides is compared with that of conventional chlorination methods. Their effects on two ichthyotoxic microalgae with worldwide distribution, i.e., Prymnesium parvum and Heterosigma akashiwo, are examined. To ensure the prolonged effectiveness of the different reagents, their concentration-response curves for 14 days are constructed and examined. The results suggest a strong but shorter effect by PMS (EC50 = 0.40-1.99 mg·L-1) and PAA (EC50 = 0.32-2.70 mg·L-1), a maintained effect by H2O2 (EC50 = 6.67-7.08 mg·L-1), and a negligible effect by PDS. H. akashiwo indicates higher resistance than P. parvum, except when H2O2 is used. Based on the growth inhibition performance and consumption of the reagents as well as a review of important aspects regarding their application, using H2O2, PAA, or PMS can be a feasible alternative to chlorine-based reagents for inhibiting the growth of harmful phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE, UPV/EHU), Plentzia 48620, Spain
| | - Asunción Acevedo-Merino
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Nebot
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, INMAR - Marine Research Institute, CEIMAR - International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain
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Shinde AH, Sonpal V, Maiti P, Haldar S. Evaluation of a synbiotic formulation for water remediation in a shrimp pond. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65990-66001. [PMID: 37093374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of probiotic bacteria has attracted the interest of the marine shrimp farming industry. However, there are certain limitations pertaining to the practical application of many commercially available probiotics. Here, a thoroughly screened optimal consortium of three indigenous sulfur probiotics was tested for antibiotic susceptibility and was found to be safe, with each culture being sensitive to all the tested antibiotics. Further, de-potash vinasse (DPV), an environmental hazard, was tested for its prebiotic potential, and its 1% (w/v) concentration was found to be effective for long-term viability (> 66 days) of the probiotic cultures and safe for Artemia. The synbiotic formulation was tested first in a lab-scale microcosm setup successfully and subsequently tried on a shrimp farm; it was observed that the product was congruent to the efficiency of a commercial probiotic regarding almost all physicochemical parameters, sulfide, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, phytoplankton sustenance, Pseudomonas count, coliform count, and heterotrophic count. In addition, it was significantly efficient in maintaining pH, reducing ammonia-N and phosphate-P, Vibrio and Aeromonas count, and a net increase in the yield of shrimp biomass by 625 kg, thus proving to be a better alternative than one of the already available remediation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika H Shinde
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vasavdutta Sonpal
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Pratyush Maiti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Process Design and Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Hamid A, Wilson AE, Torbert HA, Wang D. Sorptive removal of phosphorus by flue gas desulfurization gypsum in batch and column systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138062. [PMID: 36746251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) over-loading is often a central topic due to its linkage to harmful algal blooms (HABs) and its importance in wastewater treatment that has fueled immediate remediation attempts to reduce P loading from point (e.g., wastewater) and nonpoint sources (e.g., fertilizers). Conventional remediation techniques (e.g., filtration) are often expensive, ineffective, and difficult to implement at large scales. The flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum produced as an energy plant waste byproduct has recently been advocated as a physiochemical remediation strategy for P through sorptive removal. However, limited research is available on the practical applications of FGD gypsum for P removal from water. Herein, batch sorption experiments were performed to investigate the sorptive removal efficiency of P by FGD gypsum under environmentally relevant P concentrations (0.01-0.25 mM). In parallel, fixed-bed column experiments packed with FGD gypsum were performed using elevated P concentrations (0.1-1.0 mM) to understand the scalability of FGD gypsum for large-scale practical applications. During batch experiments, P sorption equilibrium was reached within 24 h that includes an initially fast step (via boundary layer diffusion), followed by a slow rate-determining step (via intraparticle diffusion). P sorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order kinetics, indicating chemisorption. P sorption at equilibrium can be simulated by both the Freundlich and Langmuir sorption isotherms. The Langmuir sorption isotherm yielded a maximum sorption capacity (Qmax) of 36.1 mM kg-1. The fixed-bed column experimental results showed that sorption rate depends on the applied flow rate, irrespective of the tested P concentrations. Our findings can be extrapolated to evaluate the feasibility and scalability of FGD gypsum in removing P to counteract P runoff and mitigate HABs and P-loaded wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansley Hamid
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - H Allen Torbert
- USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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8
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Buley RP, Gladfelter MF, Fernandez-Figueroa EG, Wilson AE. Complex effects of dissolved organic matter, temperature, and initial bloom density on the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43991-44005. [PMID: 36670225 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms plague reservoirs and lakes used for a variety of purposes, such as recreation and drinking water. Chemical controls are frequently used to mitigate the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms given that many are fast-acting and effective at reducing cyanobacterial abundance. Recent research has identified hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an environmentally friendly alternative to algaecides that have typically been used, such as copper sulfate. To build on past studies, these experiments sought to further understand how well H2O2 treatments reduce cyanobacteria in complex eutrophic conditions, as well as to assess treatment effects on a non-target phytoplankter, a green alga. We assessed the effectiveness of H2O2 (at treatments of 2-16 mg L-1) under varying environmental conditions in a controlled laboratory setting, including (1) dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations (humic acid; 0-60 mg L-1), (2) temperature (20, 25, and 32 °C), and (3) initial algal biomass (chlorophyll-a; 82-371 µg L-1). In contrast to our expectations, neither DOM concentration nor temperature meaningfully impacted the effectiveness of H2O2 at reducing cyanobacteria. However, initial algal biomass as well as H2O2 treatment dose greatly influenced the effectiveness of the algaecide on cyanobacteria. Treatments of ≥ 8 mg H2O2 L-1 on algal biomass were significantly buffered with higher DOM and lower temperature, and the biological significance of these findings should be explored further. Across all experiments, H2O2 concentrations of 0.03-0.12 mg H2O2 L-1 µg chlorophyll L-1 were effective at significantly reducing cyanobacteria with varying effects on algal biomass. Thus, water resource managers are encouraged to consider how ambient levels of phytoplankton biomass may affect the ability of H2O2 to control cyanobacterial blooms prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley P Buley
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Matthew F Gladfelter
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Edna G Fernandez-Figueroa
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Nie Z, Zheng Z, Zhu H, Sun Y, Gao J, Gao J, Xu P, Xu G. Effects of submerged macrophytes ( Elodea nuttallii) on water quality and microbial communities of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) ponds. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1050699. [PMID: 36713211 PMCID: PMC9880226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional aquaculture ponds are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems; thus, ecological aquaculture is increasingly valued for its beneficial ecological properties and ecosystem services. However, little is known about ecological aquaculture of largemouth bass with submerged vegetation. Here, we designed three ecological ponds of cultured largemouth bass with submerged macrophytes (the EM group) and three ponds with traditional aquaculture (the M group) to reveal the response of water quality, and phytoplankton and bacterial communities, to submerged macrophyte bioremediation during a 90-day culture period. We observed that Cyanobacterial outbreak occurred in the M group ponds from day 7 to the end of the experiment; however, there were no Cyanobacterial blooms in the EM group ponds throughout the culture period. Compared with the M group ponds, the EM group ponds, which had submerged hydrophytes, had significantly decreased concentrations of TP, TN, and CODMn, but significantly increased DO concentrations throughout the experimental period. Moreover, ecological aquaculture with submerged macrophytes showed strong effects on the phytoplankton and bacterial community compositions. In particular, the M group ponds had higher phytoplankton density and mainly included Cyanobacteria, whereas the EM group had lower phytoplankton density and mainly included Chlorophyta. Moreover, higher alpha diversity, as determined by Ace and Simpson index values, was detected for bacterial communities in the EM group ponds. Furthermore, PCoA clearly grouped the bacterial communities according to the two culture modes throughout the culture period. These results indicate that ecological aquaculture with submerged macrophytes can improve water quality, control Cyanobacterial blooms, and affect the diversity and composition of bacterial communities. These valuable effects seem to be beneficial and consistent to maintaining aquaculture ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Zheng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangchuan Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China,*Correspondence: Gangchuan Xu, ✉
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Hu J, Berthold DE, Wang Y, Xiao X, Laughinghouse HD. Treatment of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis and brevetoxins using USEPA-registered algaecides. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102347. [PMID: 36470610 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of USEPA-registered algaecides for managing algae in lakes and reservoirs has been extensively evaluated in laboratory studies, mesocosm studies and in situ treatment. However, the use of these algaecides in marine environments for the management of dinoflagellates and associated toxins remains largely unknown. Karenia brevis is a toxic dinoflagellate that causes red tides in the Gulf of Mexico. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of six USEPA-registered algaecides, three copper-based and three peroxide-based, on treating toxic K. brevis with a natural bloom density (1.79 × 107 cells/L). Our results indicate that the application of as low as 0.31-0.34 mg Cu/L led to a significant decrease of K. brevis cells within 24 h after treatment, while peroxide-based algaecides required a relatively higher concentration for the effective removal of K. brevis cells (4.89-7.08 mg H2O2/L), but still lower than maximum label rate. Total brevetoxin levels 72 h after treatment revealed that 1.00 mg Cu/L for Algimycin® PWF, 6.48 mg H2O2/L for PAK® 27 and 7.08 mg H2O2/L for Oximycin® P5 had the greatest impact on decreasing toxin levels. The correlation analysis showed that brevetoxin reduction rate was significantly positively related with the peroxide-based algaecide exposure concentration, which is caused by the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals produced by hydrogen peroxide. The degradation dynamics of the three peroxide-based algaecides revealed that salinity, microorganisms and organic matter (≥ 0.2 μm) impact the stability of hydrogen peroxide, and Oximycin® P5 showed the highest stability among tested peroxide-based algaecides with a degradation rate of 0.467 mg/d in natural seawater. Hence, our laboratory work provided new insights into potential emergency treatment methods for immediate mitigation of K. brevis and brevetoxins. More work on the fate and persistence of algaecide active ingredients and phycotoxins, effects of site characteristics, and pilot studies on marine non-targets are still needed before safe application of this method for HABs in marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States; Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - David E Berthold
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States
| | - Xi Xiao
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - H Dail Laughinghouse
- Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida / IFAS, Davie, FL 33314, United States.
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The Effects of Algaecides and Herbicides on a Nuisance Microcystis wesenbergii-Dominated Bloom. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis-dominated cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a reoccurring problem globally, resulting in widespread economic and health impacts. As public awareness of the risks of blooms increases, there is an urgent need for studies on both short-term and long-term management of cyanoHABs. In order to provide science-based best management practices and treatment options, we tested various concentrations and combinations of USEPA-registered algaecides and herbicides on a Microcystis wesenbergii-dominated bloom. The bloom material was exposed to fifteen different algaecides, herbicides, or combinations, using four different concentrations. Cell abundance and morphology as well as microscopic analyses were undertaken at the time of collection and 72 h post-treatment. Overall, the effectiveness of the chemicals varied with the most efficacious treatments being SeClear®, and a combination of Hydrothol® 191 and GreenClean® Liquid 5.0, both of which resulted in a significant decrease at all tested concentrations after 72 h. Interestingly, Microcystis wesenbergii is more resistant to algaecides than M. aeruginosa. Results from this study provide valuable data for treating cyanoHABs and show the varied efficacy of different algaecidal formulations.
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12
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Vesper S, Sienkiewicz N, Struewing I, Linz D, Lu J. Prophylactic Addition of Glucose Suppresses Cyanobacterial Abundance in Lake Water. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030385. [PMID: 35330137 PMCID: PMC8949225 DOI: 10.3390/life12030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCBs), toxic algicides have been used, but alternative methods of HCB prevention are needed. Our goal was to test the prophylactic addition of glucose to inhibit HCB development, using Microcystis and the toxin microcystin as the HCB model. Water samples were collected weekly, from 4 June to 2 July, from Harsha Lake in southwestern Ohio during the 2021 algal bloom season. From each weekly sample, a 25 mL aliquot was frozen for a 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Then, 200 mL of Harsha Lake water was added to each of the three culture flasks, and glucose was added to create concentrations of 0 mM (control), 1.39 mM, or 13.9 mM glucose, respectively. The microcystin concentration in each flask was measured after 1 and 2 weeks of incubation. The results showed an 80 to 90% reduction in microcystin concentrations in glucose-treated water compared to the control. At the end of the second week of incubation, a 25 mL sample was also obtained from each of the culture flasks for molecular analysis, including a 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR-based quantification of Microcystis target genes. Based on these analyses, the glucose-treated water contained significantly lower Microcystis and microcystin producing gene (mcy) copy numbers than the control. The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis also revealed that Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were initially the most abundant bacterial phyla in the Harsha Lake water, but as the summer progressed, Cyanobacteria became the dominant phyla. However, in the glucose-treated water, the Cyanobacteria decreased and the Proteobacteria increased in weekly abundance compared to the control. This glucose-induced proteobacterial increase in abundance was driven primarily by increases in two distinct families of Proteobacteria: Devosiaceae and Rhizobiaceae. In conclusion, the prophylactic addition of glucose to Harsha Lake water samples reduced Cyanobacteria’s relative abundance, Microcystis numbers and microcystin concentrations and increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria compared to the control.
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Zhang X, Xia Y, Jia Y, Sukenik A, Kaplan A, Song C, Dai G, Bai F, Li L, Song L. Can Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Cations Substitute H 2O 2 in Controlling Cyanobacterial Blooms-Laboratory and Mesocosm Studies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112258. [PMID: 34835385 PMCID: PMC8619391 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms that constitute a serious threat to water quality, particularly in eutrophic water, such as in aquaculture, is essential. Thus, in this study, we tested the efficacy of selected cyanocides towards bloom control in laboratory and outdoor mesocosm experiments. Specifically, we focused on the applicability of a group of cationic disinfectants, alkyltrimethyl ammonium (ATMA) compounds and H2O2. The biocidal effect of four ATMA cations with different alkyl chain lengths was evaluated ex situ using Microcystis colonies collected from a fish pond. The most effective compound, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium (ODTMA), was further evaluated for its selectivity towards 24 cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae species, including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenozoa and Cryptophyta. The results indicated selective inhibition of cyanobacteria by ODTMA-Br (C18) on both Chroccocales and Nostocales, but a minor effect on Chlorophytes and Bacillariophytes. The efficacy of ODTMA-Br (C18) (6.4 μM) in mitigating the Microcystis population was compared with that of a single low dose of H2O2 treatments (117.6 μM). ODTMA-Br (C18) suppressed the regrowth of Microcystis for a longer duration than did H2O2. The results suggested that ODTMA-Br (C18) may be used as an effective cyanocide and that it is worth further evaluating this group of cationic compounds as a treatment to mitigate cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiruo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.)
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Chanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guofei Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China;
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.)
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14
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Sukenik A, Kaplan A. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34361909 PMCID: PMC8306311 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An intensification of toxic cyanobacteria blooms has occurred over the last three decades, severely affecting coastal and lake water quality in many parts of the world. Extensive research is being conducted in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the driving forces that alter the ecological balance in water bodies and of the biological role of the secondary metabolites, toxins included, produced by the cyanobacteria. In the long-term, such knowledge may help to develop the needed procedures to restore the phytoplankton community to the pre-toxic blooms era. In the short-term, the mission of the scientific community is to develop novel approaches to mitigate the blooms and thereby restore the ability of affected communities to enjoy coastal and lake waters. Here, we critically review some of the recently proposed, currently leading, and potentially emerging mitigation approaches in-lake novel methodologies and applications relevant to drinking-water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
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