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Khoshakhlagh AH, Mohammadzadeh M, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Oikonomou E. Burden of cardiovascular disease attributed to air pollution: a systematic review. Global Health 2024; 20:37. [PMID: 38702798 PMCID: PMC11069222 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-024-01040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are estimated to be the leading cause of global death. Air pollution is the biggest environmental threat to public health worldwide. It is considered a potentially modifiable environmental risk factor for CVDs because it can be prevented by adopting the right national and international policies. The present study was conducted to synthesize the results of existing studies on the burden of CVDs attributed to air pollution, namely prevalence, hospitalization, disability, mortality, and cost characteristics. METHODS A systematic search was performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases to identify studies, without time limitations, up to June 13, 2023. Exclusion criteria included prenatal exposure, exposure to indoor air pollution, review studies, conferences, books, letters to editors, and animal and laboratory studies. The quality of the articles was evaluated based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Assessment Form, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and Drummond Criteria using a self-established scale. The articles that achieved categories A and B were included in the study. RESULTS Of the 566 studies obtained, based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 92 studies were defined as eligible in the present systematic review. The results of these investigations supported that chronic exposure to various concentrations of air pollutants, increased the prevalence, hospitalization, disability, mortality, and costs of CVDs attributed to air pollution, even at relatively low levels. According to the results, the main pollutant investigated closely associated with hypertension was PM2.5. Furthermore, the global DALY related to stroke during 2016-2019 has increased by 1.8 times and hospitalization related to CVDs in 2023 has increased by 8.5 times compared to 2014. CONCLUSION Ambient air pollution is an underestimated but significant and modifiable contributor to CVDs burden and public health costs. This should not only be considered an environmental problem but also as an important risk factor for a significant increase in CVD cases and mortality. The findings of the systematic review highlighted the opportunity to apply more preventive measures in the public health sector to reduce the footprint of CVDs in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Climate Change and Health Research Center (CCHRC), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Department of Cardiology, 'Sotiria' General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Leão MLP, Zhang L, da Silva Júnior FMR. Effect of particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) on health indicators: climate change scenarios in a Brazilian metropolis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2229-2240. [PMID: 35870077 PMCID: PMC9308372 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recife is recognized as the 16th most vulnerable city to climate change in the world. In addition, the city has levels of air pollutants above the new limits proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. In this sense, the present study had two main objectives: (1) To evaluate the health (and economic) benefits related to the reduction in mean annual concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 considering the new limits recommended by the WHO: 15 µg/m3 (PM10) and 5 µg/m3 (PM2.5) and (2) To simulate the behavior of these pollutants in scenarios with increased temperature (2 and 4 °C) using machine learning. The averages of PM2.5 and PM10 were above the limits recommended by the WHO. The scenario simulating the reduction in these pollutants below the new WHO limits would avoid more than 130 deaths and 84 hospital admissions for respiratory or cardiovascular problems. This represents a gain of 15.2 months in life expectancy and a cost of almost 160 million dollars. Regarding the simulated temperature increase, the most conservative (+ 2 °C) and most drastic (+ 4 °C) scenarios predict an increase of approximately 6.5 and 15%, respectively, in the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10, with a progressive increase in deaths attributed to air pollution. The study shows that the increase in temperature will have impacts on air particulate matter and health outcomes. Climate change mitigation and pollution control policies must be implemented for meeting new WHO air quality standards which may have health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Lorran Paranhos Leão
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM) e Hospital, Universitário Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC) da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Campus Santo Amaro, Recife. Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310 - Santo Amaro, Recife, PE, CEP: 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá 102 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, CEP: 96203-900, Brazil
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de Vasconcellos Ceglinski L, Tavella RA, da Silva Bonifácio A, Santos JEK, da Silva Júnior FMR. Weekend effect on air pollutant levels in southernmost cities of Brazil with different economic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:834. [PMID: 36166005 PMCID: PMC9514174 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In view of the current premises of the need to investigate air pollution in small- and medium-sized cities, combined with concerns regarding the weekly behavior of air pollutants, this study aimed to investigate the weekly pattern of air pollution (O3, NO2, SO2, PM2.5) and the weekend effect in 4 Brazilian cities with different main economic activities. Our main findings include (1) positive weekend effect for all the assessed air pollutants in the four cities; therefore, in the southernmost region of Brazil, there was an increase in the concentration of air pollutants during weekends when compared to weekdays; (2) the highest levels of NO2 and SO2 were observed in the city characterized by the economic activity revolving around coal mining and generation of electricity through the burning of this mineraloid in a coal-fired power plant, while the highest levels of PM2.5 were in the city with economic activity linked to industries, due to its recognized industrial complex; and (3) the seasonal evaluation of the weekend effect showed different behaviors for the air pollutants in each location, which is related to the set of meteorological conditions, economic activities, and population mobility in each location. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the aspects of pollution between cities and highlight that the comprehensive understanding of the weekend effect and its intricacies allows the responsible personal and government authorities to gain deep insights into the true effectiveness of future control strategies and the development of possible action plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronan Adler Tavella
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Alicia da Silva Bonifácio
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica El Koury Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Benjamin Constant, 989, Porto, Pelotas, RS, 96010020, Brazil
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Benjamin Constant, 989, Porto, Pelotas, RS, 96010020, Brazil.
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Tavella RA, de Lima Brum R, Ramires PF, Santos JEK, Carvalho RB, Marmett B, Vargas VMF, Baisch PRM, da Silva Júnior FMR. Health impacts of PM 2.5-bound metals and PAHs in a medium-sized Brazilian city. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:622. [PMID: 35907078 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rio Grande is a medium-sized industrial city located in the extreme south of Brazil, and previous studies in this city have shown contamination by metal(loids) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, soil, and sediment and in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the incorporation of PM2.5 monitoring in environmental legislation is recent (2018) and, like other developing countries, the number of studies is still small. This study aimed to investigate the levels of PM2.5 in the industrial and urban area of Rio Grande, to determine the concentration of metal(loid)s As, Cd, Cu, and Pb and of 16 PAHs in the samples of PM2.5, to perform the health risk assessment for these contaminants and the health impact assessment for two possible scenarios of reduction of PM2.5 levels. Our main findings regarding the PM2.5 samples include the following: (1) The levels of this pollutant in the city of Rio Grande were higher than those allowed in current Brazilian legislation, in both the industrial and urban areas; (2) the existence of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for metals present in all samples; (3) the absence of carcinogenic risk for the assessed PAHs; and (4) the reduction scenarios proposed pointed to a reduction of up to 22 deaths annually in conjunction with reductions in health-related expenditures. Thus, these results may serve as a basis for the development of public health policies aimed at improving air quality, jointly assisting health surveillance and directing future studies towards a better intrinsic approach to the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Adler Tavella
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, Km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Lima Brum
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, Km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Florencio Ramires
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, Km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica El Koury Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Benjamin Constant, 989, Porto, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sol, 96010-020, Brazil
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marmett
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Centro de Ecologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Martins Baisch
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, Km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Itália, Km 8 Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Engenharias, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Benjamin Constant, 989, Porto, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sol, 96010-020, Brazil.
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Tong R, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yang X. Modeling health impacts of air pollutant emissions from the coal-fired power industry based on LCA and oriented by WTP: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34486-34499. [PMID: 35038098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coal-fired power plants are one of the major sources of coal consumption in China; they discharge various air pollutants and cause serious human health damage. There is an urgent need to focus on the associated health effects. Thus, this study aims to advance an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA)-based health damage model to quantify the health burden of air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power generation (CFPG) and to achieve an economic interpretation of health damage. A case study of the Zaozhuang coal-fired power project was conducted to better visualize and mitigate the impacts. The results reveal that willingness to pay (WTP) for health damage caused by the CFPG project in 1 year amounted to USD 15.71 million, and the total amount of life lost was 155.81 years. During the CFPG process, coal combustion caused the most health damage, respiratory disease was the type of damage with the greatest influence on health, and SO2 was the air pollutant that causes the most serious health damage. The model developed in this study can be broadly applied to assess the potential life loss due to air pollutant emissions from CFPG systems. The identified key points for health damage prevention can also be used as practical solutions for decision-making regarding the prioritization of control sources for environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Tong
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Haidian District, D11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Haidian District, D11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Haidian District, D11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Haidian District, D11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Association between Particulate Matter Pollution Concentration and Hospital Admissions for Hypertension in Ganzhou, China. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2022:7413115. [PMID: 35223092 PMCID: PMC8872648 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7413115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) are two major air pollutants with toxic effects on the cardiovascular system. Hypertension, as a chronic noncommunicable cardiovascular disease, is also a risk factor for several diseases. We applied generalized linear models with a quasi-Poisson link to assess the effect of air pollution exposure on the number of daily admissions for patients with hypertension. In addition, we established a two-pollutant model to evaluate PM2.5 and PM10 hazard effect stability by adjusting the other gaseous pollutants. Results showed that during the study period, 24 h mean concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and PM10 at 38.17 and 59.84 μg/m3, respectively, and a total of 2,611 hypertension hospital admissions were recorded. Air pollution concentrations significantly affected the number of hospitalizations for hypertension approximately 2 months after exposure. For each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 in single-pollutant models, the number of hospitalizations for hypertension increased by 7.92% (95% CI: 5.48% to 10.42%) and 4.46% (95% CI: 2.86% to 5.65%), respectively, at the lag day with the strongest effect. NO2, O3, CO, and SO2 had different significant effects on the number of hospitalizations over the same time period, and PM2.5 and PM10 still showed robust significant effects after adjustment of gas pollutants through a two-pollutant model. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the health effects of ambient particulate matter.
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Honscha LC, Penteado JO, de Sá Gama V, da Silva Bonifácio A, Aikawa P, Dos Santos M, Baisch PRM, Muccillo-Baisch AL, da Silva Júnior FMR. Health impact assessment of air pollution in an area of the largest coal mine in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14176-14184. [PMID: 34601686 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coal exploration and burning activities are among the activities with the greatest potential to cause atmospheric pollution due to the combustion process of this mineral and the consequent release of particles that, in significant quantities, can pose a potential health risk, mainly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The Candiota region, in the extreme south of Brazil, concentrates 40% of the national reserves of mineral coal, and its burning is capable of releasing air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM). Some environmental and epidemiological studies have been carried out in the region, but so far, there is no investigation to estimate the impact of PM on health outcomes. The current study aimed to estimate the mortality attributed to the PM, as well as the benefits in health indicators associated with the reduction of air pollution to the limits set forth in local legislation and the WHO. Daily data on PM levels collected from an air quality monitoring station over a year were used, as well as population data and health indicators from 7 cities influenced by mining activities, such as total mortality and cardiovascular diseases and hospitalizations for cardiac and respiratory problems. In a scenario where PM levels are within legal limits, a percentage greater than 11% of cardiovascular deaths was attributed to pollution by PM2.5, and the reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 levels may be responsible for the increase in the expectation of life in up to 17 months and monetary gains of more than $ 24 million, due to the reduction in hospitalizations and mortality. Studies of this nature should be important tools made available to decision-makers, with a view to improving environmental laws and a consequent improvement in the quality of life and health indicators of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiz Coutelle Honscha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Oliveira Penteado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Valério de Sá Gama
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Alícia da Silva Bonifácio
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Aikawa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Martins Baisch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Muccillo-Baisch
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, CEP, Avenida Itália km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
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Santos AMD, Souza BFD, Carvalho CAD, Campos MAG, Oliveira BLCAD, Diniz EM, Branco MDRFC, Queiroz RCDS, Carvalho VAD, Araújo WRM, Silva AAMD. Excess deaths from all causes and by COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:71. [PMID: 34730751 PMCID: PMC8522736 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the 2020 all-cause and COVID-19 excess mortality according to sex, age, race/color, and state, and to compare mortality rates by selected causes with that of the five previous years in Brazil. METHODS Data from the Mortality Information System were used. Expected deaths for 2020 were estimated from 2015 to 2019 data using a negative binomial log-linear model. RESULTS Excess deaths in Brazil in 2020 amounted to 13.7%, and the ratio of excess deaths to COVID-19 deaths was 0.90. Reductions in deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases, and external causes, and an increase in ill-defined causes were all noted. Excess deaths were also found to be heterogeneous, being higher in the Northern, Center-Western, and Northeastern states. In some states, the number of COVID-19 deaths was lower than that of excess deaths, whereas the opposite occurred in others. Moreover, excess deaths were higher in men aged 20 to 59, and in black, yellow, or indigenous individuals. Meanwhile, excess mortality was lower in women, in individuals aged 80 years or older, and in whites. Additionally, deaths among those aged 0 to 19 were 7.2% lower than expected, with reduction in mortality from respiratory diseases and external causes. There was also a drop in mortality due to external causes in men and in those aged 20 to 39 years. Moreover, reductions in deaths from CVD and neoplasms were noted in some states and groups. CONCLUSION There is evidence of underreporting of COVID-19 deaths and of the possible impact of restrictive measures in the reduction of deaths from external causes and respiratory diseases. The impacts of COVID-19 on mortality were heterogeneous among the states and groups, revealing that regional, demographic, socioeconomic, and racial differences expose individuals in distinct ways to the risk of death from both COVID-19 and other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Feres de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Departamento de Engenharia da Computação. São Luís, MA, Brasil
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