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Soleimani A, Atafar Z, Nemati-Mnsour S, Ahmed M, Ahmady-Birgani H, Ravan P, Miri M, Mohammadi A. Impact of PAHs compounds on air quality in Maragheh city: Probabilistic risk assessment and source apportionment. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101686. [PMID: 39070157 PMCID: PMC11279348 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of Maragheh city, Iran, while evaluating their potential health implications. PAHs levels were examined in PAHs-bound to particulate matter samples collected from diverse locations across the city. The results showed that in all sampling points, there was contamination by PAHs. The mean total PAHs concentration was 11.5 ng.m-3, with Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) emerging as the predominant compound. Comparative analysis with other cities revealed relatively lower BaP levels in Maragheh, yet surpassing WHO guidelines in 92 % of samples. Spatial assessment heightened pollution in areas characterized by heavy traffic and industrial operations. Based on PCA analysis, it appears that 74 % of PAHs compounds originate from vehicle emissions, 13 % from the combustion of petroleum, and 6 % from a possible petroleum source. Health risk appraisal uncovered escalated carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards, especially among children. While risks remained below USEPA thresholds, ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions are advised to mitigate PAHs pollution in Maragheh and similar urban locales. Future endeavors should prioritize source elucidation, health impact assessments, and public awareness initiatives to safeguard community well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soleimani
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Atafar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati-Mnsour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Morshad Ahmed
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77024, United States
| | - Hesam Ahmady-Birgani
- Department of Range & Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parisa Ravan
- Department of Range & Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Osiecki K, Hussaini S, Sambanis A, Quinsey L, Liew C. Validating self-reported Toxic Release Inventory data using Benford's Law: investigating toxic chemical release hazards in floodplains. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1342510. [PMID: 38952724 PMCID: PMC11215073 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1342510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute and long-term health impacts from flooding related toxic chemical releases are a significant local health concern and can disproportionately impact communities with vulnerable populations; reliable release data are needed to quantify this hazard. Methods In this paper, we analyze US Federal Emergency Management Agency designated floodplain data and US Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data to determine if geographically manipulated databases adhere to Benford's Law. Results We investigated multiple variants and discovered pollution releases adhere to Benford's Law and tests which thereby validates the self-reported toxic release dataset. Discussion We find that Benford's Law applies to self-reported toxic chemical release and disposal data, indicating a lack of widespread data errors or manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Osiecki
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Syed Hussaini
- Emergency Management and Resilience Planning Graduate Certificate Program, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Apostolis Sambanis
- Emergency Management and Resilience Planning Graduate Certificate Program, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Logan Quinsey
- Emergency Management and Resilience Planning Graduate Certificate Program, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chloe Liew
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
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Karamianpour J, Arfaeinia H, Ranjbar Vakilabadi D, Ramavandi B, Dobaradaran S, Fazlzadeh M, Torkshavand Z, Banafshehafshan S, Shekarizadeh H, Ahmadi S, Badeenezhad A. Accumulation, sources, and health risks of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in road dust from heavily industrialized, urban and rural areas in southern Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23129. [PMID: 38144273 PMCID: PMC10746467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a total of 51 road dust samples were collected from three districts (Asaluyeh, Bushehr, and Goshoui) in the south of Iran from April to June 2022 and analyzed for the concentration of 7 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) compounds. Asaluyeh was considered as an industrial area (near gas and petrochemical industries), Bushehr as an urban area, and Goshoui as a rural area (far from pollution sources). The PAEs concentration of the street dust samples was determined using a mass detection gas chromatography (GC/MS). The mean ± SD levels of ƩPAEs in samples from industrial, urban, and rural sources were 56.9 ± 11.5, 18.3 ± 9.64, and 5.68 ± 1.85 μg/g, respectively. The mean concentration levels of ƩPAEs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in samples from the industrial area than urban and rural areas. The mean levels of di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in industrial, urban, and rural areas were 20.3 ± 8.76, 4.59 ± 1.71, and 2.35 ± 0.98 μg/g, respectively. The results of the PCA analysis indicate that the likely major sources of PAEs in the road dust in the studied areas are the application of various plasticizers in industry, solvents, chemical fertilizers, waste disposal, wastewater (e.g., agricultural, domestic, and industrial), and the use of plastic films and plastic-based irrigation pipes in greenhouses. As well as, it was found that the non-cancer risk of exposure to dust-bound PAEs was higher for children than for adults. These values were <1 for both age groups (children and adults) and the exposure of inhabitants to PAEs in road dust did not pose a notable non-cancer risk. The cancer risk from exposure to DEHP in road dust was below the standard range of 10-6 in all three areas. Further studies that consider different routes of exposure to these contaminants are needed for an accurate risk assessment. Moreover, since higher PAEs level was found in industrial area, decision-makers should adopt strict strategies to control the discharging of pollution from industries to the environment and human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Karamianpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Dariush Ranjbar Vakilabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sara Banafshehafshan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanyeh Shekarizadeh
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sami Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan University of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
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Ji L, Li W, Li Y, He Q, Bi Y, Zhang M, Zhang G, Wang X. Spatial Distribution, Potential Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surface Soils under Different Land-Use Covers of Shanxi Province, North China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191911949. [PMID: 36231245 PMCID: PMC9565183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in the environment and pose a serious threat to the soil ecosystem. In order to better understand the health risks for residents exposed to PAH-contaminated soil, 173 surface soil samples were collected in Shanxi Province, China, to detect the levels of 16 priority PAHs. The spatial distribution patterns of PAHs were explored using interpolation and spatial clustering analysis, and the probable sources of soil PAHs were identified for different land-use covers. The results indicate that the soil Σ16 PAH concentration ranged from 22.12 to 1337.82 ng g-1, with a mean of 224.21 ng g-1. The soils were weakly to moderately contaminated by high molecular weight PAHs (3-5 ring) and the Taiyuan-Linfen Basin was the most polluted areas. In addition, the concentration of soil PAHs on construction land was higher than that on other land-use covers. Key sources of soil PAHs were related to industrial activities dominated by coal burning, coking, and heavy traffic. Based on the exposure risk assessment of PAHs, more than 10% of the area was revealed to be likely to suffer from high carcinogenic risks for children. The study maps the high-risk distribution of soil PAHs in Shanxi Province and provides PAH pollution reduction strategies for policy makers to prevent adverse health risks to residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-351-699-8256
| | - Yonghong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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