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Meng R, Du X, Fu Y, Wang F, Yang Y, Guo F, Wang X, Ge K, Yang J, Liang X, Guo H, Wang W, Liu X, Zhang H. Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Impaired Spermatogenesis Process in Mice via Inhibiting α-KG/TET Enzyme Activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17270-17282. [PMID: 39295530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely found in various environmental media and potentially threaten human health. However, the toxicity mechanisms of SCCPs to the male reproductive system remain unclear. In this study, male BALB/c mice and GC-1 cells were used to investigate the reproductive toxicity of SCCPs and their molecular mechanisms. SCCPs decreased the content of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate α-KG in testicular cells, thus inhibiting the activity of the DNA demethylase TET enzyme and resulting in an increase in the overall methylation level of the testicular genome. Correspondingly, the promoter demethylation and expression of spermatogenesis-related genes Rbm46, Sohlh1, Kit, and Dmrt1 were significantly reduced by SCCPs, which further prevented the transformation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes and reduced sperm quality in mice. The in vitro experiments suggested that the TGFβ pathway activated by oxidative stress might be an essential reason for inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the reduction of α-KG content in testicular cells induced by SCCPs. Overall, this study reveals a novel metabolic regulatory mechanism of SCCPs-induced spermatogenesis disorders, which provides an essential theoretical basis for the prevention of reproductive toxicity of SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yingfei Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Feiyang Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- The Central Laboratory of Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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McGrath TJ, Hägele C, Schweizer S, Vetter W, Dodson RE, Le Bizec B, Covaci A, Dervilly G, Cariou R. Application of pattern deconvolution strategies for the estimation of bromochloro alkane concentrations in indoor dust samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 366:143370. [PMID: 39306103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Bromochloro alkanes (BCAs) are a class of flame retardants similar in structure to polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), which are the major component of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. BCAs have recently been detected for the first time in environmental samples. Due to the complete lack of commercially available analytical standards, no method for quantifying BCAs has been reported to date. In this study, 16 custom-synthesised standards with mixed bromine and chlorine halogenation and carbon chain lengths ranging from C10 to C17 were characterized by liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry and used to assess the applicability of pattern deconvolution quantification strategies for BCAs in indoor dust. Br1-9 and Cl1-8 BCAs were detected as [M + Cl]- adduct ions among the C10 to C17 standards, as well as numerous PCA homologues. After applying correction factors to account for the presence of PCAs in the standards, triplicate fortification experiments using varied halogenation composition and concentration determined an average measurement accuracy of 81% over the carbon chain lengths studied and coefficient of variance ≤20% between replicates. Overall, approximately 89% of the ΣBCA concentrations quantified in the fortification trials met the European Union Reference Laboratory's accuracy acceptability criteria recommended for PCAs, between 50 and 150%. Application of the BCA pattern deconvolution quantification procedure to seven representative indoor dust samples from the United States of America revealed a low correlation between the homologue distribution in the samples and the prototype standards (R2 ≤ 0.40), which precluded reliable quantification. This study indicates that pattern deconvolution is an appropriate strategy for quantifying BCAs in environmental samples, but that a large set of appropriate mixture standards will be required before more reliable estimates of BCA concentrations can be achieved in indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44300, Nantes, France; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Clara Hägele
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sina Schweizer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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3
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Olisah C, Malloum A, Adegoke KA, Ighalo JO, Conradie J, Ohoro CR, Amaku JF, Oyedotun KO, Maxakato NW, Akpomie KG, Sunday Okeke E. Scientometric trends and knowledge maps of global polychlorinated naphthalenes research over the past four decades. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124407. [PMID: 38908679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were included in the banned list of the Stockholm Convention due to their potential to provoke a wide range of adverse effects on living organisms and the environment. Many reviews have been written to clarify the state of knowledge and identify the research needs of this pollutant class. However, studies have yet to analyse the scientometric complexities of PCN literature. In this study, we used bibliometric R and vosviewer programs as a scientometric tool to fill this gap by focusing on articles indexed on Web of Science and Scopus databases and those published between 1973 and 2022. A total of 707 articles were published within this period with a publication/author, author/publication, and co-authors/publication ratios of 0.45, 2.19, and 4.86, respectively. Developed countries dominated most scientometric indices (number of publications, citations, and collaboration networks) in the survey period. Lotka's inverse square rule of author productivity showed that Lotka's laws do not fit PCN literature. An annual percentage growth rate of 7.46% and a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff goodness-of-fit of 0.88 suggests that more output on PCNs is likely in years to come. More research is needed from scholars from developing countries to measure the supremacy of the developed nations and to effectively comply with the Stockholm Convention agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/753, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Kayode A Adegoke
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Chinemerem R Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - James F Amaku
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Potsdam Site, East London, 5200, South Africa
| | - Kabir O Oyedotun
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Nobanathi W Maxakato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Kovo G Akpomie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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Han X, Chen H, Zhou W, Liang B, Pang S, Du B, Zeng L. Occurrence, distribution and annual emissions of chlorinated paraffins in hazardous byproducts from municipal solid waste incineration plants in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171764. [PMID: 38494033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays incineration technology has become the most mainstream way for the disposal of municipal wastes. Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) are currently classified as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and candidate POPs under the Stockholm Convention, respectively. However, the occurrence and contamination characteristics of these main hazardous byproducts (e.g., leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants have remained unknown. This study focused on the SCCPs and MCCPs (defined as CPs) contamination and their annual emissions from leachate, fly ash, and bottom ash among three typical MSWI plants in Shenzhen, South China. Compared to the dissolved phase of the leachate, higher concentrations of CPs were detected in the adsorbed phase. The total concentrations of CPs ranged from lower method detection limits (1 in leachate (i.e., adsorbed phase) and bottom ash, while the opposite results were found in fly ash. The dominant SCCP congener groups were C10Cl6-7 in leachate and fly ash, and C13Cl6-7 in bottom ash. The dominant MCCP congener groups were C14Cl7-8 in leachate, fly ash and bottom ash samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the dominant CPs in fly ash were obviously different from those in leachate and bottom ash. Estimated total annual emissions of CPs from the three main hazardous byproducts generated from typical MSWI plants were estimated between 66.2 and 7510 kg/y and bottom ash contributed the most to the CP emissions. Overall, this study is the first report on CP contamination in hazardous byproducts from MSWI plants, and can provide basic data support for CP contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Siqin Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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5
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Hanari N, Nakano T. Interlaboratory trial of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: comparison of mass fractions and homolog profiles in a simulation environmental sample. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119450-119461. [PMID: 37924406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are listed in the Stockholm Convention. Therefore, selecting suitable methods for their accurate quantification is essential. Nowadays, the quality of commercial reagents employed as quantification standards is not guaranteed. As a solution, we adopted an SCCP formulation reference material with known homolog composition ratios as the quantification standard to evaluate the appropriateness of the methods. By mixing the SCCP formulation and interferences, an analytical sample was independently prepared and used as the simulation environmental sample. The homolog compositional profiles of the SCCPs resembled those of the quantification standard and the analytical sample. The mass fractions and the homolog profiles, including the carbon chain length and chlorine homolog profiles, of the SCCPs were reported by 14 different laboratories. For the mass fraction, the results reported by participants were consistent, except for the participants that employed low-resolution gas chromatography (GC). The results generated from liquid chromatography (LC) and GC were slightly different, despite of the similar homolog composition ratios between the quantification standard and the analytical sample. Although there were discreet discrepancies in the overall chlorine homolog profiles, the carbon chain length profiles acquired from GC and LC were similar. The differences depended on the method employed. Additionally, compared with the low-resolution data, the high-resolution data displayed less fluctuation since the effect of the interferences on the analytical sample was reduced because of the mass accuracy of high-resolution instruments. Accordingly, the interlaboratory trial employing the similar homolog compositional profiles of the quantification standard and the analytical sample proved valuable in elucidating the differences among methods, considering equipment, resolution specification, and ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Hanari
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Liao H, Li X, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Cao Y, Yang J, Zhang J. Biomonitoring, exposure routes and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in humans: a mini-review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1588-1603. [PMID: 37655634 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), which were conventionally classified into short- (SCCPs), medium- (MCCPs) and long- (LCCPs) chain CPs, have received growing attention due to their wide usage and extensive detection in environmental samples and biota. The number of studies regarding the biomonitoring of CPs in human beings increased rapidly and their health risk gained great concern. This review summarized their occurrence and homologue patterns in human matrices including blood/serum, placenta, cord serum and breast milk. As the production and usage of SCCPs was progressively banned after being listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, the production of MCCPs and LCCPs was stimulated. Accordingly, the ratio of MCCPs/SCCPs in human samples has increased rapidly in the last 5 years. The current understanding of exposure routes and risk assessments of CPs was also reviewed. Oral dietary intake is the most predominant source of daily CP intake, but dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure is also nonnegligible, especially for MCCPs and LCCPs. Furthermore, the reported upper bound of the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) in various risk assessment studies was close to or exceeded the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs). Considering the bioaccumulation and long-lasting exposure of CPs, their health impacts on humans and the ecosystem required continuous monitoring and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Xue Li
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Yinyin Wu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Yifei Cao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
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Lyu L, Zhang S. Chlorinated Paraffin Pollution in the Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11687-11703. [PMID: 37503949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their large-scale usage, persistence, and long-range atmospheric transport. The oceans are a critical environment where CPs transformation occurs. However, the broad impacts of CPs on the marine environment remain unclear. This review describes the sources, occurrence and transport pathways, environmental processes, and ecological effects of CPs in the marine environment. CPs are distributed in the global marine environment by riverine input, ocean currents, and long-range atmospheric transport from industrial areas. Environmental processes, such as the deposition of particle-bound compounds, leaching of plastics, and microbial degradation of CPs, are the critical drivers for regulating CPs' fate in water columns or sediment. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of CPs in marine food webs may threaten marine ecosystem functions. To elucidate the biogeochemical processes and environmental impacts of CPs in marine environments, future work should clarify the burden and transformation process of CPs and reveal their ecological effects. The results would help readers clarify the current research status and future research directions of CPs in the marine environment and provide the scientific basis and theoretical foundations for the government to assess marine ecological risks of CPs and to make policies for pollution prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510301, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
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Li Q, Cheng L, Jin X, Liu L, Shangguan J, Chang S, Sun R, Shang Y, Lv Q, Li J, Zhang G. Chlorinated paraffins in multimedia during residential interior finishing: Occurrences, behavior, and health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108072. [PMID: 37406371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Though with bioaccumulation and toxicity, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are still high produced and widely utilized in various daily necessities for extender plasticization and flame retardation. CPs can be released during the reprocessing processes of finishing materials and distributed in multi-environmental media. Herein, concentrations and compositions of CPs in four representative media including interior finishing materials, PM10, total suspended particulate (TSP), and dust samples collected from eight interior finishing stages were studied. Unexpectedly, CP concentrations in ceramic tiles was found to be high with a mean value of 7.02 × 103 μg g-1, which could be attributed to the presence of CPs in the protective wax coated on ceramic tiles surfaces. Furthermore, the pollution characteristics of short-chain and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) in those samples were inconsistent. According to the investigation regarding Kdust-TSP and [Formula: see text] , the occurrence and distribution of CPs in indoor atmospheric particles (PM10 and TSP) and dust were highly affected by reprocessing processes (cutting, hot melting, etc.) compared to that in the finishing materials. Moreover, dermal contact was the primary pathway of CP exposure for the occupational population (interior construction workers) for most interior finishing stages, and the interior finishing process is the prime CP exposure period for the occupational groups. As suggested by our assessment, though hardly posing an immediate health risk, CPs exposure still presents unneglected adverse health effects, which calls for adequate personal protections during interior finishing, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingfang Shangguan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Shixiang Chang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruoxi Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yihan Shang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Haarr A, Nipen M, Mwakalapa EB, Borgen AR, Mmochi AJ, Borga K. Chlorinated paraffins and dechloranes in free-range chicken eggs and soil around waste disposal sites in Tanzania. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138646. [PMID: 37037350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste is a source of both legacy and emerging flame retardants to the environment, especially in regions where sufficient waste handling systems are lacking. In the present study, we quantified the occurrence of short- and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and dechloranes in household chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs and soil collected near waste disposal sites on Zanzibar and the Tanzanian mainland. Sampling locations included an e-waste facility and the active dumpsite of Dar es Salaam, a historical dumpsite in Dar es Salaam, and an informal dumpsite on Zanzibar. We compared concentrations and contaminant profiles between soil and eggs, as free-range chickens ingest a considerable amount of soil during foraging, with potential for maternal transfer to the eggs. We found no correlation between soil and egg concentrations or patterns of dechloranes or CPs. CPs with shorter chain lengths and higher chlorination degree were associated with soil, while longer chain lengths and lower chlorination degree were associated with eggs. MCCPs dominated the CP profile in eggs, with median concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ng/g lipid weight (lw) among locations. SCCP concentrations in eggs ranged from below the detection limit (LOD) to 370 ng/g lw. Dechlorane Plus was the dominating dechlorane compound in all egg samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.8 ng/g lw. SCCPs dominated in the soil samples (400-21300 ng/g soil organic matter, SOM), except at the official dumpsite where MCCPs were highest (65000 ng/g SOM). Concentrations of dechloranes in soil ranged from below LOD to 240 ng/g SOM, and the dominating compounds were Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 603. Risk assessment of CP levels gave margins of exposure (MOE) close to or below 1000 for SCCPs at one location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Haarr
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maja Nipen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Eliezer B Mwakalapa
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Anders R Borgen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), P.O. Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Aviti J Mmochi
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 668, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | - Katrine Borga
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Center for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, PB 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Botha TL, Bamuza-Pemu E, Roopnarain A, Ncube Z, De Nysschen G, Ndaba B, Mokgalaka N, Bello-Akinosho M, Adeleke R, Mushwana A, van der Laan M, Mphahlele P, Vilakazi F, Jaca P, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Development of a GIS-based knowledge hub for contaminants of emerging concern in South African water resources using open-source software: Lessons learnt. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13007. [PMID: 36747952 PMCID: PMC9898659 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With population growth and dwindling freshwater sources, protecting such sources has come to the forefront of water resource management. Historically, society's response to a problem is based on funding availability, current threat, and public outcry. Achieving this is largely dependent on the knowledge of the factors that are resulting in compromised water sources. These factors are constantly changing as novel contaminants are introduced into surface water sources. As we are in the information age, the interest in contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) is gaining ground. Whilst research is being conducted to identify contaminants in South African water sources, the research outputs and available information is not collated and presented to the science community and stakeholders in readily available formats and platforms. Current research outcomes need to be made known to regulators in order to develop environmental laws. By using fourth industrial revolution technology, we were able to collate available data in literature and display these in a user-friendly online format to regulatory bodies as well as researchers. A standardized excel spreadsheet was developed and uploaded to a PostgreSQL, running a PostGIS extension and was then processed in the GeoServer to allow for visualization on an interactive map which can be continuously updated. The near real-time access to information will reduce the possibility of duplication of research efforts, enhance collaboration in the discipline, and act as a CEC early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Lee Botha
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Emomotimi Bamuza-Pemu
- OptimalEnviro; Postnet Suite 073, Private Bag X21, Queenswood, Pretoria, 0121, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zibusiso Ncube
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gert De Nysschen
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntebogeng Mokgalaka
- University of Pretoria, Mamelodi Campus, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maryam Bello-Akinosho
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Akani Mushwana
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael van der Laan
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) – Natural Resources and Engineering, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Phedisho Mphahlele
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Fanelesibonge Vilakazi
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council – Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Penny Jaca
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081, South Africa
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Kleoff M, Voßnacker P, Riedel S. The Rise of Trichlorides Enabling an Improved Chlorine Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216586. [PMID: 36622244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays a central role for the industrial production of numerous materials with global relevance. More recently, polychlorides have been evolved from an area of academic interest to a research topic with enormous industrial potential. In this minireview, the value of trichlorides for chlorine storage and chlorination reactions are outlined. Particularly, the inexpensive ionic liquid [NEt3 Me][Cl3 ] shows a similar and sometimes even advantageous reactivity compared to chlorine gas, while offering a superior safety profile. Used as a chlorine storage, [NEt3 Me][Cl3 ] could help to overcome the current limitations of storing and transporting chlorine in larger quantities. Thus, trichlorides could become a key technique for the flexibilization of the chlorine production enabling an exploitation of renewable, yet fluctuating, electrical energy. As the loaded storage, [NEt3 Me][Cl3 ], is a proven chlorination reagent, it could directly be employed for downstream processes, paving the path to a more practical and safer chlorine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Voßnacker
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Hanari N, Nakano T. Comparison of short-chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations and homolog profiles by interlaboratory trial using a candidate reference material. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132783. [PMID: 34752840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are industrial chemicals that have been primarily used in applications involving metalworking fluids. Among CPs, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a well-known environmental pollutant and are listed under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. CPs are alkanes substituted with chlorine atoms, and SCCPs are comprised of 10-13 carbon atoms. Reliable quantification of SCCPs is a critical issue because of the large number of SCCP isomers that are in use across multiple industries. Some interlaboratory comparisons of SCCP analyses have been conducted, and the reliability of these results was overwhelmingly determined as inferior to that of comparable PCB and dioxin analyses because of variations in the quality of commercial reagents that were employed as quantification standards. In order to address such inconsistencies, this study endeavored to prepare and evaluate a novel SCCP formulation as a candidate reference material for use as a reliable quantification standard. A subject trial study was hence performed to evaluate methods such as gas- and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS and LC/MS) on sample matrices (without a clean-up process), and to subsequently elucidate the interpreted specifications for their candidacy as a reliable quantification standard. Results ultimately showed that the SCCP concentrations obtained from GC and LC were comparable. When the homologs reported by a subset of 14 separate laboratories were unified (excluding all results for Cl4 homologs), the carbon chain length profiles obtained from GC and LC were found to be similar; however, the overall chlorine homolog profiles did exhibit slight differences. Moreover, the results from high-resolution MS showed less variation than those from low-resolution MS. Thus, it was overarchingly determined that the deployment of this candidate reference material would serve as an effective mechanism for estimating the comparability of SCCP quantifications/evaluations of standard materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Hanari
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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