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Zanni S, Cammalleri V, D'Agostino L, Protano C, Vitali M. Occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34544-8. [PMID: 39103588 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to give a complete picture on the drinking water contamination by pharmaceutical residues all over the world. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out for identifying all available research reporting original data resulting by sampling campaign and analysis of "real" drinking water samples to detect pharmaceutical residues. The investigated databases were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 124 studies were included; among these, 33 did not find target analytes (all below the limit of detection), while the remaining 91 studies reported the presence for one or more compounds, in concentrations ranging from a few units to a few tens of nanograms. The majority of the studies were performed in Europe and the most represented categories were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics. The most common analytical approach used is the preparation and analysis of the samples by solid-phase extraction and chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The main implications resulting from our review are the need for (a) further studies aimed to allow more accurate environmental, wildlife, and human health risk assessments and (b) developing integrated policies promoting less environmentally persistent drugs, the reduction of pharmaceuticals in livestock breeding, and the update of wastewater and drinking water treatment plants for a better removal of drugs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zanni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Ludovica D'Agostino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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Selwe KP, Sallach JB, Dessent CEH. Nontargeted Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Glen Valley Wastewater Treatment Plant, Botswana. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:52-61. [PMID: 37877782 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the prevalence and impact of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The environmental monitoring of CECs has, however, been limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of advanced analytical instrumentation locally. In the present study we employed a nontargeted and suspect screening workflow via liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to identify known and unknown pollutants in the Glen Valley wastewater treatment plant, Botswana, complemented by analysis of groundwater samples. The present study represents the first HRMS analysis of CECs in water samples obtained in Botswana. Suspect screening of 5942 compounds qualitatively identified 28 compounds, including 26 pharmaceuticals and two illicit drugs (2-ethylmethcathinone and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Nontargeted analysis tentatively identified the presence of 34 more compounds including (5ξ)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one, 12-aminododecanoic acid, atenolol acid, brilliant blue, cyclo leucylprolyl, decanophenone, DL-carnitine, N,N'-dicyclohexylurea, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, NP-003672, and 24 polyethylene glycol polymers. The highest number of detections were in influent wastewater (26 CECs) followed by effluent wastewater (10 CECs) and, lastly, groundwater (4 CECs). Seventeen CECs detected in the influent water were not detected in the effluent waters, suggesting reduced emissions due to wastewater treatment. Two antiretroviral compounds (abacavir and tenofovir) were detected in the influent and effluent sources. This suggests that wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway of chemical pollution to the environment in Botswana and will help inform prioritization efforts for monitoring and remediation that is protective of these key ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:52-61. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgato P Selwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Chen L, Wu B. A critical review on quantitative evaluation of aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140159. [PMID: 37716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemical techniques have inherent limitations in detecting unknown chemical substances in water. As a result, effect-based methods have emerged as a viable alternative to overcome these limitations. These methods provide more accurate and intuitive evaluations of the toxic effects of water. While numerous studies have been conducted, only a few have been applied to national water quality monitoring. Therefore, it is crucial to develop toxicity evaluation methods and establish thresholds based on quantifying toxicity. This article provides an overview of the development and application of bioanalytical tools, including in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The available methods for quantifying toxicity are then summarized. These methods include aquatic life criteria for assessing the toxicity of a single compound, comprehensive wastewater toxicity testing for all contaminants in a water sample (toxicity units, whole effluent toxicity, the potential ecotoxic effects probe, the potential toxicology method, and the lowest ineffective dilution), methods based on mechanisms and relative toxicity ratios for substances with the same mode of action (the toxicity equivalency factors, toxic equivalents, bioanalytical equivalents), and effect-based trigger values for micropollutants. The article also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, it proposes potential areas for applying toxicity quantification methods and offers insights into future research directions. This review emphasizes the significance of enhancing the evaluation methods for assessing aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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khalidi-idrissi A, Madinzi A, Anouzla A, Pala A, Mouhir L, Kadmi Y, Souabi S. Recent advances in the biological treatment of wastewater rich in emerging pollutants produced by pharmaceutical industrial discharges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-22. [PMID: 37360558 PMCID: PMC10019435 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products present potential risks to human health and the environment. In particular, wastewater treatment plants often detect emerging pollutants that disrupt biological treatment. The activated sludge process is a traditional biological method with a lower capital cost and limited operating requirements than more advanced treatment methods. In addition, the membrane bioreactor combines a membrane module and a bioreactor, widely used as an advanced method for treating pharmaceutical wastewater with good pollution performance. Indeed, the fouling of the membrane remains a major problem in this process. In addition, anaerobic membrane bioreactors can treat complex pharmaceutical waste while recovering energy and producing nutrient-rich wastewater for irrigation. Wastewater characterizations have shown that wastewater's high organic matter content facilitates the selection of low-cost, low-nutrient, low-surface-area, and effective anaerobic methods for drug degradation and reduces pollution. However, to improve the biological treatment, researchers have turned to hybrid processes in which all physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods are integrated to remove various emerging contaminants effectively. Hybrid systems can generate bioenergy, which helps reduce the operating costs of the pharmaceutical waste treatment system. To find the most effective treatment technique for our research, this work lists the different biological treatment techniques cited in the literature, such as activated sludge, membrane bioreactor, anaerobic treatment, and hybrid treatment, combining physicochemical and biological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. khalidi-idrissi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - A. Madinzi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - A. Anouzla
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - A. Pala
- Environmental Research and Development Center (CEVMER), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L. Mouhir
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Y. Kadmi
- CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S. Souabi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, BP. 146, Mohammedia, Morocco
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Macías-Montes A, Acosta-Dacal A, Rial-Berriel C, Duarte-Lopes E, Lopes-Ribeiro AL, Alfama PM, Livramento M, Zumbado M, Díaz-Díaz R, Bernal-Suárez MDM, Serra-Majem L, Luzardo OP. Human biomonitoring of persistent and non-persistent pollutants in a representative sample of the general population from Cape Verde: Results from the PERVEMAC-II study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119331. [PMID: 35472560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
International Public Health authorities recommend biomonitoring studies to assess the exposure to chemicals in the general population. The aim of the present study was to analyze the blood concentrations of a total 360 pollutants, including 230 pesticides in current or recent use, 59 persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), 11 anticoagulant rodenticides and 60 pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), in a cohort of 403 subjects from Cape Verde. The study was performed in the frame of the Pesticide Residues in Vegetables of the Macaronesia project (PERVEMAC-II). A total of 60 out of 360 toxic compounds (16.7%) were detected, at least, in one participant. The three most frequently detected substances were p,p'-DDE (100%), phenanthrene (94.0%) and hexachlobenzene (35.9%). 2-Phenylphenol and imidacloprid were detected in 29.0 and 14.4% of the population. The three substances with the highest serum concentrations were PhACs: naproxen (249.1 ng/mL), metronidazole (115.6 ng/mL) and acetaminophen (25.2 ng/mL). Median blood concentration of p,p'-DDE, HCB and phenanthrene were 1.87, 0.08 and 0.36 ng/mL. Blood concentrations of POPs were influenced by age, although both gender and body mass index may exert an influence in the presence of these substances. Lifestyle has an effect on the concentration of these substances, especially in terms of dietary habits. Both the frequency of detection and the concentration of the studied substances are similar to those of other biomonitored populations. This is the first biomonitoring study carried out in Cape Verde. Our results may be useful for the implementation of public health measures by the competent authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Macías-Montes
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Edna Duarte-Lopes
- Research, Science and Innovation Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Chã de Areia, CP nº 719, Cidade da Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Ailton Luis Lopes-Ribeiro
- Research, Science and Innovation Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Chã de Areia, CP nº 719, Cidade da Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Patricia Miranda Alfama
- Food Regulation Directorate, Independent Health Regulatory Authority, Av. Cidade de Lisboa, CP 296, Cape Verde
| | - Miriam Livramento
- Food Regulation Directorate, Independent Health Regulatory Authority, Av. Cidade de Lisboa, CP 296, Cape Verde
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/ Los Cactus No 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Bernal-Suárez
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Technological Institute of the Canary Islands, C/ Los Cactus No 68 35118, Polígono Industrial de Arinaga, Agüimes, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera S/n, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad y La Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Madrid, Spain
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Hajba-Horváth E, Fodor-Kardos A, Shah N, Wacker MG, Feczkó T. Sustainable Stabilizer-Free Nanoparticle Formulations of Valsartan Using Eudragit ® RLPO. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13069. [PMID: 34884873 PMCID: PMC8657980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of the antihypertensive drug valsartan can be enhanced by various microencapsulation methods. In the present investigation, valsartan-loaded polymeric nanoparticles were manufactured from Eudragit® RLPO using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was found to be a suitable stabilizer for the nanoparticles, resulting in a monodisperse colloid system ranging in size between 148 nm and 162 nm. Additionally, a high encapsulation efficiency (96.4%) was observed. However, due to the quaternary ammonium groups of Eudragit® RLPO, the stabilization of the dispersion could be achieved in the absence of PVA as well. The nanoparticles were reduced in size (by 22%) and exhibited similar encapsulation efficiencies (96.4%). This more cost-effective and sustainable production method reduces the use of excipients and their expected emission into the environment. The drug release from valsartan-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated in a two-stage biorelevant dissolution set-up, leading to the rapid dissolution of valsartan in a simulated intestinal medium. In silico simulations using a model validated previously indicate a potential dose reduction of 60-70% compared to existing drug products. This further reduces the expected emission of the ecotoxic compound into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Hajba-Horváth
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (E.H.-H.); (A.F.-K.)
| | - Andrea Fodor-Kardos
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (E.H.-H.); (A.F.-K.)
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nishant Shah
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 500 S State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Matthias G. Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Tivadar Feczkó
- Faculty of Engineering, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (E.H.-H.); (A.F.-K.)
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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