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Di H, Jiang Z, Sun F, Yang J, Cheng W, Lu J, Zhang H, Bai X. Removal of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from GAC by a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor: degradation mechanism and degradation path. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25952-25963. [PMID: 38492139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) produced in the process of drinking water disinfection are widely concerning due to the high cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. It is due to the difficulty of natural degradation of N-DBPs in water and the fact that conventional treatment systems do not effectively treat N-DBPs in drinking water. In this study, N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in water was electrocatalytically degraded by a three-dimensional electrode reactor (3DER). This system applied graphite plates as anode and cathode. The granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as third electrode. The degradation of NPYR using a continuous flow three-dimensional electrode reactor was investigated by examining the effects of flow rate, current density, electrolyte concentration, and pollutant concentration on the degradation efficiency, energy consumption, and reaction kinetics of GAC particle electrodes. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions were flow rate = 0.45 mL/min, current density = 6 mA/cm2, Na2SO4 concentration = 0.28 mol/L, and NPYR concentration = 20 mg/L. Under optimal conditions, the degradation of NPYR exceeded 58.84%. The main contributor of indirect oxidation was deduced from free radical quenching experiments. NPYR concentration was measured by GC-MS with DB-5 capillary column, operating in full scan monitoring mode for appropriate quantification of NPYR and intermediates. Based on the identification of reaction intermediates, a possible pathway for the electrochemical oxidation of NPYR on GAC particle electrodes was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Di
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Zhuwu Jiang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Fengyi Sun
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jiahan Yang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350000, China
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Yeo RYZ, Chin BH, Hil Me MF, Chia JF, Pham HT, Othman AR, Mohammad AW, Ang WL, Lim SS. Rapid Surface Modification of Stainless Steel 304L Electrodes for Microbial Electrochemical Sensor Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6034-6044. [PMID: 37846081 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrogenic microorganisms serve as important biocatalysts for microbial electrochemical sensors (MESes). The electrical signal produced is based on the rate of electron transfer between the microbes and electrodes, which represents the biotoxicity of water. However, existing MESes require complex and sophisticated fabrication methods. Here, several low-cost and rapid surface modification strategies (carbon powder-coated, flame-oxidized, and acid-bleached) have been demonstrated and studied for biosensing purposes. Surface-modified MESe bioanodes were successfully applied to detect multiple model pollutants including sodium acetate, ethanol, thinner, and palm oil mill effluent under three different testing sequences, namely, pollutant incremental, pollutant dumping, and water dilution tests. The carbon powder-coated bioanode showed the most responsive signal profile for all the three tests, which is in line with the average roughness values (Ra) when tested with atomic force microscopy. The carbon powder-coated electrode possessed a Ra value of 0.844, while flame-oxidized, acid-bleached, and control samples recorded 0.323, 0.336, and 0.264, respectively. The higher roughness was caused by the carbon coating and provided adhesive sites for microbial attachment and growth. The accuracy of MESe was also verified by correlating with chemical oxygen demand (COD) results. Similar to the sensitivity test, the carbon powder-coated bioanode obtained the highest R2 value of 0.9754 when correlated with COD results, indicating a high potential of replacing conventional water quality analysis methods. The reported work is of great significance to showcase facile surface modification techniques for MESes, which are cost-effective and sustainable while retaining the biocompatibility toward the microbial community with carbon-based coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yow Zhong Yeo
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bin Hou Chin
- Department of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Jan Feng Chia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hai The Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Life Science Research (CELIFE), Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Nguyen Trai 334, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Wahab Mohammad
- Chemical and Water Desalination Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wei Lun Ang
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Su Lim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Gowthaman S, Selvaraju T. Efficient integration of electrocoagulation treatment with the spray-pyrolyzed activated carbon coating on stainless steel electrodes for textile effluent-bath reuse with ease. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10938. [PMID: 37815304 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment was used to minimize and separate pollutants from textile industrial wastewater (TIWW), including high color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). To enhance the EC treatment efficiency, a novel strategy has been followed in the study that involves thin-film coating on 316 stainless steel (SS) electrodes with banana peel-derived activated carbon (BPAC) by dip coating, spin coating, or spray coating. Among the different types of coating, thickness and contact angle measurements have elucidated that the spray coating of BPAC on SS electrode is the best tool with minimum thickness and contact angle. In this study, a bare SS electrode was used as the anode and a thin-film spray-coated BPAC on the SS electrode was used as the cathode. Moreover, optimization plays a key role in EC treatment process, where operating conditions such as a current density of 10 mA/cm2 , contact time of 15 min, and a pH of 7 were fixed. As a result, the findings indicate comparatively high color removal of 98%, COD removal of 91%, TOC removal of 89.6%, and TDS removal of 68% are achieved with ease. Accordingly, in comparison with plain SS electrodes or dip- or spin-coated BPAC on SS electrodes, spray-coated BPAC on SS electrodes in EC treatment outperforms in removing high color, TOC, COD, and TDS. Overall, the study highlights the potential of EC treatment integrated with adsorption procedures for TIWW treatment. Particularly, the use of thin-film spray-coated BPAC on SS electrodes in the EC treatment process led to an effective and sustainable tool for treating and reuse of TIWW. It is due to its low operation and maintenance cost and studied in a short interval of time. Finally, the ultimate goal was firmly achieved in pilot-scale studies by the safe discharge into the environment or reuse of treated textile wastewater. Thus, it is a promising alternative with an environmentally friendly footprint that could be easily implemented in any textile industry premises. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Heavy metals, oils, facts, suspended solids, and other pollutants can be removed from industrial effluent by using electrocoagulation. The process is both cost-effective and energy-efficient, and it is easily integrated with other water treatment technologies. According to the findings of this study, minimum current density should be applied to BPAC-SS-coated electrodes by DC power supplies to treat textile industry effluents at low operating costs. When compared with a plain SS electrode, the spray-coated BPAC on SS electrode provides better performance in effluent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gowthaman
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - T Selvaraju
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Deewan R, Yan DYS, Khamdahsag P, Tanboonchuy V. Remediation of arsenic-contaminated water by green zero-valent iron nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90352-90361. [PMID: 36527549 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The optimal conditions for the green synthesis of nano zero-valent iron (G-NZVI) using mango peel extract were investigated using a Box-Behnken design approach. Three factors were considered, namely the ratio of iron solution to mango peel extract ratio (1:1-1:3), feeding rate of mango peel extract (1-5 mL min-1), and agitation speed (300-350 rpm). The results showed that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of G-NZVI for arsenate removal were a 1:1 ratio of iron solution to mango peel extract, a mango peel extract feeding rate of 5 mL min-1, and an agitation speed of 300 rpm. Under these conditions, nearly 100% arsenate removal was achieved. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) methods were used to characterize the properties of the G-NZVI. Finally, the arsenate removal efficiency of the G-NZVI was compared against that of commercial nano zero-valent iron (C-NZVI). The results revealed that the G-NZVI was roughly five times more efficient at arsenate removal than the C-NZVI. The influence of background species such as chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO43-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulfate (SO42-) was studied to evaluate their effects on arsenate removal. As a result, Cl- and Ca2+ were shown to play a role in promoting arsenate removal, whereas SO42- and PO43- were observed to play an inhibiting role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratthiwa Deewan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Dickson Yuk-Shing Yan
- Vocational Training Council, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Pummarin Khamdahsag
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Visanu Tanboonchuy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Akkaya GK, Polat G, Nalçacı G, Eker YR. An economical electrocoagulation process of a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater with the combination of recycled electrodes and solar energy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27375-6. [PMID: 37148509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The energy and electrode costs are the restrictions of applying electrocoagulation (EC) in wastewater treatment and many attempts have been made to decrease these costs. In this study, an economical EC was investigated to treat a hazardous anionic azo dye wastewater (DW) that threatens the environment and human health. Firstly, an electrode for EC process was produced from recycled aluminum cans (RACs) by remelting in an induction melting furnace. The performance of the RAC electrodes in the EC was evaluated for COD, color removal, and the EC operating parameters such as initial pH, current density (CD), and electrolysis time. Response surface methodology which is based on central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used for the optimization of the process parameters which were found to be pH 3.96, CD 15 mA/cm2, and electrolysis time 45 min. The maximum COD and color removal values were determined as 98.87% and 99.07%, respectively. The characterization of electrodes and the EC sludge was conducted by XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses for the optimum variables. In addition, the corrosion test was conducted to determine the theoretical lifetime of the electrodes. The results showed that the RAC electrodes show an extended lifetime as compared to their counterparts. Secondly, the energy cost required to treat DW in the EC was aimed to decrease by using solar panels (PV), and the optimum number of PV for the EC was determined by the MATLAB/Simulink. Consequently, the EC with low treatment cost was proposed for the treatment of DW. An economical and efficient EC process for waste management and energy policies was investigated in the present study which will be instrumental in the emergence of new understandings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gökhan Polat
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Nalçacı
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yasin Ramazan Eker
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Zhu K, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Han Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Li X, Ma M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water sources from Northeast to Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119461. [PMID: 35577264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the wide utilization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in recent years, OPEs have been detected more frequently in the aquatic environment. However, the distribution of OPEs in drinking source water has rarely been investigated across a large region. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 13 OPEs were investigated in 23 source water sites from Northeast to Southeast (spacing greater than 3320 km) with a direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Total OPEs ranged from 218.8 to 636.6 ng/L, with a mean of 380.8 ng/L. The average detected concentration of OPEs in southern cities was higher than that in northern cities. Chlorinated OPEs accounted for 64.74% of the total concentration. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all water samples. Rainfall is a significant factor that affects the OPE concentration (less rainfall, higher concentration). China's OPE concentrations have rapidly reached a median level when compared to those of other countries. Ecological risk assessment showed that most OPEs have no or low risk to organisms (fish, crustacea, algae), except tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is medium risk. The risk of OPEs in less-rain regions needs to be of greater concern, especially TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Recent Applications of the Electrocoagulation Process on Agro-Based Industrial Wastewater: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14041985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Agro-based final discharge is one of the major contributors to wastewater in the world. It creates high demand for efficient treatment. The electrocoagulation process can be used for agro-based wastewater treatment. The performance of the electrocoagulation process is based on several parameters, including the electrode materials, electrolysis time, current density, and electrolyte support. Agro-based industrial wastewater (AIW) treatment processes depend on the characteristics of the wastewater. The removal of organic content from various sources of AIW can reach up to more than 80%. Some studies show that the performance of the electrochemical process can be increased using a combination with other methods. Those other methods include biological and physical treatment. The results of previous research show that organic content and color can be degraded completely. The relationship between the energy consumption and operating cost was analyzed in order to show the efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment.
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