Pesticide residues levels as hematological biomarkers-a case study, blood serum of greenhouse workers in the city of Hamadan, Iran

Chronic exposures to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides adversely affects the health of agricultural workers in India

Biomonitoring of pesticide exposure has become a public concern because of its potential health effects. The present study investigated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory levels and their associated health effects in agricultural areas in Telangana, India. This cross-sectional included 341 exposed participants and 152 control participants from agricultural areas. A structured questionnaire was completed and blood and urine samples were collected to measure pesticides, dialkyle phosphate (DAP) metabolites, and AChE activity using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. twenty-eight pesticides were detected in blood samples at concentrations ranging 0.42-45.77 ng/mL. Six DAP metabolites were also measured in urine, and all DAP metabolites were significantly higher in the exposed group. AChE activity is significantly reduced in individuals exposed for >10 years, raising concerns regarding possible neurological disorders. These results emphasise the urgent need to investigate the health effects of pesticides exposure, especially in agriculture.

Evaluating binding and interaction of selected pesticides with serum albumin proteins by Raman, 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulation

Addressing the acute pesticide poisoning and toxicity to humans, is a global challenge of top priority. Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, capable of binding with herbicide and pesticide residues. This study reports multifaceted approaches for in-depth and robust investigation of the molecular interactions of selected pesticides, including propanil (PPL), bromoxynil (BXL), metolachlor (MLR) and glyphosate (GPE) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) proteins using experimental (Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, native mass spectrometry and high field 1H NMR), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and principal component analysis (PCA). The binding of pesticides with BSA resulted in BSA amide I and amide II Raman spectral shifts. PCA of Raman spectra of serum-pesticide complexes showed the grouping of pesticides on the score plot based on the similarities and differences in pesticides' chemical structures. Native mass spectrometry results revealed strong adduct formation of the pesticides with the protein. The observed changes in chemical shifts, peak broadening or peak disappearance of characteristic proton signals of the pesticides, indicated altered chemical environments due to binding BSA-pesticides interactions. The results of MD simulation conducted for over 500 ns revealed strong pesticides interaction with LEU197, LEU218, LEU237, TRP213, SER286 and ILE289 residues to the site I of BSA. Free energy landscapes provided insights into the conformational changes in BSA on the binding of pesticides. Overall, the experimental and computational results are in consonant and indicate the binding of pesticides into the site I and site II (sub-domain IIA) of the BSA via hydrogen bonding, non-covalent and hydrophobic interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The Hematological and Biochemical Effects from Pesticide Exposure on Thai Vegetable Farmers

Pesticide-related health concerns are a global public health issue. Few studies in Thailand have explored the hematological and biochemical effects of occupational pesticide exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of pesticides on the hematology, hepatic, and renal function of Thai vegetable farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. A total of 124 apparently healthy vegetable farmers were interviewed about their lifetime exposure to agricultural pesticides. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture to be tested for complete blood count (CBC), liver function, and kidney function. Approximately 46% of the farmers were pesticide users who reported a history of pesticide use for their crops, while 54% were non-pesticide users. In the male farmers, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly higher in the pesticide users compared to the non-pesticide users, while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hematocrit (HCT), and red blood cells (RBC) were significantly lower (p < 0.05). In the females, the pesticide users had significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and MCHC than the non-pesticide users (p < 0.05). Pesticide use among Thai vegetable farmers may cause hematological alterations and increase the risk of hepatic and renal dysfunction. Some hematological and biochemical parameters may be used for monitoring to protect them from the adverse health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides.

Distribution of pesticide residues in agricultural topsoil of the Huangshui catchment, Qinghai Tibet Plateau

This study presents monitoring data on the spatial distribution and occurrence of pesticide residues of cultivated soil in the Huangshui catchment in the northeastern part of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. We also provide factors that influence the distribution of pesticides, such as the properties of pesticides and soil and crop types. A total of 110 soil samples were collected in early April 2021, and 49 pesticides were analyzed. Only 3.6% of the samples contained no pesticide residues (concentrations < limit of quantitation or not detected [ND]), and the total pesticide concentration ranged from ND to 0.925 mg/kg. Most commonly, two to five pesticides were found in the soil samples (> 70.9%), and up to 10 pesticide residues were present in some samples. A total of 85 different pesticide combinations were observed in all the soil samples. Chlorpyrifos and difenoconazole were the dominant compounds. The levels of pesticide residues were mainly driven by their half-life values. Bulk density, along with soil water content and pH, also affected the retention of pesticides in the soil. The crop type played no role in the distribution of pesticides.

Exposure to Airborne Pesticides and Its Residue in Blood Serum of Paddy Farmers in Malaysia

Background: Pesticides manage pests and diseases in agriculture, but they harm the health of agricultural workers. Concentrations of thirteen pesticides were determined in personal air and blood serum of 85 paddy farmers and 85 non-farmers, thereafter associated with health symptoms. Method: Samples were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results: The median concentration of pesticides in personal air samples ranged from 10.69 to 188.49 ng/m3 for farmers and from 5.79 to 73.66 ng/m3 for non-farmers. The median concentration of pesticides in blood serum was from 58.27 to 210.12 ng/mL for farmers and 47.83 to 62.74 ng/mL for non-farmers. Concentration of eleven pesticides in personal air and twelve pesticides in blood serum were significantly higher in farmers than non-farmers (p < 0.05). All pesticides detected in personal air correlated significantly with concentration in the blood serum of farmers (p < 0.05). Health symptoms reported by farmers were dizziness (49.4%), nausea (47.1%), cough (35.3%), chest pain (30.6%), breathing difficulty (23.5%), sore throat (22.4%), vomiting (18.8%), phlegm (16.5%), and wheezing (15.3%). Concentration of pesticides in personal air, blood serum, and health symptoms were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Occupational exposure to pesticides significantly contaminates blood serum of farmers compared to non-farmers.