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Fakayode SO, Bolton B, Dassow B, Galvez K, Chohan H. Rapid screening and multicomponent quantifications of active components of oral syrup over-the-counter medications by Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy and multivariate regression analysis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 305:123447. [PMID: 37742594 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Over-the-counter medications (OTCMs) are frequently recommended as a first-line treatment for common ailments, diseases, and illnesses. Oral liquid dosage forms are advantageous for rapid absorption with no dissolution time and are easier for pediatric and geriatric consumers to swallow. The production of these medicines by pharmaceutical industry makes them readily available to the public. Although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides strict guidelines to drug manufacturers of these products; the risk of counterfeiting is a global issue. This can lead to several adverse effects and health issues. Here, we report a fast screening and quality assurance method using Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial-Least-Square (PLS) regression of commonly used OTCM oral syrups. PLS regressions of UV-visible absorption spectra were used for multicomponent quantifications of the active component (acetaminophen, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan HBr, and phenylephrine HCl) concentrations of OTMCs in flavored (sugar or sugar-free) oral syrups. Raman and UV-visible spectral responses varied based on the type and concentration of the active component analyzed. PCA of the spectral data provided pattern recognition of the oral syrup OTCM. The developed PLS method demonstrated good linearity with an R2 > 0.9784 and high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.02 mg/mL for acetaminophen and guaifenesin. Moreover, the simultaneous quantification of concentrations of all active components by the described method yielded good accuracies ranging from 88 to 94%. This study provides an example of the benefits of the combined use of Raman and UV-vis spectral profiling, PCA, and PLS regression for the quality analysis of oral syrups OTCM providing multicomponent quantification of active components with no need for sample extraction. The reported method can be easily adapted and scaled for online detection analysis used in the drug manufacturing industry, both in-situ and field analysis, and for the quality control of syrups OTCM by regulatory agencies and quality control officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States.
| | - Brinkley Bolton
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Bailey Dassow
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Kairy Galvez
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Harmeet Chohan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue State University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, United States
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Wulf J, Lewit N, Akter S, K Bwambok D, Anum D, Alonge T, Kuedukey C, Bolton B, Dassow B, Halim MA, O Fakayode S. Evaluating binding and interaction of selected pesticides with serum albumin proteins by Raman, 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38197596 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2302344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Addressing the acute pesticide poisoning and toxicity to humans, is a global challenge of top priority. Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, capable of binding with herbicide and pesticide residues. This study reports multifaceted approaches for in-depth and robust investigation of the molecular interactions of selected pesticides, including propanil (PPL), bromoxynil (BXL), metolachlor (MLR) and glyphosate (GPE) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) proteins using experimental (Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, native mass spectrometry and high field 1H NMR), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and principal component analysis (PCA). The binding of pesticides with BSA resulted in BSA amide I and amide II Raman spectral shifts. PCA of Raman spectra of serum-pesticide complexes showed the grouping of pesticides on the score plot based on the similarities and differences in pesticides' chemical structures. Native mass spectrometry results revealed strong adduct formation of the pesticides with the protein. The observed changes in chemical shifts, peak broadening or peak disappearance of characteristic proton signals of the pesticides, indicated altered chemical environments due to binding BSA-pesticides interactions. The results of MD simulation conducted for over 500 ns revealed strong pesticides interaction with LEU197, LEU218, LEU237, TRP213, SER286 and ILE289 residues to the site I of BSA. Free energy landscapes provided insights into the conformational changes in BSA on the binding of pesticides. Overall, the experimental and computational results are in consonant and indicate the binding of pesticides into the site I and site II (sub-domain IIA) of the BSA via hydrogen bonding, non-covalent and hydrophobic interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Wulf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Noam Lewit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Shaila Akter
- Division of Quantum Chemistry, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David K Bwambok
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Davis Anum
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Temitope Alonge
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | | | - Brinkley Bolton
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Bailey Dassow
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
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