1
|
Padilla Suarez EG, Siciliano A, Spampinato M, Maione A, Guida M, Libralato G, Galdiero E. Ecotoxicity and Mutagenicity Assessment of Novel Antifungal Agents VT-1161 and T-2307. Molecules 2024; 29:4739. [PMID: 39407667 PMCID: PMC11477875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29194739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Antifungal substances are essential for managing fungal infections in humans, animals, and plants, and their usage has significantly increased due to the global rise in fungal infections. However, the extensive application of antifungal agents in pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and agriculture has led to their widespread environmental dissemination through various pathways, such as excretion, improper disposal, and agricultural runoff. Despite advances in wastewater treatment, many antifungal compounds persist in the environment, affecting non-target organisms and contributing to resistance development. This study investigates the environmental impact of two novel antifungal agents, VT-1161 and T-2307, recently introduced as alternatives for treating resistant Candida spp. We assessed their ecotoxicity and mutagenicity using multiple bioassays: immobilization of Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata, luminescence inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri, and mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. Results indicate that both VT-1161 and T-2307 exhibit lower toxicity compared to existing antifungal compounds, with effective concentrations (EC50) causing 50% response ranging from 14.34 to 27.92 mg L-1. Furthermore, both agents were classified as less hazardous based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. Despite these favorable results, further research is needed to understand their environmental behavior, interactions, and potential resistance development among non-target species. Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive environmental risk assessments to ensure the sustainable use of new antifungal agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Guadalupe Padilla Suarez
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Marisa Spampinato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (E.G.P.S.); (M.S.); (A.M.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muschket M, Neuwald IJ, Zahn D, Seelig AH, Kuckelkorn J, Knepper TP, Reemtsma T. Fate of persistent and mobile chemicals in the water cycle: From municipal wastewater discharges to river bank filtrate. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122436. [PMID: 39298902 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals are considered detrimental for drinking water resources as they may pass through all barriers protecting these resources against pollution. However, knowledge on the occurrence of PM chemicals in the water cycle, that make their way into drinking water resources, is still limited. The effluents of six municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, n = 38), surface water of two rivers (n = 32) and bank filtrate of one site (n = 15) were analyzed for 127 suspected PM chemicals. In the rivers, median concentrations of 92 detected analytes ranged from 0.3 ng/L to 2.6 µg/L (tetrafluoroborate, BF4). Lower than average dilution from WWTP effluent to surface water of 43 PM chemicals suggests significant discharge from other sources. Many of these compounds were industrial chemicals, including cyanoguanidine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and BF4. River bank filtration (RBF) reduced the total concentration of 40 quantified compounds by 60 % from 19.5 µg/L in surface water to 8.4 µg/L in bank filtrate, on average. Of these, 20 compounds showed good removal (> 80 %), 14 intermediate (80 - 20 %) and 6 no removal (≤ 20 %), among them carbamazepine, hexafluorophosphate, and 2-pyrrolidone. 13 substances occurred at concentrations ≥ 0.1 µg/L in bank filtrate; for six of them toxicological data were insufficient for a health-based risk assessment. The regulatory definition of P and M chemicals, if used together with existing data on environmental half-lives (P) and Koc (M), showed little power to discriminate between chemicals well removed in RBF and those that were hardly removed. This comprehensive field study shows that RBF is a useful but incomplete barrier to retain PM chemicals from surface water. Thus, PM chemicals are, indeed, a challenge for a sustainable water supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Muschket
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. Trägergesellschaft mbH, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Alina H Seelig
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuckelkorn
- German Environment Agency, Section of Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, Bad Elster 08645, Germany
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius gem. Trägergesellschaft mbH, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Villaorduña C, Barrios-Arpi L, Lira-Mejía B, Ramos-Gonzalez M, Ramos-Coaguila O, Inostroza-Ruiz L, Romero A, Rodríguez JL. The Fungicide Ipconazole Can Activate Mediators of Cellular Damage in Rat Brain Regions. TOXICS 2024; 12:638. [PMID: 39330566 PMCID: PMC11435560 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of the fungicide ipconazole on oxidative status, cell death and inflammasome complex activation in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rats. Female albino rats were randomly divided into a control group and four groups treated with ipconazole at doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w., administered for six days. Ipconazole significantly increased MDA and ROS levels in all brain regions studied, while reducing catalase enzyme activity. The molecular expression of cell death-related genes (AKT1, APAF1, BNIP3, CASP3 and BAX) and the inflammasome complex (CASP1, IL1β, IL6, NLRP3, NFĸB and TNFα) was also assessed, showing increased expression in at least one brain region. The findings demonstrate that ipconazole induces central nervous system toxicity in mammals, highlighting its potential role as a risk factor in the development of neurodegenerative disorders in individuals exposed to this contaminant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Villaorduña
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Luis Barrios-Arpi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Boris Lira-Mejía
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez
- Zootecnia an Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Olger Ramos-Coaguila
- Zootecnia an Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Luis Inostroza-Ruiz
- Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Luis Rodríguez
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Major National University of San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kulišová M, Rabochová M, Lorinčík J, Maťátková O, Brányik T, Hrudka J, Scholtz V, Jarošová Kolouchová I. Comparative assessment of UV-C radiation and non-thermal plasma for inactivation of foodborne fungal spores suspension in vitro. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16835-16845. [PMID: 38784412 PMCID: PMC11114098 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01689k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal contamination poses a persistent challenge to industries, particularly in food, healthcare, and clinical sectors, due to the remarkable resilience of fungi in withstanding conventional control methods. In this context, our research delves into the comparative efficacy of UV radiation and non-thermal plasma (NTP) on key foodborne fungal contaminants - Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium graminearum. The study examined the impact of varying doses of UV radiation on the asexual spores of all mentioned fungal strains. Simultaneously, the study compared the effects of UV radiation and NTP on the metabolic activity of cells after spore germination and their subsequent germination ability. The results revealed that UV-C radiation (254 nm) did not significantly suppress the metabolic activity of cells after spore germination. In contrast, NTP exhibited almost 100% effectiveness on both selected spores and their subsequent germination, except for A. niger. In the case of A. niger, the effectiveness of UV-C and NTP was nearly comparable, showing only a 35% decrease in metabolic activity after 48 hours of germination, while the other strains (A. alternata, F. culmorum, F. graminearum) exhibited a reduction of more than 95%. SEM images illustrate the morphological changes in structure of all tested spores after both treatments. This study addresses a crucial gap in existing literature, offering insights into the adaptation possibilities of treated cells and emphasizing the importance of considering exposure duration and nutrient conditions (introduction of fresh medium). The results highlighted the promising antimicrobial potential of NTP, especially for filamentous fungi, paving the way for enhanced sanitation processes with diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Kulišová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Biotechnology Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rabochová
- Research Centre Rez, Department of Material Analysis Hlavní 130, 250 68, Husinec-Řež Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering nám. Sítná 3105 272 01 Kladno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lorinčík
- Research Centre Rez, Department of Material Analysis Hlavní 130, 250 68, Husinec-Řež Czech Republic
| | - Olga Maťátková
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Biotechnology Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brányik
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting Lípová 15 120 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrudka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Physics and Measurements Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Physics and Measurements Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Irena Jarošová Kolouchová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Department of Biotechnology Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boros BV, Roman DL, Isvoran A. Evaluation of the Aquatic Toxicity of Several Triazole Fungicides. Metabolites 2024; 14:197. [PMID: 38668325 PMCID: PMC11051906 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungicides play an important role in crop protection, but they have also been shown to adversely affect non-target organisms, including those living in the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study is to combine experimental and computational approaches to evaluate the effects of flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole, tetraconazole and triticonazole on aquatic model organisms and to obtain information on the effects of these fungicides on Lemna minor, a freshwater plant, at the molecular level. The EC50 (the half-maximum effective concentration) values for the growth inhibition of Lemna minor in the presence of the investigated fungicides show that metconazole (EC50 = 0.132 mg/L) and tetraconazole (EC50 = 0.539 mg/L) are highly toxic, tebuconazole (EC50 = 1.552 mg/L), flutriafol (EC50 = 3.428 mg/L) and myclobutanil (EC50 = 9.134 mg/L) are moderately toxic, and triticonazole (EC50 = 11.631 mg/L) is slightly toxic to this plant. The results obtained with the computational tools TEST, ADMETLab2.0 and admetSAR2.0 also show that metconazole and tetraconazole are toxic to other aquatic organisms: Pimephales promelas, Daphnia magna and Tetrahymena pyriformis. A molecular docking study shows that triazole fungicides can affect photosynthesis in Lemna minor because they strongly bind to C43 (binding energies between -7.44 kcal/mol and -7.99 kcal/mol) and C47 proteins (binding energies between -7.44 kcal/mol and -8.28 kcal/mol) in the reaction center of photosystem II, inhibiting the binding of chlorophyll a to these enzymes. In addition, they can also inhibit glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme involved in the cellular detoxification of Lemna minor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Vanesa Boros
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana-Larisa Roman
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (B.-V.B.); (D.-L.R.)
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), 4 Oituz, 300086 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi X, Zhu M, Lu G. Oxidant-mediated radical reactions of the azole fungicide TEB in aquatic media: Degradation mechanism and toxicity evolution. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141263. [PMID: 38246496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of tebuconazole (TEB) by UV/H2O2, UV/NaClO, and ozonation was investigated in this research. The experimental findings unveiled that under the specified conditions, the degradation percentages of TEB were raised to 99% within 40 s, 5 min, and 3 min for UV/H2O2, UV/NaClO and ozonation, respectively. The mineralization percentages within 1 h were 59%, 31% and 8% for the three AOPs. UV/H2O2 and UV/NaClO technologies mainly acted through OH·, while O3 treatment primarily relied on the free radicals such as 1O2 and O2·-. UV-based AOPs achieved almost complete dechlorination within 1 h, whereas O3 treatment had a less effective dechlorination, reaching only 27.61%. Notably, UV alone achieved a dechlorination percentage of 43.07%. By identifying the TPs, we found that the three AOPs shared three similar degradation pathways. The degradation mechanism of TEB mainly entailed the removal of the benzene ring, tert-butyl group and triazolyl group. Toxicity assessment revealed an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease in toxicity for UV/NaClO and O3 treatments, whereas UV/H2O2 treatment exhibited a sustained decrease. This was due to the presence of TP278 and TP303 by UV/NaClO and TP168 and TP153 by ozonation. After estimating the costs of the three AOPs, UV/H2O2 standed out as the best choice for achieving a 90% degradation percentage and exhibiting lower toxicity performance, while O3 treatment was favored for low TOC demands. These research findings provided valuable reference for understanding the degradation mechanism and developing a new technology of the removal of TEB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simoni G, Cheali P, Roslev P, Haasler S, Reitzel K, Smith AM, Haferbier MHS, Christensen ML. Flocculating and dewatering of lake sediment: An in-situ pilot study comparing synthetic polymers and biopolymers for restoring lake water quality and reusing phosphorus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169597. [PMID: 38151132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Dredging of lake sediment is a method to remove accumulated phosphorus and nitrogen in lakes and thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication. After dredging, the sediment is dewatered to reduce the volume. It is important to get a high dry matter content and ensure that the filtrate does not contain harmful compounds so it can be returned to the lake. A pilot-scale belt filter and flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC) were used for dewatering lake sediment with the sediment treated with a synthetic polymer or three different biopolymers. The goal of the study was to retain the phosphorus in the filter cake while returning the filtrate to the lake with a minimal phosphorus content. Results showed dry matter content of up to 16 % in the dewatered sediment and the sediment retained 96-99 % of the phosphorus. Furthermore, nitrogen was reduced by 27-71 % in the filtrate water. Toxicity tests found low ecotoxicity for most biopolymer filtrates, whereas synthetic polymer showed the highest potential ecotoxicity. Consequently, biopolymers provided satisfactory results, proving more environmentally friendly despite requiring longer filtration time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Simoni
- Aalborg University, Section of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peam Cheali
- Aalborg University, Section of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Roslev
- Aalborg University, Section of Bioscience and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sina Haasler
- University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Freshwater Ecology Group, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kasper Reitzel
- University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Freshwater Ecology Group, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Aiden Mark Smith
- Aarhus University, Department ofe Biological and Chemical Engineering - Process and Materials Engineering, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Helene Sahl Haferbier
- Aalborg University, Section of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Lykkegaard Christensen
- Aalborg University, Section of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong B. A comprehensive review on toxicological mechanisms and transformation products of tebuconazole: Insights on pesticide management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168264. [PMID: 37918741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole has been widely applied over three decades because of its high efficiency, low toxicity, and broad spectrum, and it is still one of the most popular fungicides worldwide. Tebuconazole residues have been frequently detected in environmental samples and food, posing potential hazards for humans. Understanding the toxicity of pesticides is crucial to ensuring human and ecosystem health, but the toxic mechanisms and toxicity of tebuconazole are still unclear. Moreover, pesticides could transform into transformation products (TPs) that may be more persistent and toxic than their parents. Herein, the toxicities of tebuconazole to humans, mammals, aquatic organisms, soil animals, amphibians, soil microorganisms, birds, honeybees, and plants were summarized, and its TPs were reviewed. In addition, the toxicity of tebuconazole TPs to aquatic organisms and mammals was predicted. Tebuconazole posed potential developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, which were induced via reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis, metabolism and hormone perturbation, DNA damage, and transcriptional abnormalities. In addition, tebuconazole exhibited apparent endocrine-disrupting effects by modulating hormone levels and gene transcription. The toxicity of some TPs was equivalent to and higher than tebuconazole. Therefore, further investigation is necessary into the toxicological mechanisms of tebuconazole and the combined toxicity of a mixture of tebuconazole and its TPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bizhang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flanjak L, Lypirou L, Sakkas V, Roslev P. Ecotoxicity and rapid degradation of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) subjected to combined vacuum UV and UV-C treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140584. [PMID: 37925031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in a palette of commercially available disinfectants, sanitizers, and biocides. QACs are widely used because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties but the ubiquitous uses have resulted in frequent detection in aquatic and terrestrial matrices including domestic wastewater, surface waters, urban soils and sediments. An increased domestic QACs consumption has increased the environmental occurrence, and investigation of mitigation methods and effects on non-target organisms are in demand. In this study, we examined the potential ecotoxicity of six QACs and investigated the effect of combined vacuum UV (185 nm) and UV-C (254 nm) irradiation (VUV/UVC) on degradation and mitigation of ecotoxicity of QACs. The study showed that combined VUV/UVC irradiation facilitated rapid degradation of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The estimated half-lives varied between 2 and 7 min, and degradation was affected by the initial QAC concentrations, the UV fluence, and the water matrix. The potential ecotoxicity of QACs and VUV/UVC treated QACs was examined using a battery of test organisms that included the luminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Escherichiacoli and Enterococcus faecalis, the freshwater microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphia magna. The potential for trophic transfer of QACs was investigated in a simplified aquatic food web. Test organisms from different trophic levels were included to assess adverse effects of bioactive compounds in VUV/UVC treated samples including transformation products. The study showed that several QACs were highly toxic to aquatic test organisms with EC50 and/or EC20 values < 1 μM. VUV/UVC treatment of QACs resulted in substantial photolysis of the parent compounds and comprehensive mitigation of the ecotoxicity potential. VUV/UVC represent an attractive oxidation technology for abatement QACs in contaminated water because the process does not require addition of catalysts or precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lana Flanjak
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Loukia Lypirou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Peter Roslev
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oliveira RD, Sant'Ana AC. Plasmonic photocatalytic degradation of tebuconazole and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Ag nanoparticles-decorated TiO 2 tracked by SERS analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139490. [PMID: 37451641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical oxidation technologies have been notably used for the mineralization of organic pollutants from aqueous effluents, been especially relevant for the degradation of pesticides. In this context, both tebuconazole (TEB) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) pesticides were photodegraded by a combined catalyst of TiO2 and silver nanoparticles irradiated by UV-A light (λmax = 368 nm), and the experiments were tracked by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. For 2,4-D, the degradation of about 70% was observed after almost 200 min, while for TEB, a decrease of 80% of the initial concentration was observed after approximately 100 min. The SERS monitoring allowed the proposal of some by-products, such as oxidized aliphatic chain and triazole from TEB besides glycolic, glyoxylic and dihydroxyacetic acids from 2,4-D. Their toxicities were predicted through ECOSAR software, verifying that most of them were not harmful to populations of fish, Daphnia and green algae. Thus, the performed oxidative process was efficient in the photodecomposition of TEB and 2,4-D pesticides, inclusive in terms of the decreasing of the toxicity of contaminated effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Nanoestruturas Plasmônicas, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Sant'Ana
- Laboratório de Nanoestruturas Plasmônicas, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kleber A, Gruber-Dorninger C, Platzer A, Payet C, Novak B. Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in French Wheat during a 4-Year Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:443. [PMID: 37505712 PMCID: PMC10467151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat represents one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide. Cultivated in winter and spring, it is vulnerable to an array of different pathogens, including fungi, which are managed largely through the in-field application of fungicides. During this study, a 4-year field investigation (2018-2021) was performed in France, aiming to assess the efficacy of fungicide treatment to reduce mycotoxin contamination in common and durum wheat. Several different commercially available fungicides were applied via sprayers. Concentrations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in wheat were determined using a multi-analyte liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-based method. The highest contamination levels and strongest effects of fungicides were observed in 2018, followed by 2021. A significant fungicide-mediated reduction was observed for the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and nivalenol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, fungicide treatment also reduced levels of culmorin and its hydroxy metabolites 5- and 15-hydroxy-culmorin, as well as aurofusarin. Interestingly, the Alternaria metabolite infectopyron was increased following fungicide treatment. In conclusion, fungicide treatment was effective in reducing mycotoxin levels in wheat. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, fungicide treatment should always be combined with other pre- and post-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to improve food and feed safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kleber
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Alexander Platzer
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Barbara Novak
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao J, Li X, Fu R, Li Y. Mechanism analysis and improved molecular modification: Design of high efficiency and environmentally friendly triazole fungicide substitutes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139150. [PMID: 37290508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of triazole fungicides (TFs) on the soil and the environmental damage caused by their residues have attracted the attention of the international community. To effectively prevent and control the above problems, this paper designed 72 substitutes of TFs with significantly better molecular functionality (>40%) using Paclobutrazol (PBZ) as the template molecule. Then, the comprehensive scores for environmental effects calculated after normalization by "extreme value method-entropy weight method-weighted average method" was the dependent variable, the structural parameters of TFs molecules was the independent variable (PBZ-214 was the template molecule) to construct the 3D-QSAR model of integrated environmental effects of TFs with high degradability, low bioenrichment, low endocrine disruption effects, and low hepatotoxicity and designed 46 substitutes of TFs with significantly better comprehensive environmental effects (>20%). After confirming the above effects of TFs and assessing human health risk and the universality of biodegradation and endocrine disruption, we screened PBZ-319-175 as the eco-friendly substitute of TF, which had high efficiency (improved functionality) and better environmental effects than those of the target molecule by 51.63% and 36.09%, respectively. Finally, the results of the molecular docking analysis showed that non-bonding interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, or polar force) predominantly affected the association between PBZ-319-175 and its biodegradable protein, and the hydrophobic effect of the amino acids distributed around PBZ-319-175 played a significant role. Additionally, we determined the microbial degradation path of PBZ-319-175 and found that the steric hindrance of the substituent group after molecular modification promoted its biodegradability. In this study, we enhanced molecular functionality twice and also reduce the major damage of TFs to the environment by performing iterative modifications. This paper provided theoretical support for the development and application of high-performance, eco-friendly substitutes of TFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xinao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Rui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Akkam Y, Omari D, Alhmoud H, Alajmi M, Akkam N, Aljarrah I. Assessment of Xenoestrogens in Jordanian Water System: Activity and Identification. TOXICS 2023; 11:63. [PMID: 36668789 PMCID: PMC9866086 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone disruptors (xenoestrogens) are a global concern due to their potential toxicity. However, to date, there has been no study to investigate the presence of xenoestrogen pollutants in the Jordanian water system. Samples in triplicates were collected from six locations in Jordan, including dams, surface water, tap or faucet water, and filtered water (drinking water-local company). Xenoestrogens were then extracted and evaluated with a yeast estrogen screen utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Later, possible pollutants were mined using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a Bruker impact II Q-TOF-MS. Possible hits were identified using MetaboScape software (4000 compounds), which includes pesticide, pharmaceutical pollutant, veterinary drug, and toxic compound databases and a special library of 75 possible xenoestrogens. The presence of xenoestrogens in vegetable samples collected from two different locations was also investigated. The total estrogen equivalents according to the YES system were 2.9 ± 1.2, 9.5 ± 5, 2.5 ± 1.5, 1.4 ± 0.9 ng/L for King Talal Dam, As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, King Abdullah Canal, and tap water, respectively. In Almujeb Dam and drinking water, the estrogenic activity was below the detection limit. Numbers of identified xenoestrogens were: As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant 27 pollutants, King Talal Dam 20 pollutants, Almujeb Dam 10 pollutants, King Abdullah Canal 16 pollutants, Irbid tap water 32 pollutants, Amman tap water 30 pollutants, drinking water 3 pollutants, and vegetables 7 pollutants. However, a large number of compounds remained unknown. Xenoestrogen pollutants were detected in all tested samples, but the total estrogenic capacities were within the acceptable range. The major source of xenoestrogen pollutants was agricultural resources. Risk evaluations for low xenoestrogen activity should be taken into account, and thorough pesticide monitoring systems and regular inspections should also be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Akkam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Derar Omari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Hassan Alhmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Irbid 26110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alajmi
- Department of Law and Science Department, Kuwait International Law School, Doha 93151, Kuwait
| | - Nosaibah Akkam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universität des Saarlandes, 66424 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Islam Aljarrah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|