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Zhang G, Bai J, Zhai Y, Jia J, Zhao Q, Wang W, Hu X. Microbial diversity and functions in saline soils: A review from a biogeochemical perspective. J Adv Res 2024; 59:129-140. [PMID: 37392974 PMCID: PMC11081963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinization threatens food security and ecosystem health, and is one of the important drivers to the degradation of many ecosystems around the world. Soil microorganisms have extremely high diversity and participate in a variety of key ecological processes. They are important guarantees for soil health and sustainable ecosystem development. However, our understanding of the diversity and function of soil microorganisms under the change of increased soil salinization is fragmented. AIM OF REVIEW Here, we summarize the changes in soil microbial diversity and function under the influence of soil salinization in diverse natural ecosystems. We particularly focus on the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi under salt stress and the changes in their emerging functions (such as their mediated biogeochemical processes). This study also discusses how to use the soil microbiome in saline soils to deal with soil salinization for supporting sustainable ecosystems, and puts forward the knowledge gaps and the research directions that need to be strengthened in the future. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Due to the rapid development of molecular-based biotechnology (especially high-throughput sequencing technology), the diversity and community composition and functional genes of soil microorganisms have been extensively characterized in different habitats. Clarifying the responding pattern of microbial-mediated nutrient cycling under salt stress and developing and utilizing microorganisms to weaken the adverse effects of salt stress on plants and soil, which are of guiding significance for agricultural production and ecosystem management in saline lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, PR China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yujia Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jia Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Yellow River Basin, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 45003, PR China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan 250103, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xingyun Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, PR China
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Van Gray JB, Ayayee P. Examining the impacts of salt specificity on freshwater microbial community and functional potential following salinization. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16628. [PMID: 38757470 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of freshwater systems by salt pollution is a threat to global freshwater resources. Salinization is commonly identified by increased specific conductance (conductivity), a proxy for salt concentrations. However, conductivity fails to account for the diversity of salts entering freshwaters and the potential implications this has on microbial communities and functions. We tested 4 types of salt pollution-MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, and Na2SO4-on bacterial taxonomic and functional α-, β-diversity of communities originating from streams in two distinct localities (Nebraska [NE] and Ohio [OH], USA). Community responses depended on the site of origin, with NE and OH exhibiting more pronounced decreases in community diversity in response to Na2SO4 and MgCl2 than other salt amendments. A closer examination of taxonomic and functional diversity metrics suggests that core features of communities are more resistant to induced salt stress and that marginal features at both a population and functional level are more likely to exhibit significant structural shifts based on salt specificity. The lack of uniformity in community response highlights the need to consider the compositional complexities of salinization to accurately identify the ecological consequences of instances of salt pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon B Van Gray
- The Ohio State University CFAES Wooster, Agriculture Technical Institute, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Ayayee
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Wang H, Zhao S, Qi Z, Yang C, Ding D, Xiao B, Wang S, Yang C. Regulation of Root Exudation in Wheat Plants in Response to Alkali Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1227. [PMID: 38732442 PMCID: PMC11085862 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil alkalization is an important environmental factor limiting crop production. Despite the importance of root secretion in the response of plants to alkali stress, the regulatory mechanism is unclear. In this study, we applied a widely targeted metabolomics approach using a local MS/MS data library constructed with authentic standards to identify and quantify root exudates of wheat under salt and alkali stresses. The regulatory mechanism of root secretion in alkali-stressed wheat plants was analyzed by determining transcriptional and metabolic responses. Our primary focus was alkali stress-induced secreted metabolites (AISMs) that showed a higher secretion rate in alkali-stressed plants than in control and salt-stressed plants. This secretion was mainly induced by high-pH stress. We discovered 55 AISMs containing -COOH groups, including 23 fatty acids, 4 amino acids, 1 amino acid derivative, 7 dipeptides, 5 organic acids, 9 phenolic acids, and 6 others. In the roots, we also discovered 29 metabolites with higher levels under alkali stress than under control and salt stress conditions, including 2 fatty acids, 3 amino acid derivatives, 1 dipeptide, 2 organic acids, and 11 phenolic acids. These alkali stress-induced accumulated carboxylic acids may support continuous root secretion during the response of wheat plants to alkali stress. In the roots, RNAseq analysis indicated that 5 6-phosphofructokinase (glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme) genes, 16 key fatty acid synthesis genes, and 122 phenolic acid synthesis genes have higher expression levels under alkali stress than under control and salt stress conditions. We propose that the secretion of multiple types of metabolites with a -COOH group is an important pH regulation strategy for alkali-stressed wheat plants. Enhanced glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and phenolic acid synthesis will provide more energy and substrates for root secretion during the response of wheat to alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuting Zhao
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zexin Qi
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Changgang Yang
- Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Binbin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shihong Wang
- Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chunwu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Han S, An X, He X, Ren X, Sichone J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun F. Temporal Dynamics of Fungal Communities in Alkali-Treated Round Bamboo Deterioration under Natural Weathering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:858. [PMID: 38792687 PMCID: PMC11124218 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes naturally inhabit bamboo-based materials in outdoor environments, sequentially contributing to their deterioration. Fungi play a significant role in deterioration, especially in environments with abundant water and favorable temperatures. Alkali treatment is often employed in the pretreatment of round bamboo to change its natural elastic and aesthetic behaviors. However, little research has investigated the structure and dynamics of fungal communities on alkali-treated round bamboo during natural deterioration. In this work, high-throughput sequencing and multiple characterization methods were used to disclose the fungal community succession and characteristic alterations of alkali-treated round bamboo in both roofed and unroofed habitats throughout a 13-week deterioration period. In total, 192 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from six phyla were identified. The fungal community richness of roofed bamboo samples declined, whereas that of unroofed bamboo samples increased during deterioration. The phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota exhibited dominance during the entire deterioration process in two distinct environments, and the relative abundance of them combined was more than 99%. A distinct shift in fungal communities from Basidiomycota dominant in the early stage to Ascomycota dominant in the late stage was observed, which may be attributed to the increase of moisture and temperature during succession and the effect of alkali treatment. Among all environmental factors, temperature contributed most to the variation in the fungal community. The surface of round bamboo underwent continuous destruction from fungi and environmental factors. The total amount of cell wall components in bamboo epidermis in both roofed and unroofed conditions presented a descending trend. The content of hemicellulose declined sharply by 8.3% and 11.1% under roofed and unroofed environments after 9 weeks of deterioration. In addition, the contact angle was reduced throughout the deterioration process in both roofed and unroofed samples, which might be attributed to wax layer removal and lignin degradation. This study provides theoretical support for the protection of round bamboo under natural weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Han
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Microbes and Insects Control Institute of Bio-Based Materials, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaojiao An
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaolong He
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin Ren
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - John Sichone
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xinxing Wu
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Microbes and Insects Control Institute of Bio-Based Materials, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Microbes and Insects Control Institute of Bio-Based Materials, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Microbes and Insects Control Institute of Bio-Based Materials, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fangli Sun
- National Engineering & Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.A.); (X.H.); (X.R.); (J.S.); (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Microbes and Insects Control Institute of Bio-Based Materials, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Lu D, Shen HL, Wang L, Wan CX. Micromonospora profundi TRM 95458 converts glycerol to a new osmotic compound. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236906. [PMID: 37744923 PMCID: PMC10513789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and agricultural productivity was greatly limited by soil salinity and alkalization. The application of salt-tolerant rhizobacteria could effectively improve plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress. Micromonospora profundi TRM 95458 was obtained from the rhizosphere of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a moderate salt-tolerant rhizobacteria. A new osmotic compound (ABAGG) was isolated from the fermentation broth of M. profundi TRM 95458. The chemical structure of the new compound was elucidated by analyzing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass (HRMS) data. M. profundi TRM 95458 could convert glycerol into ABAGG. The accumulation of ABAGG varied depending on the amount of glycerol and glycine added to the fermentation medium. In addition, the concentration of NaCl affected the ABAGG content obviously. The highest yield of ABAGG was observed when the salt content of the fermentation medium was 10 g/L. The study indicated that salt stress led to the accumulation of ABAGG using glycerol and glycine as substrates, suggesting ABAGG might aid in the survival and adaptation of the strain in saline-alkaline environments as a new osmotic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin Co-funded by Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and The Ministry of Science & Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Hong-ling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin Co-funded by Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and The Ministry of Science & Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin Co-funded by Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and The Ministry of Science & Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Chuan-xing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin Co-funded by Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and The Ministry of Science & Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
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Gomes A, Narciso R, Regalado L, Pinheiro MC, Barros F, Sario S, Santos C, Mendes RJ. Disclosing the native blueberry rhizosphere community in Portugal-an integrated metagenomic and isolation approach. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15525. [PMID: 37397024 PMCID: PMC10312161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgorund The production of red fruits, such as blueberry, has been threatened by several stressors from severe periods of drought, nutrient scarcity, phytopathogens, and costs with fertilization programs with adverse consequences. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase this crop's resilience whilst promoting sustainable agriculture. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) constitute not only a solution to tackle water and nutrient deficits in soils, but also as a control against phytopathogens and as green compounds for agricultural practices. Methods In this study, a metagenomic approach of the local fungal and bacterial community of the rhizosphere of Vaccinium corymbosum plants was performed. At the same time, both epiphytic and endophytic microorganisms were isolated in order to disclose putative beneficial native organisms. Results Results showed a high relative abundance of Archaeorhizomyces and Serendipita genera in the ITS sequencing, and Bradyrhizobium genus in the 16S sequencing. Diversity analysis disclosed that the fungal community presented a higher inter-sample variability than the bacterial community, and beta-diversity analysis further corroborated this result. Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and Mucor moelleri were isolated from the V. corymbosum plants. Discussion This work revealed a native microbial community capable of establishing mycorrhizal relationships, and with beneficial physiological traits for blueberry production. It was also possible to isolate several naturally-occurring microorganisms that are known to have plant growth-promoting activity and confer tolerance to hydric stress, a serious climate change threat. Future studies should be performed with these isolates to disclose their efficiency in conferring the needed resilience for this and several crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anicia Gomes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Narciso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Regalado
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Cardeano Pinheiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Barros
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sario
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael J. Mendes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shan S, Wei Z, Cheng W, Du D, Zheng D, Ma G. Biofertilizer based on halotolerant microorganisms promotes the growth of rice plants and alleviates the effects of saline stress. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1165631. [PMID: 37362923 PMCID: PMC10288287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term soil salinization easily contributes to soil hardness, soil nutrient imbalance, and soil microbial diversity reduction, resulting in low rice yields in the salinized fields, and microbial remediation is one of the important measures to improve salinized soil. To verify the effect of biofertilizer based on halotolerant microorganisms on promoting rice growth and alleviating saline stress, this study discussed the effects of biofertilizer on soil microbial diversity and community structure and analyzed the correlation between the formation of microbial community structure and soil nutrient factors in the salinized field. The result, in comparison with applying inorganic fertilizer (referred to as CK), showed that notably increased soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and rice paddy yield (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity (p < 0.05) were achieved via biofertilizer (referred to as G2). Additionally, the application of biofertilizer contributes to the increase in soil microbial diversity and reorganization of microbial community structure, and through the analysis of linear discriminant analysis effect size, a notable difference in relative abundance was found in 13 genera, 6 families, and 3 orders between the control group and experimental groups (p < 0.05), and by linear discriminant analysis, Desulfomonas was further identified as the differentiated indicator. The redundancy analysis showed that available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity were the key environmental factors that affected microbial community structure and composition. Through bacterial functional prediction, increased rhizosphere soil bacterial metabolism, enzyme activity, membrane transport, and other potential functions were achieved by applying biofertilizer. Therefore, the application of biofertilizer could significantly alleviate rice growth stress and increase nutrient supply capacity in saline soil. These findings provide theoretical support for soil microbial improvement technology in the salinized field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Shan
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongxia Du
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Guohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Yan G, Shi Y, Mu C, Wang J. Differences in Organic Solute and Metabolites of Leymus chinensis in Response to Different Intensities of Salt and Alkali Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091916. [PMID: 37176974 PMCID: PMC10181334 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To explore differences in the physiological metabolic response mechanisms of grassland perennial plants to different intensities of salt-alkali stress, we employed GC-MS to identify the metabolome of perennial rhizome-saline-tolerant Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis). L. chinensis reduced stress damage by accumulating osmotic solutes during salt-alkali stress, although the types of accumulated solutes varied with stress and concentration gradients. Soluble sugars increased only under mild salt-alkali stress. Under salt and mild alkali stress, amino acids increased. Under severe salt-alkali stress, organic acids increased. Betaine increased as a typical osmolute under salt-alkali stress. Metabolic analysis identified 20 metabolites, including 4 amino acids, 6 sugars, and 10 organic acids. The majority of them increased in response to stress. Under mild salt stress, the metabolites included glycine and proline. Under mild alkali stress, they primarily consisted of sugars such as isomaltose and lactulose, whereas under severe salt-alkali stress, they primarily consisted of organic acids such as citric acid and isocitric acid. Pathway analysis showed that six pathways were affected. Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism was affected under mild salt stress. Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and butanota metabolism were affected under mild alkali stress, while energy metabolism pathways, such as the TCA cycle and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, were affected under severe salt-alkali stress. The results indicate the importance of betaine in stress resistance and the significance of organic acid in severe salt stress, and they also demonstrate that energy supply was one of the key mechanisms in response to severe salt-alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Chunsheng Mu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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Dong F, Wang Y, Tao J, Xu T, Tang M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect the expression of PxNHX gene family, improve photosynthesis and promote Populus simonii× P. nigra growth under saline-alkali stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104095. [PMID: 36794207 PMCID: PMC9923091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saline-alkali stress seriously endangers the normal growth of Populus simonii×P. nigra. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance the saline-alkali tolerance of plants by establishing a symbiotic relationship with them. METHODS In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to simulate a saline-alkali environment where Populus simonii×P. nigra were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae to explore their effects on the saline-alkali tolerance of Populus simonii×P. nigra. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our results show that a total of 8 NHX gene family members are identified in Populus simonii×P. nigra. F. mosseae regulate the distribution of Na+ by inducing the expression of PxNHXs. The pH value of poplar rhizosphere soil is reduced, result in the promote absorption of Na+ by poplar, that ultimately improved the soil environment. Under saline-alkali stress, F. mosseae improve the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters of poplar, promote the absorption of water, K+ and Ca2+, thus increase the plant height and fresh weight of aboveground parts, and promote the growth of poplar. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the application of AM fungi to improve the saline-alkali tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Dong
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tingying Xu
- Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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