Impact of disinfectants on the intestinal bacterial symbionts and immunity of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)

Impact of high temperature and drought stress on the microbial community in wolf spiders

High temperatures and drought present significant abiotic challenges that can limit the survival of many arthropods, including wolf spiders, which are ectothermic and play a crucial role in controlling pest populations. However, the impact of these stress factors on the microbiota of spiders remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized 16 S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the diversity and composition of bacterial communities within Pardosa pseudoannulata under conditions of high temperature and drought stress. We found that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant bacterial phyla present. Analyses of alpha diversity indicated an increase in bacterial diversity under combined stress conditions, as reflected by various diversity indices such as Ace, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis highlighted intricate interactions among the microbial taxa (e.g., Enterobacter, Chitinophaga, and Eubacterium), revealing the adaptive complexity of the spider's microbiome to environmental stress. Functional prediction analysis suggested that combined stress conditions might enhance key metabolic pathways, particularly those related to oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism. Using Random Forest analysis, we determined that changes in three heat shock proteins were largely attributed to variations in bacterial communities, with Firmicutes being notably influential. Collectively, this in-depth analysis offers novel insights into the responses of microbial communities within spider microbiomes to combined abiotic stresses, providing valuable information for understanding extreme climate impacts and informing ecological management strategies.

Multi-omics reveals the ecological and biological functions of Enterococcus mundtii in the intestine of lepidopteran insects

Insect guts offer unique habitats for microbial colonization, with gut bacteria potentially offering numerous benefits to their hosts. Although Enterococcus has emerged as one of the predominant gut commensal bacteria in insects, its establishment in various niches within the gut has not been characterized well. In this study, Enterococcus mundtii was inoculated into the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to investigate its biological functions. Genome-based analysis revealed that its successful colonization is related to adherence genes (ebpA, ebpC, efaA, srtC, and scm). This bacterium did not alter the activities of related metabolic enzymes or the intestinal barrier function. However, significant changes in the gene expressions levels of Att2, CecA, and Lys suggest potential adaptive mechanisms of host immunity to symbiotic E. mundtii. Moreover, 16S metagenomics analysis revealed a significant increase in the relative abundance of E. mundtii in the intestines of silkworms following inoculation. The intestinal microbiome displayed marked heterogeneity, an elevated gut microbiome health index, a reduced microbial dysbiosis index, and low potential pathogenicity in the treatment group. Additionally, E. mundtii enhanced the breakdown of carbohydrates in host intestines. Overall, E. mundtii serves as a beneficial microbe for insects, promoting intestinal homeostasis by providing competitive advantage. This characteristic helps E. mundtii dominate complex microbial environments and remain prevalent across Lepidoptera, likely fostering long-term symbiosis between the both parties. The present study contributes to clarifying the niche of E. mundtii in the intestine of lepidopteran insects and further reveals its potential roles in their insect hosts.

Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Lepidoptera Microbiome

Research over the past 30 years has led to a widespread acceptance that insects establish widespread and diverse associations with microorganisms. More recently, microbiome research has been accelerating in lepidopteran systems, leading to a greater understanding of both endosymbiont and gut microorganisms and how they contribute to integral aspects of the host. Lepidoptera are associated with a robust assemblage of microorganisms, some of which may be stable and routinely detected in larval and adult hosts, while others are ephemeral and transient. Certain microorganisms that populate Lepidoptera can contribute significantly to the hosts' performance and fitness, while others are inconsequential. We emphasize the context-dependent nature of the interactions between players. While our review discusses the contemporary literature, there are major avenues yet to be explored to determine both the fundamental aspects of host-microbe interactions and potential applications for the lepidopteran microbiome; we describe these avenues after our synthesis.