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Maity J, Pal P, Pal R, Mukhopadhyay PK. Co-administration of L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Alleviates Arsenic-Induced Immunotoxicities in the Thymus and Spleen by Dwindling Oxidative Stress-Induced Inflammation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2199-2227. [PMID: 37704839 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we investigated whether L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and α-tocopherol (α-T) co-administration has the potential to alleviate arsenic-induced immunotoxicities in the thymus, spleen, and circulating leukocytes. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups before the treatment: group I (control); group II (sodium arsenite, 3 mg/kg/day/rat); group III (sodium arsenite + L-AA (200 mg/kg/day/rat) and α-T (400 mg/kg/day/rat)); group IV (L-AA and α-T). The result showed that sodium arsenite exposure (consecutive 30 days) caused weight reduction, structural alterations in the thymus and spleen, accompanied by a decrease in thymocyte and splenocyte count. Decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, increased malondialdehyde and protein-carbonyl content, reduced Nrf2 and Bcl2 expression, and increased p-ERK, NF-kβ, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression were also observed in the thymus and spleen of arsenic-exposed rats. Enhanced plasma ACTH and corticosterone, ROS-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes were also observed. L-AA and α-T co-administration has the potential to abrogate the deleterious impact of arsenic on the thymus, spleen, and circulating lymphocytes. Whole transcriptome analysis of leukocytes revealed that arsenic treatment augmented the expression of Itga4, Itgam, and MMP9 genes, which might help in transient migration of the leukocytes through the endothelial cell layer. Co-administration with L-AA and α-T maintained Itga4, Itgam, and MMP9 gene expression within leukocytes at a lower level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Maity
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Priyankar Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Ranjana Pal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
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2
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Fernàndez-Bernal A, Portero-Otin M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Phenotypic molecular features of long-lived animal species. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:728-747. [PMID: 37748717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges facing science/biology today is uncovering the molecular bases that support and determine animal and human longevity. Nature, in offering a diversity of animal species that differ in longevity by more than 5 orders of magnitude, is the best 'experimental laboratory' to achieve this aim. Mammals, in particular, can differ by more than 200-fold in longevity. For this reason, most of the available evidence on this topic derives from comparative physiology studies. But why can human beings, for instance, reach 120 years whereas rats only last at best 4 years? How does nature change the longevity of species? Longevity is a species-specific feature resulting from an evolutionary process. Long-lived animal species, including humans, show adaptations at all levels of biological organization, from metabolites to genome, supported by signaling and regulatory networks. The structural and functional features that define a long-lived species may suggest that longevity is a programmed biological property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Fernàndez-Bernal
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), E28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), E25198, Lleida, Spain.
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3
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Icyuz M, Zhang F, Fitch MP, Joyner MR, Challa AK, Sun LY. Physiological and metabolic characteristics of novel double-mutant female mice with targeted disruption of both growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone receptor. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13339. [PMID: 33755309 PMCID: PMC8045953 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with disruptions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone receptor (GHR) exhibit similar phenotypes of prolonged lifespan and delayed age-related diseases. However, these two models respond differently to calorie restriction indicating that they might carry different and/or independent mechanisms for improved longevity and healthspan. In order to elucidate these mechanisms, we generated GHRH and GHR double-knockout mice (D-KO). In the present study, we focused specifically on the characteristics of female D-KO mice. The D-KO mice have reduced body weight and enhanced insulin sensitivity compared to wild-type (WT) controls. Growth retardation in D-KO mice is accompanied by decreased GH expression in pituitary, decreased circulating IGF-1, increased high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, and leptin hormones compared to WT controls. Generalized linear model-based regression analysis, which controls for body weight differences between D-KO and WT groups, shows that D-KO mice have decreased lean mass, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content, but increased adiposity. Indirect calorimetry markers including oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and energy expenditure were significantly lower in D-KO mice relative to the controls. In comparison with WT mice, the D-KO mice displayed reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values only during the light cycle, suggesting a circadian-related metabolic shift toward fat utilization. Interestingly, to date survival data suggest extended lifespan in D-KO female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Icyuz
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Michael P. Fitch
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Matthew R. Joyner
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Anil K. Challa
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Liou Y. Sun
- Department of Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
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4
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Poudel SB, Dixit M, Neginskaya M, Nagaraj K, Pavlov E, Werner H, Yakar S. Effects of GH/IGF on the Aging Mitochondria. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061384. [PMID: 32498386 PMCID: PMC7349719 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are key organelles regulating vital processes in the eukaryote cell. A decline in mitochondrial function is one of the hallmarks of aging. Growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are somatotropic hormones that regulate cellular homeostasis and play significant roles in cell differentiation, function, and survival. In mammals, these hormones peak during puberty and decline gradually during adulthood and aging. Here, we review the evidence that GH and IGF-1 regulate mitochondrial mass and function and contribute to specific processes of cellular aging. Specifically, we discuss the contribution of GH and IGF-1 to mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration and ATP production, oxidative stress, senescence, and apoptosis. Particular emphasis was placed on how these pathways intersect during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Bahadur Poudel
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Manisha Dixit
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Neginskaya
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Karthik Nagaraj
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (K.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (K.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-998-9721
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Efficiently Anti-Obesity Effects of Unsaturated Alginate Oligosaccharides (UAOS) in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090540. [PMID: 31533255 PMCID: PMC6780860 DOI: 10.3390/md17090540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related complications have become one of the leading problems affecting human health. However, current anti-obesity treatments are limited by high cost and numerous adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the use of a non-toxic green food additive, known as unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (UAOS) from the enzymatic degradation of Laminaria japonicais, which showed effective anti-obesity effects in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Compared with acid hydrolyzed saturated alginate oligosaccharides (SAOS), UAOS significantly reduced body weight, serum lipid, including triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA), liver weight, liver TG and TC, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, adipose mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and accumulation induced in HFD mice. Moreover, the structural differences in β-d-mannuronate (M) and its C5 epimer α-l-guluronate (G) did not cause significant functional differences. Meanwhile, UAOS significantly increased both AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in adipocytes, which indicated that UAOS had an anti-obesity effect mainly through AMPK signaling. Our results indicate that UAOS has the potential for further development as an adjuvant treatment for many metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, and possibly diabetes.
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Taormina G, Ferrante F, Vieni S, Grassi N, Russo A, Mirisola MG. Longevity: Lesson from Model Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070518. [PMID: 31324014 PMCID: PMC6678192 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on longevity and healthy aging promises to increase our lifespan and decrease the burden of degenerative diseases with important social and economic effects. Many aging theories have been proposed, and important aging pathways have been discovered. Model organisms have had a crucial role in this process because of their short lifespan, cheap maintenance, and manipulation possibilities. Yeasts, worms, fruit flies, or mammalian models such as mice, monkeys, and recently, dogs, have helped shed light on aging processes. Genes and molecular mechanisms that were found to be critical in simple eukaryotic cells and species have been confirmed in humans mainly by the functional analysis of mammalian orthologues. Here, we review conserved aging mechanisms discovered in different model systems that are implicated in human longevity as well and that could be the target of anti-aging interventions in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Taormina
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Vieni
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nello Grassi
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario G Mirisola
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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7
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Logan S, Pharaoh GA, Marlin MC, Masser DR, Matsuzaki S, Wronowski B, Yeganeh A, Parks EE, Premkumar P, Farley JA, Owen DB, Humphries KM, Kinter M, Freeman WM, Szweda LI, Van Remmen H, Sonntag WE. Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling regulates working memory, mitochondrial metabolism, and amyloid-β uptake in astrocytes. Mol Metab 2018; 9:141-155. [PMID: 29398615 PMCID: PMC5870102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A decline in mitochondrial function and biogenesis as well as increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important determinants of aging. With advancing age, there is a concomitant reduction in circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) that is closely associated with neuronal aging and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the effect of the decline in IGF-1 signaling with age on astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism and astrocyte function and its association with learning and memory. Methods Learning and memory was assessed using the radial arm water maze in young and old mice as well as tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte-specific knockout of IGFR (GFAP-CreTAM/igfrf/f). The impact of IGF-1 signaling on mitochondrial function was evaluated using primary astrocyte cultures from igfrf/f mice using AAV-Cre mediated knockdown using Oroboros respirometry and Seahorse assays. Results Our results indicate that a reduction in IGF-1 receptor (IGFR) expression with age is associated with decline in hippocampal-dependent learning and increased gliosis. Astrocyte-specific knockout of IGFR also induced impairments in working memory. Using primary astrocyte cultures, we show that reducing IGF-1 signaling via a 30–50% reduction IGFR expression, comparable to the physiological changes in IGF-1 that occur with age, significantly impaired ATP synthesis. IGFR deficient astrocytes also displayed altered mitochondrial structure and function and increased mitochondrial ROS production associated with the induction of an antioxidant response. However, IGFR deficient astrocytes were more sensitive to H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, IGFR deficient astrocytes also showed significantly impaired glucose and Aβ uptake, both critical functions of astrocytes in the brain. Conclusions Regulation of astrocytic mitochondrial function and redox status by IGF-1 is essential to maintain astrocytic function and coordinate hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. Age-related astrocytic dysfunction caused by diminished IGF-1 signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated cognitive pathologies. Altered mitochondrial structure and function with IGFR deficiency in astrocytes is proposed. Increased reactive oxygen species production and susceptibility to peroxide induced cytotoxicity. Decreased Aβ uptake and impairment in spatial working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemathi Logan
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA.
| | - Gavin A Pharaoh
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA
| | - M Caleb Marlin
- Graduate College, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Dustin R Masser
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Satoshi Matsuzaki
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Benjamin Wronowski
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Alexander Yeganeh
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Eileen E Parks
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Pavithra Premkumar
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA
| | - Julie A Farley
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Daniel B Owen
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Kenneth M Humphries
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Reynold's Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
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Gesing A, Wiesenborn D, Do A, Menon V, Schneider A, Victoria B, Stout MB, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A, Masternak MM. A Long-lived Mouse Lacking Both Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone Receptor: A New Animal Model for Aging Studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1054-1061. [PMID: 27688483 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the growth hormone (GH) signaling pathway promotes insulin sensitivity and is associated with both delayed aging and extended longevity. Two kinds of long-lived mice-Ames dwarfs (df/df) and GH receptor gene-disrupted knockouts (GHRKO) are characterized by a suppressed GH axis with a significant reduction of body size and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin levels. Ames dwarf mice are deficient in GH, prolactin, and thyrotropin, whereas GHRKOs are GH resistant and are dwarf with decreased circulating IGF-1 and increased GH. Crossing Ames dwarfs and GHRKOs produced a new mouse line (df/KO), lacking both GH and GH receptor. These mice are characterized by improved glucose tolerance and increased adiponectin level, which could imply that these mice should be also characterized by additional life-span extension when comparing with GHRKOs and Ames dwarfs. Importantly, our longevity experiments showed that df/KO mice maintain extended longevity when comparing with N control mice; however, they do not live longer than GHRKO and Ames df/df mice. These important findings indicate that silencing GH signal is important to extend the life span; however, further decrease of body size in mice with already inhibited GH signal does not extend the life span regardless of improved some health-span markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gesing
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield.,Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Denise Wiesenborn
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Andrew Do
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton
| | - Vinal Menon
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Augusto Schneider
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Berta Victoria
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando
| | - Michael B Stout
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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Ferrari CKB, França EL, Monteiro LA, Santos BL, Pereira-Junior A, Honorio-França AC. Chronopharmacological effects of growth hormone on the executive function and oxidative stress response in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:17-22. [PMID: 28133519 PMCID: PMC5243969 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the chronopharmacological effects of growth hormone on executive function and the oxidative stress response in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats (36-40 weeks old) had ad libitum access to water and food and were separated into four groups: diurnal control, nocturnal control, diurnal GH-treated, and nocturnal GH-treated animals. Levels of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), and superoxide release by spleen macrophages were evaluated. For memory testing, adaptation and walking in an open field platform was used. GH-treated animals demonstrated better performance in exploratory and spatial open-field tests. RESULTS The latency time in both GH-treated groups was significantly lower compared with the latency time of the control groups. The diurnal GH treatment did not stimulate superoxide release but increased the CuZn-SOD enzyme levels. The nocturnal GH treatment did not influence the superoxide release and CuZn-SOD concentration. GH treatment also resulted in heart atrophy and lung hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Growth hormone treatment improved the performance of executive functions at the cost of oxidative stress triggering, and this effect was dependent on the circadian period of hormone administration. However, GH treatment caused damaging effects such as lung hypertrophy and heart atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo L França
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Mato Grosso, Brazil,São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author: Eduardo Luzía França. –Biomedical Research Group, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Gov. Jaime Campos, 6390, Distrito Industrial, 78900-000, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil. Tel: 55663402-2111; Fax: 55663402-1118;
| | | | - Bruno L Santos
- University Center of Araxá (UNIARAXA), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adenilda C Honorio-França
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Mato Grosso, Brazil,São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Comparing the Behavioural Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone and Melatonin in Young and Old Wistar Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5863402. [PMID: 28050228 PMCID: PMC5165162 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5863402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and melatonin are two hormones with quite different physiological effects. Curiously, their secretion shows parallel and severe age-related reductions. This has promoted many reports for studying the therapeutic supplementation of both hormones in an attempt to avoid or delay the physical, physiological, and psychological decay observed in aged humans and in experimental animals. Interestingly, the effects of the external administration of low doses of GH and of melatonin were surprisingly similar, as both hormones caused significant improvements in the functional capabilities of aged subjects. The present report aims at discerning the eventual difference between cognitive and motor effects of the two hormones when administered to young and aged Wistar rats. The effects were tested in the radial maze, a test highly sensitive to the age-related impairments in working memory and also in the rotarod test, for evaluating the motor coordination. The results showed that both hormones caused clear improvements in both tasks. However, while GH improved the cognitive capacity and, most importantly, the physical stamina, the effects of melatonin should be attributed to its antioxidant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties.
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Keane J, Tajouri L, Gray B. Recombinant human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 do not affect mitochondrial derived highly reactive oxygen species production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells under conditions of substrate saturation in-vitro. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:45. [PMID: 27382409 PMCID: PMC4932701 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the mitochondrial effects exerted by physiological and supra-physiological concentrations of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 (rIGF-1) under conditions of substrate saturation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs from healthy male subjects were treated with either rhGH, at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L, or rIGF-1 at concentrations of 100, 300 and 500 μg/L for 4 h. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and mitochondrial levels of highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) were subsequently analysed. This analysis was performed by flow cytometry in digitonin permeabilized cells, following treatment with saturating concentrations of various respiratory substrate combinations and the use of specific electron transport chain (ETC.) complex inhibitors, enabling control over both the sites of electron entry into the ETC. at complexes I and II and the entry of electrons from reduced carriers involved in β-oxidation at the level of ubiquinol. RESULTS Neither rhGH nor rIGF-1 exerted any significant effect on Δψm or the rate of hROS production in either lymphocyte or monocyte sub-populations under any of the respiratory conditions analysed. CONCLUSION That neither hormone was capable of attenuating levels of oxidative stress mediated via either complex I linked respiration or lipid-derived respiration could have serious health implications for the use of rhGH in healthy individuals, which is frequently associated with significant increases in the bioavailability of free fatty acids (FFA). Such elevated supplies of lipid-derived substrates to the mitochondria could lead to oxidative damage which would negatively impact mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - Bon Gray
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
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12
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Do A, Menon V, Zhi X, Gesing A, Wiesenborn DS, Spong A, Sun L, Bartke A, Masternak MM. Thyroxine modifies the effects of growth hormone in Ames dwarf mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:241-55. [PMID: 25935838 PMCID: PMC4429089 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ames dwarf (df/df) mice lack growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin. Treatment of juvenile df/df mice with GH alone stimulates somatic growth, reduces insulin sensitivity and shortens lifespan. Early‐life treatment with thyroxine (T4) alone produces modest growth stimulation but does not affect longevity. In this study, we examined the effects of treatment of juvenile Ames dwarf mice with a combination of GH + T4 and compared them to the effects of GH alone. Treatment of female and male dwarfs with GH + T4 between the ages of 2 and 8 weeks rescued somatic growth yet did not reduce lifespan to match normal controls, thus contrasting with the previously reported effects of GH alone. While the male dwarf GH + T4 treatment group had no significant effect on lifespan, the female dwarfs undergoing treatment showed a decrease in maximal longevity. Expression of genes related to GH and insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) of female dwarfs was differentially affected by treatment with GH + T4 vs. GH alone. Differences in the effects of GH + T4 vs. GH alone on insulin target tissues may contribute to the differential effects of these treatments on longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Do
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Vinal Menon
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Xu Zhi
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Adam Gesing
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Denise S Wiesenborn
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Adam Spong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Liou Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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13
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Matzkin ME, Miquet JG, Fang Y, Hill CM, Turyn D, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Frungieri MB. Alterations in oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic events in short-lived and long-lived mice testes. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:95-110. [PMID: 26805572 PMCID: PMC4761716 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aged testes undergo profound histological and morphological alterations leading to a reduced functionality. Here, we investigated whether variations in longevity affect the development of local inflammatory processes, the oxidative state and the occurrence of apoptotic events in the testis. To this aim, well-established mouse models with delayed (growth hormone releasing hormone-knockout and Ames dwarf mice) or accelerated (growth hormone-transgenic mice) aging were used. We hereby show that the testes of short-lived mice show a significant increase in cyclooxygenase 2 expression, PGD2 production, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes expression, local macrophages and TUNEL-positive germ cells numbers, and the levels of both pro-caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. In contrast, although the expression of antioxidant enzymes remained unchanged in testes of long-lived mice, the remainder of the parameters assessed showed a significant reduction. This study provides novel evidence that longevity confers anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic capacities to the adult testis. Oppositely, short-lived mice suffer testicular inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna Gabriela Miquet
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Cristal Monique Hill
- Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Daniel Turyn
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Saúl Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Mónica Beatriz Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Brown-Borg HM. Reduced growth hormone signaling and methionine restriction: interventions that improve metabolic health and extend life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1363:40-9. [PMID: 26645136 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interventions that improve health are often associated with longevity. Reduced growth hormone signaling has been shown to increase life span in mice by over 50%. Similarly, reductions in dietary intake of methionine, in rats and mice, result in life-span extension. Many factors affect metabolic health, mitochondrial function, and resistance to stressors, each of which influence aging and life span. This paper presents a comparison of these two interventions, as well as the results of a study combining these interventions, to understand potential mechanisms underlying their effectiveness in enhancing healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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15
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Pauliny A, Devlin RH, Johnsson JI, Blomqvist D. Rapid growth accelerates telomere attrition in a transgenic fish. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:159. [PMID: 26268318 PMCID: PMC4535669 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals rarely grow as fast as their physiologies permit despite the fitness advantages of being large. One reason may be that rapid growth is costly, resulting for example in somatic damage. The chromosomal ends, the telomeres, are particularly vulnerable to such damage, and telomere attrition thus influences the rate of ageing. Here, we used a transgenic salmon model with an artificially increased growth rate to test the hypothesis that rapid growth is traded off against the ability to maintain somatic health, assessed as telomere attrition. Results We found substantial telomere attrition in transgenic fish, while maternal half-sibs growing at a lower, wild-type rate seemed better able to maintain the length of their telomeres during the same time period. Conclusions Our results are consistent with a trade-off between rapid growth and somatic (telomere) maintenance in growth-manipulated fish. Since telomere erosion reflects cellular ageing, our findings also support theories of ageing postulating that unrepaired somatic damage is associated with senescence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0436-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pauliny
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Marine Ecosystems and Aquaculture Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada.
| | - Jörgen I Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Donald Blomqvist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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16
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Keane J, Tajouri L, Gray B. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on the mitochondrial function and viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:105-15. [PMID: 25531671 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the putative physiological benefits induced by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are countered at supra-physiological concentrations because of an augmentation in the production of mitochondrial-derived free radicals with a subsequent increase in oxidative damage, compromising mitochondrial function. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated for 4 h with either recombinant human GH (rhGH) (range = 0.25-100 μg/L) or recombinant IGF-1 (rIGF-1) (range = 100-600 μg/L) and along with control samples were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the determination of cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), mitochondrial superoxide (O2(-)) generation, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) activity. Results showed levels of mitochondrial O2(-) generation to be significantly reduced compared with control samples (lymphocytes: 21.5 ± 1.6 AU; monocytes: 230.2 ± 9.8 AU) following rhGH treatment at both concentrations of 5 μg/L (13.5 ± 1.3 AU, P ≤ 0.05) and 10 μg/L (12.3 ± 1.5 AU, P ≤ 0.05) in lymphocytes and at 10 μg/L (153.4 ± 11.4 AU, P ≤ 0.05) in monocytes. However, no significant effect was found at either higher rhGH concentrations or following treatment with any concentration of rIGF-1. In addition, neither of the 2 hormones had any significant effect on Δψm, mtPTP activity, or on cellular viability. In conclusion, physiological concentrations of rhGH elicited a protective cellular effect through the reduction of oxidative free radicals within mitochondria. This antioxidant effect was diminished at supra-physiological concentrations but not to a level that would elicit disruption of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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17
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Growth hormone abolishes beneficial effects of calorie restriction in long-lived Ames dwarf mice. Exp Gerontol 2014; 58:219-229. [PMID: 25152388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the growth hormone (GH) axis promotes longevity and delays aging. In contrast, GH over-expression may lead to accelerated aging and shorter life. Calorie restriction (CR) improves insulin sensitivity and may extend lifespan. Long-lived Ames dwarf (df/df) mice have additional extension of longevity when subjected to 30% CR. The aim of the study was to assess effects of CR or GH replacement therapy separately and as a combined (CR+GH) treatment in GH-deficient df/df and normal mice, on selected metabolic parameters (e.g., insulin, glucose, cholesterol), insulin signaling components (e.g., insulin receptor [IR] β-subunit, phosphorylated form of IR [IR pY1158], protein kinase C ζ/λ [p-PKCζ/λ] and mTOR [p-mTOR]), transcription factor p-CREB, and components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (p-ERK1/2, p-p38), responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. CR decreased plasma levels of insulin, glucose, cholesterol and leptin, and increased hepatic IR β-subunit and IR pY1158 levels as well as IR, IRS-1 and GLUT-2 gene expression compared to ad libitum feeding, showing a significant beneficial diet intervention effect. Moreover, hepatic protein levels of p-PKCζ/λ, p-mTOR and p-p38 decreased, and p-CREB increased in CR mice. On the contrary, GH increased levels of glucose, cholesterol and leptin in plasma, and p-mTOR or p-p38 in livers, and decreased plasma adiponectin and hepatic IR β-subunit compared to saline treatment. There were no GH effects on adiponectin in N mice. Moreover, GH replacement therapy did not affect IR, IRS-1 and GLUT-2 gene expression. GH treatment abolishes the beneficial effects of CR; it may suggest an important role of GH-IGF1 axis in mediating the CR action. Suppressed somatotrophic signaling seems to predominate over GH replacement therapy in the context of the examined parameters and signaling pathways.
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18
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Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy S. Metabolic adaptations to short-term every-other-day feeding in long-living Ames dwarf mice. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:905-19. [PMID: 23832075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Restrictive dietary interventions exert significant beneficial physiological effects in terms of aging and age-related disease in many species. Every other day feeding (EOD) has been utilized in aging research and shown to mimic many of the positive outcomes consequent with dietary restriction. This study employed long living Ames dwarf mice subjected to EOD feeding to examine the adaptations of the oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidative defense systems to this feeding regimen. Every other day feeding lowered liver glutathione (GSH) concentrations in dwarf and wild type (WT) mice but altered GSH biosynthesis and degradation in WT mice only. The activities of liver OXPHOS enzymes and corresponding proteins declined in WT mice fed EOD while in dwarf animals, the levels were maintained or increased with this feeding regimen. Antioxidative enzymes were differentially affected depending on the tissue, whether proliferative or post-mitotic. Gene expression of components of liver methionine metabolism remained elevated in dwarf mice when compared to WT mice as previously reported however, enzymes responsible for recycling homocysteine to methionine were elevated in both genotypes in response to EOD feeding. The data suggest that the differences in anabolic hormone levels likely affect the sensitivity of long living and control mice to this dietary regimen, with dwarf mice exhibiting fewer responses in comparison to WT mice. These results provide further evidence that dwarf mice may be better protected against metabolic and environmental perturbations which may in turn, contribute to their extended longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
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19
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Perrone CE, Malloy VL, Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. Metabolic adaptations to methionine restriction that benefit health and lifespan in rodents. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:654-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Page MM, Withers DJ, Selman C. Longevity of insulin receptor substrate1 null mice is not associated with increased basal antioxidant protection or reduced oxidative damage. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:647-658. [PMID: 22371226 PMCID: PMC3636410 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate-1 null (Irs1 (-/-)) mice are long lived and importantly they also demonstrate increased resistance to several age-related pathologies compared to wild type (WT) controls. Currently, the molecular mechanisms that underlie lifespan extension in long-lived mice are unclear although protection against oxidative damage may be important. Here, we determined both the activities of several intracellular antioxidants and levels of oxidative damage in brain, skeletal muscle, and liver of Irs1 (-/-) and WT mice at 80, 450, and 700 days of age, predicting that long-lived Irs1 (-/-) mice would be protected against oxidative damage. We measured activities of both intracellular superoxide dismutases (SOD); cytosolic (CuZnSOD) and mitochondrial (MnSOD), glutathione peroxide (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GHS). Of these, only hepatic CAT was significantly altered (increased) in Irs1 (-/-) mice. In addition, the levels of protein oxidation (protein carbonyl content) and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal) were unaltered in Irs1 (-/-) mice, although the hepatic GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating an oxidized environment, was significantly lower in long-lived Irs1 (-/-) mice. Overall, our results do not support the premise that lifespan extension in Irs1 (-/-) mice is associated with greater tissue antioxidant protection or reduced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Page
- />Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Dominic J. Withers
- />Metabolic Signaling Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Colin Selman
- />Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
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Long-lived Ames dwarf mice: Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in heart and brain. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 25:119-22. [PMID: 23604907 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-002-0010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The single gene mutation of Ames dwarf mice increases their maximum longevity by around 40% but the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect remain to be identified. This animal model thus offers a unique possibility of testing the mitochondrial theory of aging. In this investigation, oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was measured for the first time in dwarf and wild type mice of both sexes. In the brain, 8-oxo,7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in mtDNA was significantly lower in dwarfs than in their controls both in males (by 32%) and in females (by 36%). The heart of male dwarfs also showed significantly lower mtDNA 8-oxodG levels (30% decrease) than the heart of male wild type mice, whereas no differences were found in the heart of females. The results, taken together, indicate that the single gene mutation of Ames dwarfs lowers oxidative damage to mtDNA especially in the brain, an organ of utmost relevance for aging. Together with the previous evidence for relatively lower level of oxidative damage to mtDNA in both long-lived and caloric restricted animals, these findings suggest that lowering of oxidative damage to mtDNA is a common mechanism of life extension in these three different mammalian models.
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Bartke A, Sun LY, Longo V. Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:571-98. [PMID: 23589828 PMCID: PMC3768106 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key determinant of postnatal growth and plays an important role in the control of metabolism and body composition. Surprisingly, deficiency in GH signaling delays aging and remarkably extends longevity in laboratory mice. In GH-deficient and GH-resistant animals, the "healthspan" is also extended with delays in cognitive decline and in the onset of age-related disease. The role of hormones homologous to insulin-like growth factor (IGF, an important mediator of GH actions) in the control of aging and lifespan is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals with some homologies extending to unicellular yeast. The combination of reduced GH, IGF-I, and insulin signaling likely contributes to extended longevity in GH or GH receptor-deficient organisms. Diminutive body size and reduced fecundity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice can be viewed as trade-offs for extended longevity. Mechanisms responsible for delayed aging of GH-related mutants include enhanced stress resistance and xenobiotic metabolism, reduced inflammation, improved insulin signaling, and various metabolic adjustments. Pathological excess of GH reduces life expectancy in men as well as in mice, and GH resistance or deficiency provides protection from major age-related diseases, including diabetes and cancer, in both species. However, there is yet no evidence of increased longevity in GH-resistant or GH-deficient humans, possibly due to non-age-related deaths. Results obtained in GH-related mutant mice provide striking examples of mutations of a single gene delaying aging, reducing age-related disease, and extending lifespan in a mammal and providing novel experimental systems for the study of mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Springfield, Illinois 62703, USA.
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Bartke A, Westbrook R, Sun L, Ratajczak M. Links between growth hormone and aging. ENDOKRYNOLOGIA POLSKA 2013; 64:46-52. [PMID: 23450447 PMCID: PMC3647466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies in mutant, gene knock-out and transgenic mice have demonstrated that growth hormone (GH) signalling has a major impact on ageing and longevity. Growth hormone-resistant and GH-deficient animals live much longer than their normal siblings, while transgenic mice overexpressing GH are short lived. Actions of GH in juvenile animals appear to be particularly important for life extension and responsible for various phenotypic characteristics of long-lived hypopituitary mutants. Available evidence indicates that reduced GH signalling is linked to extended longevity by multiple interacting mechanisms including increased stress resistance, reduced growth, altered profiles of cytokines produced by the adipose tissue, and various metabolic adjustments such as enhanced insulin sensitivity, increased oxygen consumption (VO2/g) and reduced respiratory quotient. The effects of removing visceral fat indicate that increased levels of adiponectin and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in GH-resistant mice are responsible for their increased insulin sensitivity. Increased VO2 apparently represents increased energy expenditure for thermogenesis, because VO2 of mutant and normal mice does not differ at thermoneutral temperature. Recent studies identified GH- and IGF-1-dependent maintenance of bone marrow populations of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) as another likely mechanism of delayed ageing and increased longevity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant animals. Many of the physiological characteristics of long-lived, GH-related mouse mutants are shared by exceptionally long-lived people and by individuals genetically predisposed to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, United States.
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Brown-Borg HM, Bartke A. GH and IGF1: roles in energy metabolism of long-living GH mutant mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:652-60. [PMID: 22466316 PMCID: PMC3348496 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the multiple theories to explain exceptional longevity, the most robust of these has centered on the reduction of three anabolic protein hormones, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor, and insulin. GH mutant mice live 50% longer and exhibit significant differences in several aspects of energy metabolism as compared with wild-type mice. Mitochondrial metabolism is upregulated in the absence of GH, whereas in GH transgenic mice and dwarf mice treated with GH, multiple aspects of these pathways are suppressed. Core body temperature is markedly lower in dwarf mice, yet whole-body metabolism, as measured by indirect calorimetry, is surprisingly higher in Ames dwarf and Ghr-/- mice compared with normal controls. Elevated adiponectin, a key antiinflammatory cytokine, is also very likely to contribute to longevity in these mice. Thus, several important components related to energy metabolism are altered in GH mutant mice, and these differences are likely critical in aging processes and life-span extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA.
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25
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Brown-Borg HM, Johnson WT, Rakoczy SG. Expression of oxidative phosphorylation components in mitochondria of long-living Ames dwarf mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:43-57. [PMID: 21327718 PMCID: PMC3260352 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reduced signaling of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway is associated with extended life span in several species. Ames dwarf mice are GH-deficient and live >50% longer than wild-type littermates. Previously, we have shown that tissues from Ames mice exhibit elevated levels of antioxidative enzymes, less H(2)O(2) production, and lower oxidative damage suggesting that mitochondrial function may differ between genotypes. To explore the relationship between hormone deficiency and mitochondria in mice with extended longevity, we evaluated activity, protein, and gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation components in dwarf and wild-type mice at varying ages. Liver complex I + III activity was higher in dwarf mice compared to wild-type mice. The activity of I + III decreased between 3 and 20 months of age in both genotypes with greater declines in wild-type mice in liver and skeletal muscle. Complex IV activities in the kidney were elevated in 3- and 20-month-old dwarf mice relative to wild-type mice. In Ames mice, protein levels of the 39 kDa complex I subunit were elevated at 20 months of age when compared to wild-type mouse mitochondria for every tissue examined. Kidney and liver mitochondria from 20-month-old dwarf mice had elevated levels of both mitochondrially-encoded and nuclear-encoded complex IV proteins compared to wild-type mice (p < 0.05). Higher liver ANT1 and PGC-1α mRNA levels were also observed in dwarf mice. Overall, we found that several components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system were elevated in Ames mice. Mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratios were not different between genotypes despite the marked increase in PGC-1α levels in dwarf mice. The increased OXPHOS activities, along with lower ROS production in dwarf mice, predict enhanced mitochondrial function and efficiency, two factors likely contributing to long-life in Ames mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Bartke A. Pleiotropic effects of growth hormone signaling in aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:437-42. [PMID: 21852148 PMCID: PMC4337825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) affects somatic growth, sexual maturation, body composition and metabolism, as well as aging and longevity. Mice lacking GH or GH receptor outlive their normal siblings and exhibit symptoms of delayed aging associated with improved insulin signaling and increased stress resistance. Beneficial effects of eliminating the actions of GH are counterintuitive but conform to the concept of antagonistic pleiotropy. Evolutionary selection for traits promoting early-life fitness and reproductive success could account for post-reproductive deficits. Reciprocal relationships between GH signaling and longevity discovered in mutant mice apply also to normal mice, other mammalian species, and perhaps humans. This review summarizes the present understanding of the multifaceted relationship between somatotropic signaling and mammalian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge, PO Box 19628, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
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Ungvari Z, Sosnowska D, Podlutsky A, Koncz P, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A. Free radical production, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress response signatures in fibroblasts from Lewis dwarf rats: effects of life span-extending peripubertal GH treatment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:501-10. [PMID: 21350246 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that in invertebrates, disruption of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 pathway extends life span and increases resistance to oxidative injury led to the hypothesis that IGF-1 signaling may play a role in regulating cellular reactive oxygen species production, oxidative stress resistance, and consequentially, organismal life span in mammals. However, previous studies testing this hypothesis in rodent models of IGF-1 deficiency yielded controversial results. The Lewis dwarf rat is a useful model of human growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 deficiency as it mimics many of the pathophysiological alterations present in human GH/IGF-1-deficient patients as well as elderly individuals. Peripubertal treatment of Lewis dwarf rats with GH results in a significant extension of life span. The present study was designed to test the role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in regulating cellular oxidative stress and oxidative stress resistance, utilizing primary fibroblasts derived from control rats, Lewis dwarf rats and GH-replete dwarf rats. Measurements of cellular dihydroethidium and C-H(2)DCFDA fluorescence showed that cellular O(2)(·-) and peroxide production were similar in each group. Fibroblasts from control and Lewis dwarf rats exhibited similar antioxidant capacities and comparable sensitivity to H(2)O(2), rotenone, high glucose, tunicamycin, thapsigargin, paraquat, and mitomycin, which cause apoptosis through increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, ATP depletion, and/or by damaging DNA, lipids and proteins. Fibroblasts from GH-replete rats exhibited significantly increased antioxidant capacities and superior resistance to H(2)O(2), rotenone and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death compared with cells from Lewis dwarf rats, whereas their sensitivity to the other stressors investigated was not statistically different. Thus, low circulating IGF-1 levels present in vivo in Lewis dwarf rats do not elicit long-lasting alterations in cellular reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress resistance, whereas life span-extending peripubertal GH treatment resulted in increased antioxidant capacity and increased resistance to cellular injury caused by some, but not all, oxidative stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Sharma S, Rakoczy S, Dahlheimer K, Brown-Borg H. The hippocampus of Ames dwarf mice exhibits enhanced antioxidative defenses following kainic acid-induced oxidative stress. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:936-49. [PMID: 20804841 PMCID: PMC6432800 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vulnerability of the hippocampus to the effects of aging has been found to be associated with a decline in growth hormone/insulin like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1), and an increase in oxidative stress. We have evidence that long-living GH-deficient Ames dwarf mice have enhanced antioxidant protection in the periphery but the protection in the central nervous system is less clear. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidative defense enzyme status in the hippocampus of Ames dwarf and wild type mice at 3, 12 and 24 months of age and examined the ability of each genotype to resist kainic acid-induced (KA) oxidative stress. An equiseizure concentration of KA was administered such that both genotypes responded with similar seizure scores and lipid peroxidation. RESULTS We found that GH-sufficient wild type mice showed an increase in oxidative stress as indicated by the reduced ratio of glutathione: glutathione disulfide following KA injection while this ratio was maintained in GH-deficient Ames dwarf mice. In addition, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) as well as GPx1 mRNA expression was enhanced in KA-injected Ames dwarf mice but decreased in wild type mice. There was no induction of Nrf-2 (an oxidative stress-induced transcription factor) gene expression in Ames dwarf mice following KA further suggesting maintenance of antioxidant defense in GH-deficiency under oxidative stress conditions. DISCUSSION Therefore, based on equiseizure administration of KA, Ames dwarf mice have an enhanced antioxidant defense capacity in the hippocampus similar to that observed in the periphery. This improved defense capability in the brain is likely due to increased GPx availability in Ames mice and may contribute to their enhanced longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Sharlene Rakoczy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Kristine Dahlheimer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Holly Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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Salmon AB, Richardson A, Pérez VI. Update on the oxidative stress theory of aging: does oxidative stress play a role in aging or healthy aging? Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:642-55. [PMID: 20036736 PMCID: PMC2819595 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress theory of aging predicts that manipulations that alter oxidative stress/damage will alter aging. The gold standard for determining whether aging is altered is life span, i.e., does altering oxidative stress/damage change life span? Mice with genetic manipulations in their antioxidant defense system designed to directly address this prediction have, with few exceptions, shown no change in life span. However, when these transgenic/knockout mice are tested using models that develop various types of age-related pathology, they show alterations in progression and/or severity of pathology as predicted by the oxidative stress theory: increased oxidative stress accelerates pathology and reduced oxidative stress retards pathology. These contradictory observations might mean that (a) oxidative stress plays a very limited, if any, role in aging but a major role in health span and/or (b) the role that oxidative stress plays in aging depends on environment. In environments with minimal stress, as expected under optimal husbandry, oxidative damage plays little role in aging. However, under chronic stress, including pathological phenotypes that diminish optimal health, oxidative stress/damage plays a major role in aging. Under these conditions, enhanced antioxidant defenses exert an "antiaging" action, leading to changes in life span, age-related pathology, and physiological function as predicted by the oxidative stress theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Salmon
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Bokov AF, Lindsey ML, Khodr C, Sabia MR, Richardson A. Long-lived ames dwarf mice are resistant to chemical stressors. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:819-27. [PMID: 19414510 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To probe the connection between longevity and stress resistance, we compared the sensitivity of Ames long-lived dwarf mice and control littermates with paraquat, diquat, and dobutamine. In young adult animals, 95% of male and 39% of female controls died after paraquat administration, but no dwarf animals died. When the experiment was repeated at an older age or a higher dosage of paraquat, dwarf mice still showed greater resistance. Dwarf mice also were more resistant to diquat; 80% of male and 60% of female controls died compared with 40% and 20% of dwarf mice, despite greater sensitivity of dwarf liver to diquat. Dwarf mice were also less sensitive to dobutamine-induced cardiac stress and had lower levels of liver and lung F(2)-isoprostanes. This is the first direct in vivo evidence that long-lived Ames dwarf mice have enhanced resistance to chemical insult, particularly oxidative stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Bokov
- Sam and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas Research Park Campus, 15355 Lambda Drive-MSC 7755, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
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Westbrook R, Bonkowski MS, Strader AD, Bartke A. Alterations in oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and heat production in long-lived GHRKO and Ames dwarf mice, and short-lived bGH transgenic mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:443-51. [PMID: 19286975 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) signaling influences longevity in mice, with decreased GH signaling associated with longer life span and increased GH signaling with shortened life span. A proposed mechanism through which GH signaling influences life span postulates that decreased GH signaling lowers metabolic rate, thus slowing aging by decreasing production of damaging free radicals. The influence of altered GH signaling on metabolism was tested by monitoring oxygen consumption (VO(2)), respiratory quotient (RQ), and heat production in long-lived GH receptor knockout (GHRKO) and Ames dwarf mice, and short-lived bovine GH-overexpressing transgenic (bGH TG) mice. Intriguingly, both GHRKO and Ames dwarf mice have increased VO(2) and heat per gram body weight, and decreased RQ, whereas bGH TG mice have decreased VO(2) and heat per gram body weight and increased RQ. In conclusion, decreased GH signaling associates with increased metabolism per body weight and may beneficially affect mitochondrial flexibility by increasing the capacity for fat oxidation; generally, GH excess produces opposite metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Westbrook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
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32
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Brown-Borg HM. Hormonal control of aging in rodents: the somatotropic axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:64-71. [PMID: 18674587 PMCID: PMC4390024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature focusing on the somatotropic axis and regulation of aging and longevity. Many of these reports derive data from multiple endocrine mutants, those that exhibit both elevated growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) or deficiencies in one or both of these hormones. In general, both spontaneous and genetically engineered GH and IGF-1 deficiencies have lead to small body size, delayed development of sexual maturation and age-related pathology, and life span extension. In contrast, characteristics of high circulating GH included larger body sizes, early puberty and reproductive senescence, increased cancer incidence and reduced life span when compared to wild-type animals with normal plasma hormone concentrations. This information, along with that found in multiple other species, implicates this anabolic pathway as the major regulator of longevity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States.
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Berryman DE, Christiansen JS, Johannsson G, Thorner MO, Kopchick JJ. Role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in lifespan and healthspan: lessons from animal models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:455-471. [PMID: 18710818 PMCID: PMC2631405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamentally important in our quest to understand the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute to human aging. In comparison to humans, relatively short-lived mammals are useful models as they allow for rapid assessment of both genetic manipulation and environmental intervention as related to longevity. These models also allow for the study of clinically relevant pathologies as a function of aging. Data associated with more distant species offers additional insight and critical consideration of the basic physiological processes and molecular mechanisms that influence lifespan. Consistently, two interventions, caloric restriction and repression of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin axis, have been shown to increase lifespan in both invertebrates and vertebrate animal model systems. Caloric restriction (CR) is a nutrition intervention that robustly extends lifespan whether it is started early or later in life. Likewise, genes involved in the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathways can lengthen lifespan in vertebrates and invertebrates, implying evolutionary conservation of the molecular mechanisms. Specifically, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-like signaling and its downstream intracellular signaling molecules have been shown to be associated with lifespan in fruit flies and nematodes. More recently, mammalian models with reduced growth hormone (GH) and/or IGF-1 signaling have also been shown to have extended lifespans as compared to control siblings. Importantly, this research has also shown that these genetic alterations can keep the animals healthy and disease-free for longer periods and can alleviate specific age-related pathologies similar to what is observed for CR individuals. Thus, these mutations may not only extend lifespan but may also improve healthspan, the general health and quality of life of an organism as it ages. In this review, we will provide an overview of how the manipulation of the GH/IGF axis influences lifespan, highlight the invertebrate and vertebrate animal models with altered lifespan due to modifications to the GH/IGF-1 signaling cascade or homologous pathways, and discuss the basic phenotypic characteristics and healthspan of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E. Berryman
- School of Human and Consumer Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Jens Sandahl Christiansen
- Jens Sandahl Christiansen, Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Kommunehospitalet, DK 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Gudmundur Johannsson, MD, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael O. Thorner
- Michael O. Thorner, University of Virginia Health System, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; Phone: (740)593-4534; Fax: (740)593-4795
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Csiszar A, Labinskyy N, Perez V, Recchia FA, Podlutsky A, Mukhopadhyay P, Losonczy G, Pacher P, Austad SN, Bartke A, Ungvari Z. Endothelial function and vascular oxidative stress in long-lived GH/IGF-deficient Ames dwarf mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1882-94. [PMID: 18757483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.412.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitary Ames dwarf mice have low circulating growth hormone (GH)/IGF-I levels, and they have extended longevity and exhibit many symptoms of delayed aging. To elucidate the vascular consequences of Ames dwarfism we compared endothelial O2(-) and H2O2 production, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and nitric oxide (NO) production in aortas of Ames dwarf and wild-type control mice. In Ames dwarf aortas endothelial O2(-) and H2O2 production and ROS generation by mitochondria were enhanced compared with those in vessels of wild-type mice. In Ames dwarf aortas there was a less abundant expression of Mn-SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). NO production and acetylcholine-induced relaxation were also decreased in aortas of Ames dwarf mice. In cultured wild-type mouse aortas and in human coronary arterial endothelial cells treatment with GH and IGF significantly reduced cellular O2(-) and H2O2 production and ROS generation by mitochondria and upregulated expression of Mn-SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD, GPx-1, and eNOS. Thus GH and IGF-I promote antioxidant phenotypic changes in the endothelial cells, whereas Ames dwarfism leads to vascular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
Multiple biological and environmental factors impact the life span of an organism. The endocrine system is a highly integrated physiological system in mammals that regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stress, among other functions. As such, this pervasive entity has a major influence on aging and longevity. The growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin pathways have been at the forefront of hormonal control of aging research in the last few years. Other hormones, including those from the thyroid and reproductive system have also been studied in terms of life span regulation. The relevance of these hormones to human longevity remains to be established, however the evidence from other species including yeast, nematodes, and flies suggest that evolutionarily well-conserved mechanisms are at play and the endocrine system is a key determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Leggatt RA, Brauner CJ, Iwama GK, Devlin RH. The glutathione antioxidant system is enhanced in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:413-22. [PMID: 17225138 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of a growth hormone (GH) transgene in coho salmon results in accelerated growth, and increased feeding and metabolic rates. Whether other physiological systems within the fish are adjusted to this accelerated growth has not been well explored. We examined the effects of a GH transgene and feeding level on the antioxidant glutathione and its associated enzymes in various tissues of coho salmon. When transgenic and control salmon were fed to satiation, transgenic fish had increased tissue glutathione, increased hepatic glutathione reductase activity, decreased hepatic activity of the glutathione synthesis enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and increased intestinal activity of the glutathione catabolic enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. However, these differences were mostly abolished by ration restriction and fasting, indicating that upregulation of the glutathione antioxidant system was due to accelerated growth, and not to intrinsic effects of the transgene. Increased food intake and ability to digest potential dietary glutathione, and not increased activity of glutathione synthesis enzymes, likely contributed to the higher levels of glutathione in transgenic fish. Components of the glutathione antioxidant system are likely upregulated to combat potentially higher reactive oxygen species production from increased metabolic rates in GH transgenic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Leggatt
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Kregel KC, Zhang HJ. An integrated view of oxidative stress in aging: basic mechanisms, functional effects, and pathological considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R18-36. [PMID: 16917020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00327.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an inherently complex process that is manifested within an organism at genetic, molecular, cellular, organ, and system levels. Although the fundamental mechanisms are still poorly understood, a growing body of evidence points toward reactive oxygen species (ROS) as one of the primary determinants of aging. The "oxidative stress theory" holds that a progressive and irreversible accumulation of oxidative damage caused by ROS impacts on critical aspects of the aging process and contributes to impaired physiological function, increased incidence of disease, and a reduction in life span. While compelling correlative data have been generated to support the oxidative stress theory, a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the accumulation of oxidatively mediated damage and aging has not been strongly established. The goal of this minireview is to broadly describe mechanisms of in vivo ROS generation, examine the potential impact of ROS and oxidative damage on cellular function, and evaluate how these responses change with aging in physiologically relevant situations. In addition, the mounting genetic evidence that links oxidative stress to aging is discussed, as well as the potential challenges and benefits associated with the development of anti-aging interventions and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Kregel
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Brown-Borg HM. Longevity in mice: is stress resistance a common factor? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:145-162. [PMID: 19943136 PMCID: PMC2464727 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A positive relationship between stress resistance and longevity has been reported in a multitude of studies in organisms ranging from yeast to mice. Several mouse lines have been discovered or developed that exhibit extended longevities when compared with normal, wild-type mice of the same genetic background. These long-living lines include the Ames dwarf, Snell dwarf, growth hormone receptor knockout (Laron dwarf), IGF-1 receptor heterozygote, Little, alpha-MUPA knockout, p66(shc) knockout, FIRKO, mClk-1 heterozygote, thioredoxin transgenic, and most recently the Klotho transgenic mouse. These mice are described in terms of the reported extended lifespans and studies involving resistance to stress. In addition, caloric restriction (CR) and stress resistance are briefly addressed for comparison with genetically altered mice. Although many of the long-living mice have GH/IGF-1/insulin signaling-related alterations and enhanced stress resistance, there are some that exhibit life extension without an obvious link to this hormone pathway. Resistance to oxidative stress is by far the most common system studied in long-living mice, but there is evidence of enhancement of resistance in other systems as well. The differences in stress resistance between long-living mutant and normal mice result from complex interrelationships among pathways that appear to coordinate signals of growth and metabolism, and subsequently result in differences in lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Brown-Borg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Uthus EO, Brown-Borg HM. Methionine flux to transsulfuration is enhanced in the long living Ames dwarf mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:444-50. [PMID: 16519922 PMCID: PMC2014095 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived Ames dwarf mice lack growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone. Additionally the dwarf mice have enzyme activities and levels that combat oxidative stress more efficiently than those of normal mice. We have shown that methionine metabolism in Ames mice is markedly different than in their wild type littermates. In our previous work we hypothesized that the flux of methionine to the transsulfuration pathway is enhanced in the dwarf mice. The current study was designed to determine whether the flux of methionine to the transsulfuration pathway is increased. We did this by injecting either l-[methyl-(3)H]-methionine or l-[(35)S]-methionine into dwarf or normal mice and then determined retained label (in form of S-adenosylmethionine) 45 min later. The amount of retained hepatic (3)H and (35)S label was significantly reduced in the dwarf mice; at 45 min the specific radioactivity of SAM (pCi/nmol SAM) was 56% lower (p < 0.05) for (3)H-label and 64% lower (p < 0.005) for (35)S-label in dwarf than wild type mice. Retention of (35)S was significantly lower in the brain (37%, p < .04) and kidney (47%, p < 0.02) of the dwarf compared to wild type mice; there was no statistical difference in retained (3)H-label in either brain or kidney. This suggests that both the methyl-moiety and the carbon chain of methionine are lost much faster in the dwarf compared to the wild type mouse, implying that both transmethylation in the liver and transsulfuration in the liver, brain, and kidney are increased in the dwarf mice. As further support, we determined by real-time RT PCR the expression of methionine metabolism genes in livers of mice. Compared to wild type, the Ames dwarf had increased expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1a (2.3-fold, p = 0.013), glycine N-methyltransferase (3.8-fold, p = 0.023), betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (5.5-fold, p = 0.0006), S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (3.8-fold, p = 0.0005), and cystathionase (2.6-fold; tended to be increased, p = 0.055). Methionine synthase expression was significantly decreased in dwarf compared to wild type (0.48-fold, p = 0.023). These results confirm that the flux of methionine to transsulfuration is enhanced in the Ames dwarf. This, along with data from previous studies support the hypothesis that altered methionine metabolism plays a significant role in the oxidative defense of the dwarf mouse and that the mechanism for the enhanced oxidative defense may be through altered GSH metabolism as a result of the distinctive methionine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Uthus
- US Department of Agriculture, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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Ebadi M, Brown-Borg H, El Refaey H, Singh BB, Garrett S, Shavali S, Sharma SK. Metallothionein-mediated neuroprotection in genetically engineered mouse models of Parkinson's disease. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 134:67-75. [PMID: 15790531 PMCID: PMC3619407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta, and in other sub-cortical nuclei associated with a widespread occurrence of Lewy bodies. The cause of cell death in Parkinson's disease is still poorly understood, but a defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced oxidative and nitrative stresses have been proposed. We have studied control(wt) (C57B1/6), metallothionein transgenic (MTtrans), metallothionein double gene knock (MTdko), alpha-synuclein knock out (alpha-syn(ko)), alpha-synuclein-metallothionein triple knock out (alpha-syn-MTtko), weaver mutant (wv/wv) mice, and Ames dwarf mice to examine the role of peroxynitrite in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and aging. Although MTdko mice were genetically susceptible to 1, methyl, 4-phenyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Parkinsonism, they did not exhibit any overt clinical symptoms of neurodegeneration and gross neuropathological changes as observed in wv/wv mice. Progressive neurodegenerative changes were associated with typical Parkinsonism in wv/wv mice. Neurodegenerative changes in wv/wv mice were observed primarily in the striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Various hallmarks of apoptosis including caspase-3, TNFalpha, NFkappaB, metallothioneins (MT-1, 2) and complex-1 nitration were increased; whereas glutathione, complex-1, ATP, and Ser(40)-phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and striatal 18F-DOPA uptake were reduced in wv/wv mice as compared to other experimental genotypes. Striatal neurons of wv/wv mice exhibited age-dependent increase in dense cored intra-neuronal inclusions, cellular aggregation, proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, caspase-3, and GAPDH) induction, inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and neuro-apoptosis. MTtrans and alpha-Syn(ko) mice were genetically resistant to MPTP-Parkinsonism and Ames dwarf mice possessed significantly higher concentrations of striatal coenzyme Q10 and metallothioneins (MT 1, 2) and lived almost 2.5 times longer as compared to control(wt) mice. A potent peroxynitrite ion generator, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in MTtrans fetal stem cells. These data are interpreted to suggest that peroxynitrite ions are involved in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, and metallothionein-mediated coenzyme Q10 synthesis may provide neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuchair Ebadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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