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Zhang H, Zhao C, Hou J, Su P, Yang Y, Xia B, Zhao X, He R, Wang L, Cao C, Liu T, Tian J. Red ginseng extract improves skeletal muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in chronic fatigue mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1077249. [PMID: 36618917 PMCID: PMC9816794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1077249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skeletal muscles are organs with high energy requirements, especially during vigorous exercise. Adequate mitochondrial function is essential to meet the high energy needs of skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies have reported that red ginseng can significantly improve chronic fatigue; however, the specific mechanism of action is still not clear. Methods: A chronic fatigue syndrome mouse model was developed using C57BL/6J mice through long-term compound stimulation of stress factors. Following this, the animals were orally administered 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extracts for 28 days. Skeletal muscle lactate acid, serum lactate dehydrogenase, urea concentrations, ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase were determined using assay kits or an automatic biochemical analyser detection system. Skeletal muscle mitochondria morphology was observed using electron microscopy and the expression of p-AMPK, PGC-1α, ACO2 and complex I in skeletal muscle protein was determined by western blotting. Results: Oral administration of 400 or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extract in mice with chronic fatigue reduced lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase and urea, rescued the density and morphology of skeletal muscle mitochondria, increased the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase, and activated the AMPK/PGC-1α cascade pathway, resulting in improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by restoring ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I and mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of red ginseng are partly related to its potent mitochondrial improving activity, including decreasing mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane permeability, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, thus ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Hou
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
| | - Jixiang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
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Alterations in the mucosal immune system by a chronic exhausting exercise in Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17950. [PMID: 33087757 PMCID: PMC7578053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausting exercise can disturb immune and gastrointestinal functions. Nevertheless, the impact of it on mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue has not been studied in depth. Here, we aim to establish the effects of an intensive training and exhausting exercise on the mucosal immunity of rats and to approach the mechanisms involved. Rats were submitted to a high-intensity training consisting of running in a treadmill 5 days per week for 5 weeks, involving 2 weekly exhaustion tests. At the end, samples were obtained before (T), immediately after (TE) and 24 h after (TE24) an additional final exhaustion test. The training programme reduced the salivary production of immunoglobulin A, impaired the tight junction proteins’ gene expression and modified the mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte composition and function, increasing the ratio between Tαβ+ and B lymphocytes, reducing their proliferation capacity and enhancing their interferon-γ secretion. As a consequence of the final exhaustion test, the caecal IgA content increased, while it impaired the gut zonula occludens expression and enhanced the interleukin-2 and interferon-γ secretion. Our results indicate that intensive training for 5 weeks followed or not by an additional exhaustion disrupts the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in rats.
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Qu A, Wu X, Li S, Sun M, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. An NIR-Responsive DNA-Mediated Nanotetrahedron Enhances the Clearance of Senescent Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000184. [PMID: 32100405 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a state of stable cell cycle arrest that can escape apoptosis and lead to aging and numerous age-related diseases. In this study, an upconversion-nanoparticle (UCNP)-centered Au20 -Au30 nanoparticles tetrahedron (UAuTe) is prepared by DNA hybridization, which can selectively accelerate the clearance of senescent cells. When the beta-2-microglobulin antibody (anti-B2MG) on the Au NPs recognizes senescent cells, the application of near-infrared (NIR) light induces the disassembly of the UAuTe by breaking the boronic ester linkage. Subsequently, the Granzyme B exposed on the UCNPs induces apoptosis in senescent cells, which can then be tracked by changes in fluorescence. It is found that, as compared to single Granzyme B, the UAuTe can not only control the Granzyme B delivery by NIR-responsivity, but also synergistically target and activate the Granzyme B in the senescent cell without the need of perforin. Moreover, this tool is applied successfully in vivo; the results demonstrate that the NIR-responsive tetrahedron can restore renal function, tissue homeostasis, fur density, and athletic ability in a mouse model of senescence after 30 d of treatment. The NIR-induced tetrahedron provides a practical strategy for clinical diagnosis and therapy, particularly for aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Qu
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Si Li
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- Key Lab of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
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4
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Parent-Vachon M, Beaudry F, Carrier D, Di Cristo G, Vachon P. The Effects of Exercise on Pain and Reproductive Performance in Female Pregnant Mice With Neuropathic Pain. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:500-509. [PMID: 31288563 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419857812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pain can have negative, physiological and psychological impacts on pregnancy. Pregnant women are fearful of using pain medication because of teratogenic effects. In this study, we evaluated whether exercise could lower pain sensitivity in pregnant mice with neuropathic pain and reduce the negative effects of maternal pain on newborns. We randomly assigned 32 female mice to one of four groups (eight mice/group): Sham surgery with standard environment (SE) or enriched environment (EE) or spare nerve injury (SNI) with SE or EE. Mice in EE groups had access to an exercise wheel. Mothers were evaluated for mechanical sensitivity with Von Frey filaments and for exercise performance with computerized running wheels. Mice were impregnated 2 weeks after the initiation of EE. Pups were weighed and measured for length at birth and evaluated for negative geotaxis, righting, forelimb grasping, rooting, and crawling at 3 days postpartum and for crawling at 6 days postpartum. Following euthanasia, mothers' frontal cortexes were analyzed for selected neuropeptides. After exercise exposure, only SNI-SE females remained neuropathic. Exercise levels were similar between EE groups. Some brain neuropeptides (endorphins, enkephalins, and oxytocin) from SNI females showed significant differences with exercise. Number of pups was significantly smaller in the SNI-SE group. Significantly more pups died at birth in the SNI-SE group, but pup behavior tests (except righting) were similar across groups. Exercise can reduce neuropathic pain in pregnant mice. Neuropathic pain does not impact motor neurodevelopment of mice pups but does appear to affect litter size and neonatal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Parent-Vachon
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise Carrier
- 2 Ste-Justine Children's Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graziella Di Cristo
- 2 Ste-Justine Children's Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Vachon
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Takigawa K, Matsuda R, Uchitomi R, Onishi T, Hatazawa Y, Kamei Y. Effects of long-term physical exercise on skeletal muscles in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:518-524. [PMID: 30537907 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1547625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of long-term exercise on the prevention of sarcopenia using a senescence-accelerated-prone mice (SAMP8) model. Mice were housed in a wheel cage for 25 weeks to increase voluntary exercise. At week 23, endurance running capacity was examined using a treadmill. In a treadmill running test, the wheel cage group had increased endurance running capacity, which suggests that aging-related loss of muscle function was recovered by long-term exercise. Mice were sacrificed and microarray analysis revealed that genes involved in protein synthesis and degradation were upregulated in the skeletal muscles of the wheel cage group, suggesting accelerated protein turnover. Total body and adipose tissue weights decreased following the use of the wheel cage. Thus, long-term, spontaneous physical exercise may assist in recovering from aging-related sarcopenia (loss of muscle function) and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takigawa
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Rintaro Matsuda
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ran Uchitomi
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takumi Onishi
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yukino Hatazawa
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
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6
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Akiguchi I, Pallàs M, Budka H, Akiyama H, Ueno M, Han J, Yagi H, Nishikawa T, Chiba Y, Sugiyama H, Takahashi R, Unno K, Higuchi K, Hosokawa M. SAMP8 mice as a neuropathological model of accelerated brain aging and dementia: Toshio Takeda's legacy and future directions. Neuropathology 2017; 37:293-305. [PMID: 28261874 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Senescence accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8) show significant age-related deteriorations in memory and learning ability in accordance with early onset and rapid advancement of senescence. Brains of SAMP8 mice reveal an age-associated increase of PAS-positive granular structures in the hippocampal formation and astrogliosis in the brain stem and hippocampus. A spongy degeneration in the brain stem appears at 1 month of age and reaches a maximum at 4-8 months. In addition, clusters of activated microglia also appear around the vacuoles in the brain stem. β/A4(Aβ) protein-like immunoreactive granular structures are observed in various regions and increase in number markedly with age. Other age-associated histological changes include cortical atrophy, neuronal cell loss in locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental nuclei, intraneuronal accumulation of lipopigments in Purkinje cells and eosinophilic inclusion bodies in thalamic neurons. A blood-brain barrier dysfunction and astrogliosis are also prominent with advancing age in the hippocampus. These changes are generally similar to the pathomorphology of aging human brains and characterized by their association with some specific glioneuronal reactions. As for the hallmarks of Alzheimer brains, tau morphology has not yet been confirmed regardless of the age-related increase in phosphorylated tau in SAMP8 mice brains, but early age-related Aβ deposition in the hippocampus has recently been published. SAMP8 mice are, therefore, not only a senescence-accelerated model but also a promising model for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Akiguchi
- Center of Neurological and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Koseikai Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Herbert Budka
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Clinical Research, Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defence, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Jingxian Han
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hideo Yagi
- Center of Neurological and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Koseikai Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohumi Nishikawa
- Department of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defence, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Ryoya Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Unno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Higuchi
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute of Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosokawa
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Ma D, Zhu Y, Li Y, Yang C, Zhang L, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Beneficial effects of cornel iridoid glycoside on behavioral impairment and senescence status in SAMP8 mice at different ages. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:20-9. [PMID: 27283974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) on behavioral changes and senescent status in senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice at different ages (6, 10, and 14 months old). The learning and memory ability, the motor function and the aging conditions of SAMP8 mice were evaluated after CIG treatment in this study. Results showed that intragastrical administration of CIG (100 and 200mg/kg) for two months obviously improved the impaired cognitive ability of SAMP8 mice at the age of 6 months and 10 months, respectively. The treatment with CIG significantly increased the motor function of SAMP8 mice at 10 months and 14 months of age, respectively. CIG also evidently decreased the high grading score of senescence and increased the low surviving rate of SAMP8 mice at the age of 14 months. In addition, CIG treatment inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus and striatum of SAMP8 mice at different ages. Together, these results indicate that CIG represent a potentially useful treatment for ameliorating the impaired cognitive ability, the motor dysfunction, aging conditions and hyperphosphorylation of tau in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denglei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yanzheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cuicui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China.
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8
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Lalanza JF, Sanchez-Roige S, Cigarroa I, Gagliano H, Fuentes S, Armario A, Capdevila L, Escorihuela RM. Long-term moderate treadmill exercise promotes stress-coping strategies in male and female rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16166. [PMID: 26538081 PMCID: PMC4633642 DOI: 10.1038/srep16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed the impact of exercise in alleviating anxiety and mood disorders; however, the exercise protocol that exerts such benefit is far from known. The current study was aimed to assess the effects of long-term moderate exercise on behavioural coping strategies (active vs. passive) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal response in rats. Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were exposed to 32-weeks of treadmill exercise and then tested for two-way active avoidance learning (shuttle-box). Two groups were used as controls: a non-handled sedentary group, receiving no manipulation, and a control group exposed to a stationary treadmill. Female rats displayed shorter escape responses and higher number of avoidance responses, reaching criterion for performance earlier than male rats. In both sexes, exercise shortened escape latencies, increased the total number of avoidances and diminished the number of trials needed to reach criterion for performance. Those effects were greater during acquisition in female rats, but remained over the shuttle-box sessions in treadmill trained male rats. In females, exercise did not change ACTH and corticosterone levels after shuttle-box acquisition. Collectively, treadmill exercise improved active coping strategies in a sex-dependent manner. In a broader context, moderate exercise could serve as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume F Lalanza
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Laboratori de Psicologia de l'Esport, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Fac Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Igor Cigarroa
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles, región del Bio-Bio, Chile
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA) and Institut de Neurociències, Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA) and Institut de Neurociències, Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA) and Institut de Neurociències, Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Capdevila
- Laboratori de Psicologia de l'Esport, Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Fac Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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