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Zhou Y, Tolmie A. Associations between Gross and Fine Motor Skills, Physical Activity, Executive Function, and Academic Achievement: Longitudinal Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:121. [PMID: 38391696 PMCID: PMC10887312 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from behavioral studies and neuroscience suggests that motor and cognitive development are intrinsically intertwined. To explore the underlying mechanisms of this motor-cognition link, our study examined the longitudinal relationship of early motor skills and physical activity with later cognitive skills. The sample was 3188 children from the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study, followed at 9 months and 5, 7, and 11 years. Early motor skills were examined at 9 months. Children's daily physical activity level was measured using accelerometers at 7 years and a questionnaire was conducted at 11 years. Cognitive skills, including executive function and academic achievement, were measured at age 11. The results suggest that gross motor skills were positively associated with spatial working memory, whereas fine motor skills were predictive of good English and science outcomes. Moderate-to-vigorous activity was found to be negatively associated with English performance, although self-reported activity frequency was positively linked to math. Our results highlight the significant role of both gross and fine motor skills in cognitive development. This study also elucidates the limitations of using activity intensity to assess the impact of motor activity on children's cognitive development, suggesting that attention to the effects of specific types of physical activity would better elucidate the motor/cognition link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- Motor-Executive Control Interaction Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew Tolmie
- Motor-Executive Control Interaction Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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2
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Infant walking experience is related to the development of selective attention. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 220:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Havdahl A, Farmer C, Schjølberg S, Øyen AS, Surén P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Bresnahan M, Hornig M, Susser E, Lipkin WI, Lord C, Stoltenberg C, Thurm A, Bishop S. Age of walking and intellectual ability in autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders: a population-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1070-1078. [PMID: 33369747 PMCID: PMC8236490 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed walking is common in intellectual disability (ID) but may be less common when ID occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies examining this were limited by reliance on clinical samples and exclusion of children with severe motor deficits. OBJECTIVE To examine in a population-based sample if age of walking is differentially related to intellectual ability in children with ASD versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). METHODS Participants were from the nested Autism Birth Cohort Study of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed if diagnosis (ASD n = 212 vs. NDD n = 354), continuous nonverbal IQ, and their interaction, were associated with continuous age of walking. RESULTS The relationship between nonverbal IQ and age of walking was stronger for NDD than for ASD (Group × nonverbal IQ interaction, χ2 = 13.93, p = .0002). This interaction was characterized by a 21% decrease in the likelihood of walking onset at any given time during the observation period per 10-point decrease in nonverbal IQ (hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.78-0.85) in the NDD group compared to 8% (hazard ratio = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98) in the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Anne-Siri Øyen
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Surén
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Per Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michaeline Bresnahan
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ezra Susser
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health and Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Pediatrics & Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Somer Bishop
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Araujo DM, Cabrera Santos DC, Marconi Pinheiro Lima MC. Cognitive, language and motor development of infants exposed to risk and protective factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 138:110353. [PMID: 32920449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk factors are biological or environmental characteristics increasing the likelihood of delays in child development. Meanwhile, protective factors are conditions that can minimize risks and favor the acquisition of skills. Infants with risk indicators for hearing loss (RIHL) tend to live in less stimulating environments which may lead to lower cognitive, language, and motor development. OBJECTIVE To compare the cognitive, language, and motor development of infants under the influence of risk and protective factors. METHOD A cross-sectional observational study in which 259 infants aged 8-10 months were assessed for cognitive, language, and motor development using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - Third Edition (BSITD-III). The groups were formed according to the presence or absence of RIHL and the quality of the resources, being: SG-AE (Study Group with Adequate Environment), SG-IE (Study Group with Inadequate Environment), CG-AE (Compared Group with Adequate Environment)) and CG-IE (Compared Group with Inadequate Environment). Affordances were assessed using the questionnaire Affordances in the Home Environment for the Motor Development - Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS). The groups were compared using the Chi-square test or the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test. The level of significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS Infants from the CG-AE performed better than the other groups in cognition and motor skills. The CG-AE language was statistically superior to the SG-IE. SG-IE showed the highest frequency of delays in all domains. CG-IE and SG-AE showed a similar frequency of delays. Adequate environment associated with the absence of RIHL (CG-AE) leads to better cognitive, language, and motor performances. CONCLUSION Biological and environmental risk factors have a similar impact on development, but the accumulation of both tends to increase the risks of developmental delay. The absence of RIHL and quality environments worked as protective factors and favored the acquisition of skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mendonça Araujo
- University of Campinas, School of Medical Sciences, R. Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil.
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Latorre-Román P, Lloris-Ogallar E, Salas-Sánchez J, García-Pinillos F. ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE FUNCIÓN EJECUTIVA, MADUREZ INTELECTUAL Y CONDICIÓN FÍSICA EN NIÑOS PREESCOLARES. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2020.79.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue conocer el perfil evolutivo de la función ejecutiva (FE) y la madurez intelectual (MI) en relación con la condición físico-motora en niños preescolares. Han participado 81 niños, de edades comprendidas entre 3 a 6 años, 44 niños y 37 niñas. Se realizaron pruebas de condición física de fuerza, equilibrio, velocidad, resistencia y tiempo de reacción. Se analizaron las FE y la MI con los test de Laberintos de Porteus y el test de Goodenough respectivamente. En la evolución de las variables cognitivas y de condición física según la edad de los niños, se observan diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad. La velocidad de desplazamiento junto con la dinamometría manual y el tiempo de reacción son variables que se asocian a las FE y a la MI. Por tanto, existe un paralelismo evolutivo entre el desarrollo de la FE y MI con el desarrollo de la condición física.
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Morais A, Santos S, Lebre P, Simões C. Assessing Motor and Cognitive Areas in Older People: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Portuguese Version of Éxamen Géronto-Psychomoteur. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 90:50-64. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415018822093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves changes in psychomotor performance. Few studies are focused on psychomotor skills among older people due, in part, to the inexistence of valid instruments in the field. The purpose of this article is to analyze the factor structure model of the Portuguese version of Exámen Géronto-Psychomoteur. The confirmatory factor analysis was completed in a sample of 497 older persons, aged between 60 and 99 years, with and without dementia (74.4% female; M = 78.0; standard deviation = 8.6). A baseline one-factor model was compared against 2 three-factor models (first and second order) that were developed based on the previous exploratory factor analysis. Fit indices for the one-factor model were slightly higher when compared with other models; however, the second-order model seems to be more representative of human behavior. The results of this study provide evidence to support a three-factor model: cognition, motor function, and physical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morais
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Santos
- Department of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Lebre
- Department of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Celeste Simões
- Department of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Carson RP, Bird L, Childers AK, Wheeler F, Duis J. Preserved expressive language as a phenotypic determinant of Mosaic Angelman Syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e837. [PMID: 31400086 PMCID: PMC6732290 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with core features of intellectual disability, speech impairment, movement disorders, and a unique behavioral profile. Typically, AS results from absent maternal expression of UBE3A, but some individuals have imprinting defects in a portion of their cells. These individuals are mosaic for normal and defective UBE3A expression, resulting in mosaic AS (mAS) with a partial loss of gene expression. Methods This study aims to contrast the mAS phenotype to that of AS. Clinical characteristics of mAS were obtained from a parental survey of 22 mAS patients and from the Angelman Natural History study. These were contrasted with those of AS using historical data. Results Developmental delay was present in nearly all mAS patients, whereas the core features of AS were reported in less than 40%. While language and ability to manage activities of daily living were markedly improved over that expected in AS, mAS patients demonstrated a high incidence of behavioral challenges. Conclusion Clinical work‐up of an individual with developmental delay, hyperactivity, anxiety, and an uncharacteristically happy demeanor should prompt methylation studies to rule out mAS. We expand the phenotypic spectrum of AS to include features that overlap with Prader‐Willi such as hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Carson
- Divisions of Child Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lynne Bird
- Division of Genetics/Dysmorphology, Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Anna K Childers
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ferrin Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jessica Duis
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Predictive validity of developmental milestones for detecting limited intellectual functioning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214475. [PMID: 30921424 PMCID: PMC6438572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental milestones are commonly used in child health care, although from many milestones the predictive validity has not been adequately assessed. We aimed to determine the predictive validity of 75 developmental milestones for detecting limited intellectual functioning that can be obtained before the age of 4 years. We performed a case-control study with 148 children aged 5–10 years with limited intellectual functioning (IQ 50–69), who were in special education (cases) and a random sample of 300 children aged 5–10 years who were in regular elementary education (controls). Developmental milestones scores were retrieved from Child Healthcare files. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratios (LR+) and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) for limited intellectual functioning. The LR+ determines whether a test result changes the probability that a condition exists. Given the prevalence of intellectual disability (1–3%), we considered that an LR+ > 10 would be clinically useful, as it increases the a priori probability of limited intellectual functioning from 2% to a posteriori probability of at least 17%. Out of 75 assessed milestones, 50 were included in the analysis. We found nine milestones to have a significant adjusted (for socio-economic status and prematurity) DOR > 1 and a significant LR+ > 10 (assessment age in months between brackets): ‘says "dada-baba‴ (9), ‘balances head well while sitting’ (9), ‘sits on buttocks while legs stretched’ (9), ‘babbles while playing’ (12), ‘sits in stable position without support’ (12), ‘walks well alone’ (24), ‘says "sentences" of 3 or more words’ (36), ‘places 3 forms in form-box’ (36) and ‘copies circle’ (48). Sensitivities of these 9 milestones varied from 8–54%, specificities of these 9 milestones varied from 95–100%. Combining these milestones at 9, 12, and 36 months respectively resulted in sensitivities of 27–60% and specificities of 94–99%. These nine developmental milestones have substantial predictive validity for limited intellectual functioning.
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Abstract
The rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants is increasing; this trend reflects, in part, improved survival among extremely premature infants. BPD is associated with adverse developmental and medical outcomes in early childhood and at least through school age. Therefore, BPD imposes a significant burden on infants and children, their families, and society. Many interventions to decrease BPD and the sequelae of BPD have been studied; few to date have been proved to decrease both BPD and later disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B DeMauro
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2nd Floor Main Building, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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