1
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Feter N, de Paula D, Leite JS, Caputo EL, Rombaldi AJ. The association of aerobic and muscular fitness with cognitive impairment: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115360. [PMID: 37494879 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the combined association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular strength, and cognitive outcomes in middle-aged and older adults from low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We analyzed cross-sectional, population-based data from adults aged 50 years or older from six LMICs. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was defined according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Estimated CRF (eCRF) was calculated using previously validated, sex-specific equations. Handgrip strength (HS) was used as an indicator of muscular strength. We used linear and robust Poisson regression models to examine the associations between eCRF, HS, and MCI. Data from 28,339 adults (63.1 [9.5] years) were analyzed. Participants with low eCRF (PR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.11, 1.90) and HS (PR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.79, 2.04) were more prone to have MCI. Participants with low HS showed higher likelihood of MCI than those with preserved HS through the CRF range; however, this difference was not seen among highly fit individuals (10 METs or higher). Each 1-MET (PR: 0.77; 95%CI: 0.67, 0.86) and 5-kgf (PR: 0.63; 95%CI: 0.48, 0.79) increase was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of MCI. eCRF and HS were strongly and independently associated with MCI in middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Feter
- Post Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Danilo de Paula
- Post Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jayne S Leite
- Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Caputo
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Airton J Rombaldi
- Post Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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2
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Nath K, Ferguson I, Puleio A, Wall K, Stark J, Clark S, Story C, Cohen B, Anderson-Hanley C. Brain Health Indicators Following Acute Neuro-Exergaming: Biomarker and Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) after Pedal-n-Play (iPACES). Brain Sci 2023; 13:844. [PMID: 37371324 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Facing an unrelenting rise in dementia cases worldwide, researchers are exploring non-pharmacological ways to ameliorate cognitive decline in later life. Twenty older adults completed assessments before and after a single bout of interactive physical and cognitive exercise, by playing a neuro-exergame that required pedaling and steering to control progress in a tablet-based video game tailored to impact executive function (the interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System; iPACES v2). This study explored the cognitive and biomarker outcomes for participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normative older adults after 20 min of pedal-to-play exercise. Neuropsychological and salivary assessments were performed pre- and post-exercise to assess the impact. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant interaction effects, with MCI participants experiencing greater changes in executive function and alpha-amylase levels than normative older adults; within-group changes were also significant. This study provides further data regarding cognitive effects and potential mechanisms of action for exercise as an intervention for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Nath
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | | | - Alexa Puleio
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Kathryn Wall
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Jessica Stark
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Sean Clark
- Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Rd, Wenham, MA 01984, USA
| | - Craig Story
- Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Rd, Wenham, MA 01984, USA
| | - Brian Cohen
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Cay Anderson-Hanley
- Union College, 807 Union Street, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
- iPACES LLC, 56 Clifton Country Road, Suite 104 (Box#11), Clifton Park, NY 12065, USA
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3
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Won J, Callow DD, Pena GS, Gogniat MA, Kommula Y, Arnold-Nedimala NA, Jordan LS, Smith JC. Evidence for exercise-related plasticity in functional and structural neural network connectivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:923-940. [PMID: 34655658 PMCID: PMC8642315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies investigating exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)-related changes in the functional and structural organization of brain networks continues to rise. Functional and structural connectivity are critical biomarkers for brain health and many exercise-related benefits on the brain are better represented by network dynamics. Here, we reviewed the neuroimaging literature to better understand how exercise or CRF may facilitate and maintain the efficiency and integrity of functional and structural aspects of brain networks in both younger and older adults. Converging evidence suggests that increased exercise performance and CRF modulate functional connectivity of the brain in a way that corresponds to behavioral changes such as cognitive and motor performance improvements. Similarly, greater physical activity levels and CRF are associated with better cognitive and motor function, which may be brought about by enhanced structural network integrity. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of trends in exercise-network studies as well as future directions based on the gaps in knowledge that are currently present in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Daniel D Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gabriel S Pena
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Marissa A Gogniat
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yash Kommula
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Leslie S Jordan
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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4
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Aghjayan SL, Lesnovskaya A, Esteban-Cornejo I, Peven JC, Stillman CM, Erickson KI. Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the human hippocampus. Hippocampus 2021; 31:817-844. [PMID: 34101305 PMCID: PMC8295234 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration. Physical activity, specifically increasing cardiorespiratory fitness via aerobic exercise, shows promise as a potential method for mitigating hippocampal decline in humans. Numerous studies have now investigated associations between the structure and function of the hippocampus and engagement in physical activity. Still, there remains continued debate and confusion about the relationship between physical activity and the human hippocampus. In this review, we describe the current state of the physical activity and exercise literature as it pertains to the structure and function of the human hippocampus, focusing on four magnetic resonance imaging measures: volume, diffusion tensor imaging, resting-state functional connectivity, and perfusion. We conclude that, despite significant heterogeneity in study methods, populations of interest, and scope, there are consistent positive findings, suggesting a promising role for physical activity in promoting hippocampal structure and function throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Aghjayan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina Lesnovskaya
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jamie C Peven
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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5
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Rizzi L, Aventurato ÍK, Balthazar MLF. Neuroimaging Research on Dementia in Brazil in the Last Decade: Scientometric Analysis, Challenges, and Peculiarities. Front Neurol 2021; 12:640525. [PMID: 33790850 PMCID: PMC8005640 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.640525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last years have evinced a remarkable growth in neuroimaging studies around the world. All these studies have contributed to a better understanding of the cerebral outcomes of dementia, even in the earliest phases. In low- and middle-income countries, studies involving structural and functional neuroimaging are challenging due to low investments and heterogeneous populations. Outstanding the importance of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of neuroimaging dementia research in Brazil. The review includes a brief scientometric analysis of quantitative information about the development of this field over the past 10 years. Besides, discusses some peculiarities and challenges that have limited neuroimaging dementia research in this big and heterogeneous country of Latin America. We systematically reviewed existing neuroimaging literature with Brazilian authors that presented outcomes related to a dementia syndrome, published from 2010 to 2020. Briefly, the main neuroimaging methods used were morphometrics, followed by fMRI, and DTI. The major diseases analyzed were Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and vascular dementia, respectively. Moreover, research activity in Brazil has been restricted almost entirely to a few centers in the Southeast region, and funding could be the main driver for publications. There was relative stability concerning the number of publications per year, the citation impact has historically been below the world average, and the author's gender inequalities are not relevant in this specific field. Neuroimaging research in Brazil is far from being developed and widespread across the country. Fortunately, increasingly collaborations with foreign partnerships contribute to the impact of Brazil's domestic research. Although the challenges, neuroimaging researches performed in the native population regarding regional peculiarities and adversities are of pivotal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara Rizzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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6
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Melo HM, Seixas da Silva GDS, Sant'Ana MR, Teixeira CVL, Clarke JR, Miya Coreixas VS, de Melo BC, Fortuna JTS, Forny-Germano L, Ledo JH, Oliveira MS, Figueiredo CP, Pardossi-Piquard R, Checler F, Delgado-García JM, Gruart A, Velloso LA, Balthazar MLF, Cintra DE, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Palmitate Is Increased in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Humans with Obesity and Induces Memory Impairment in Mice via Pro-inflammatory TNF-α. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2180-2194.e8. [PMID: 32075735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with cognitive decline, atrophy of brain regions related to learning and memory, and higher risk of developing dementia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these neurological alterations are still largely unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of palmitate, a saturated fatty acid present at high amounts in fat-rich diets, in the brain. Palmitate is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of overweight and obese patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. In mice, intracerebroventricular infusion of palmitate impairs synaptic plasticity and memory. Palmitate induces astroglial and microglial activation in the mouse hippocampus, and its deleterious impact is mediated by microglia-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling. Our results establish that obesity is associated with increases in CSF palmitate. By defining a pro-inflammatory mechanism by which abnormal levels of palmitate in the brain impair memory, the results further suggest that anti-inflammatory strategies may attenuate memory impairment in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Melo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gisele da S Seixas da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20270-021, Brazil
| | - Marcella Ramos Sant'Ana
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), School of Applied Sciences and CELN - Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira Ligo Teixeira
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN) and Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vivian S Miya Coreixas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno C de Melo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S Fortuna
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leticia Forny-Germano
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Ledo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maíra S Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudia P Figueiredo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Raphaelle Pardossi-Piquard
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS/UMR7275, IPMC, team labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz," 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS/UMR7275, IPMC, team labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz," 660 route des Lucioles, 06560 Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Centre, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Marcio L F Balthazar
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN) and Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), School of Applied Sciences and CELN - Nutrigenomics and Lipids Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Centre for Neuroscience Studies and Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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7
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Eisenstein T, Yogev-Seligmann G, Ash E, Giladi N, Sharon H, Shapira-Lichter I, Nachman S, Hendler T, Lerner Y. Maximal aerobic capacity is associated with hippocampal cognitive reserve in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Hippocampus 2020; 31:305-320. [PMID: 33314497 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maximal aerobic capacity (MAC) has been associated with preserved neural tissue or brain maintenance (BM) in healthy older adults, including the hippocampus. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is considered a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease. While aMCI is characterized by hippocampal deterioration, the MAC-hippocampal relationship in these patients is not well understood. In contrast to healthy individuals, neurocognitive protective effects in neurodegenerative populations have been associated with mechanisms of cognitive reserve (CR) altering the neuropathology-cognition relationship. We investigated the MAC-hippocampal relationship in aMCI (n = 29) from the perspectives of BM and CR mechanistic models with structural MRI and a memory fMRI paradigm using both group-level (higher-fit patients vs. lower-fit patients) and individual level (continuous correlation) approaches. While MAC was associated with smaller hippocampal volume, contradicting the BM model, higher-fit patients demonstrated statistically significant lower correlation between hippocampal volume and memory performance compared with the lower-fit patients, supporting the model of CR. In addition, while there was no difference in brain activity between the groups during low cognitive demand (encoding of familiar stimuli), higher MAC level was associated with increased cortical and sub-cortical activation during increased cognitive demand (encoding of novel stimuli) and also with bilateral hippocampal activity even when controlling for hippocampal volume, suggesting for an independent effect of MAC. Our results suggest that MAC may be associated with hippocampal-related cognitive reserve in aMCI through altering the relationship between hippocampal-related structural deterioration and cognitive function. In addition, MAC was found to be associated with increased capacity to recruit neural resources during increased cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Eisenstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Yogev-Seligmann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elissa Ash
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pain Management & Neuromodulation Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Shapira-Lichter
- Functional MRI Center, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shikma Nachman
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulia Lerner
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Loprinzi PD, Harper J, Ikuta T. The effects of aerobic exercise on corpus callosum integrity: systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:400-406. [PMID: 32315243 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1758545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the influence of exercise on the body and genu of the corpus callosum (CC), which is a critical brain structure involved in facilitating interhemispheric communication. Methods: Studies were identified using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar. The search terms, including their combinations, included exercise, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, interhemispheric, and corpus callosum. To be eligible for inclusion in this review, studies had to be published in English; employ a cross-sectional, prospective or experimental design; include a measure of exercise as the independent variable; and the outcome variable had to include an integrity, volumetric or functional measure of the CC. Extraction parameters include study design, study population, exercise protocol, CC assessment, main findings regarding the relationship between exercise and the CC, and the evaluated or speculated mechanisms of this relationship. Results: 20 articles met the study inclusion criteria. Among these, 5 were conducted in animals and 15 were conducted in humans. Among the 5 animal studies, all provided suggestive evidence associating aerobic exercise with increased white matter integrity. Among the 15 human studies, 6 studies employed tract-based special statistics (TBSS), 4 utilized regions of interest (ROI) approach and 5 executed whole brain voxel wise analysis. Changes in the body was detected by 5 out of 6 TBSS studies and the genu by 3. Out of 4 ROI studies, three detected changes in the genu, but only one did in the body (out of 3 studies). One whole brain voxelwise study detected changes in the CC body of old adults and two found changes in the genu. Conclusion: This review provides evidence to suggest that aerobic exercise, and in turn, enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, are associated with structural and functional outcomes increasing CC integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi , University, MS, USA
| | - Jacob Harper
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi , University, MS, USA
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Digital Neuroscience Laboratory Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Mississippi , University, MS, USA
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9
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d'Arbeloff T. Cardiovascular fitness and structural brain integrity: an update on current evidence. GeroScience 2020; 42:1285-1306. [PMID: 32767221 PMCID: PMC7525918 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An aging global population and accompanying increases in the prevalence of age-related disorders are leading to greater financial, social, and health burdens. Aging-related dementias are one such category of age-related disorders that are associated with progressive loss of physical and cognitive integrity. One proposed preventative measure against risk of aging-related dementia is improving cardiovascular fitness, which may help reverse or buffer age-related brain atrophy associated with worse aging-related outcomes and cognitive decline. However, research into the beneficial potential of cardiovascular fitness has suffered from extreme heterogeneity in study design methodology leading to a lack of cohesion in the field and undermining any potential causal evidence that may exist. In addition, cardiovascular fitness and exercise are often conflated, leading to a lack of clarity in results. Here, I review recent literature on cardiovascular fitness, brain structure, and aging with the following goals: (a) to disentangle and lay out recent findings specific to aging, cardiovascular fitness, and brain structure, and (b) to ascertain the extent to which causal evidence actually exists. I suggest that, while there is some preliminary evidence for a link between cardiovascular fitness and brain structure in older adults, more research is still needed before definitive causal conclusions can be drawn. I conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the field and suggestions for how they may be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy d'Arbeloff
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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10
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Chen FT, Erickson KI, Huang H, Chang YK. The association between physical fitness parameters and white matter microstructure in older adults: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13539. [PMID: 32030777 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether different measures of physical fitness are differentially associated with white matter (WM) microstructure in older adults. Fifty-six healthy adults (mean age: 59.14 years) completed a standardized evaluation of physical fitness measurements (e.g., VO2peak , push-ups, abdominal sit-ups, sit-and-reach, t test, and vertical jump). Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of WM microstructure, was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. The findings indicated that the cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with FA in the right cingulum hippocampus and the left cerebral peduncle. However, other physical fitness metrics were not significantly associated with FA in any region. These results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, but not other metrics of fitness, might be sensitive to WM microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan).,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)
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11
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Haeger A, Costa AS, Schulz JB, Reetz K. Cerebral changes improved by physical activity during cognitive decline: A systematic review on MRI studies. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101933. [PMID: 31491837 PMCID: PMC6699421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment in late-life cognitive impairment and dementia is still limited, and there is no cure for brain tissue degeneration or reversal of cognitive decline. Physical activity represents a promising non-pharmacological interventional approach in many diseases causing cognitive impairment, but its effect on brain integrity is still largely unknown. Especially research of cerebral alterations in disease state that goes beyond observations of clinical improvement is crucial to understand disease processes and possible effective treatments. In this systematic review, we address the question how physical activity and fitness in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) influences brain architecture compared to cognitively healthy elderly. We review both interventional studies comprising aerobic, coordinative and resistance exercises and observational studies on fitness and physical activity combined with Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). Different MRI approaches were included such as volumetric and structural analyses, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), functional MRI and Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF). We evaluate MRI results for different exercise modalities and performed a methodological evaluation of interventional studies in cognitive decline compared to normal aging. According to our results, among 12 interventions in AD/MCI, aerobic exercise is most frequently applied (9 studies). Interventions in AD/MCI altogether reveal a higher methodological quality compared to interventions in healthy elderly (8.33 ± 2.19 vs. 6.25 ± 2.36 out of 13 points), with most frequent missing aspects related to descriptions of complications, lack of intention-to-treat and statistical power analyses. Effects of aerobic exercise and fitness seem to mainly impact brain structures sensitive to neurodegeneration, which especially comprise frontal, temporal and parietal regions, such as the hippocampal/parahippocampal region, precuneus, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, which are reported by several studies. General fitness measured via an objective fitness assessment and questionnaires seems to have a more global cerebral effect, probably due to its long-term application, whereas distinct intervention effects of durations between 3 and 6 months seem to concentrate on more local brain regions as the hippocampus, which can also be influenced by region of interest analyses. There is still a lack of evidence on other or combined types of intervention modalities, such as resistance, coordinative as well as multicomponent exercise during cognitive decline, and complex interventions as dancing. Future research should examine their beneficial effect on brain integrity, since several non-MRI studies already point to their advantageous impact. As a further future prospect, combination and application of newly developed imaging methods such as metabolic imaging should be envisaged to understand physical activity and its cerebral influence under its many-sided facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Haeger
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana S Costa
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Neurology, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Plácido J, Ferreira JV, de Oliveira F, Sant'Anna P, Monteiro-Junior RS, Laks J, Deslandes AC. Association among 2-min step test, functional level and diagnosis of dementia. Dement Neuropsychol 2019; 13:97-103. [PMID: 31073385 PMCID: PMC6497027 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic capacity declines significantly throughout life, beginning at the age of 30 years and accelerating from 60 years, where a decline of 17% per decade is expected thereafter. Objective To investigate the association between aerobic capacity and a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD or moderate AD in older adults, considering the risk classification of functional loss of the Step test. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 93 patients (age >60 years) were evaluated (Healthy=36; MCI=18, AD=39). The step test was used to assess aerobic capacity, while overall cognitive status was measured using the MMSE. The groups were divided according to the risk classifications of functional loss into below or above the standard cut-off point for aerobic capacity. Results Subjects in the functional loss risk group were approximately ten to fourteen times more likely to be diagnosed with mild (OR:10.7; p=0.001) or moderate (OR.=14.7; p=0.002) AD than their fitter counterparts. Low aerobic fitness was also associated with the MCI condition (OR=4.5; p=0.05), but only after controlling for educational level, age and sex. In the overall sample (N=93), there was an association between aerobic capacity and MMSE performance (R2=0.35; p<0.001) after controlling for confounding variables. Conclusion low aerobic capacity was associated with cognitive decline, and older adults at risk of functional loss on the STEP test had greater chance of being diagnosed with MCI or AD after controlling for age, sex and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Plácido
- BSc, Laboratory of Neuroscience of exercise (LANeX), Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - José Vinicius Ferreira
- MSc, Laboratory of Neuroscience of exercise (LaNEx), Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Oliveira
- BSc, Laboratory of Neuroscience of exercise (LaNEx), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Sant'Anna
- BSc, Laboratory of Neuroscience of exercise (LaNEx), Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jerson Laks
- MD, PhD, Professor, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Deslandes
- PhD, Professor, Laboratory of Neuroscience of exercise (LaNEx), Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
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13
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Domenech-Cebrían P, Martinez-Martinez M, Cauli O. Relationship between mobility and cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 179:23-29. [PMID: 30798193 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually accompanied by impairments to mobility, performance of the basic activities of daily life (ADL), and progressive cognitive decline. We analyzed the relationship between cognitive performance and related cognitive subdomains and mobility. PATIENTS AND METHODS All AD patients of the recruited individuals were living in nursing homes; they underwent a blood analysis, cognitive examination by using the Mini-Mental State Examination, functional evaluation of independence in the ADLs with Barthel score and Katz index, and mobility assessment with the elderly mobility scale. RESULTS The mean sample age was 84 years and majority were women; more than 60% of the participants had severe cognitive impairment. Statistically significant relationships were found between the severity of cognitive impairment and functional capacity (p < 0.01) and their degree of mobility (p < 0.05). Among the different domains, memory impairment was not associated with impaired mobility or ability to perform the ADLs. Women had lower scores in the ADL and mobility assessments (p < 0.05) and an increased ratio of severe cognitive impairment (OR = 3.03 95% CI: [1.30, -7.05]) compared to men. Being overweight or obese and high blood levels of HDL cholesterol were directly (p < 0.05) and inversely (p < 0.01) associated with poor cognitive performance in individuals with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that better functional capacity and mobility are generally, but not exclusively, correlated with better cognitive function, depending on the severity of cognitive impairment. In contrast, lipid profile alterations might play a role in cognitive deficits in individuals with mild to moderate cognitive impairment who are overweight. Further longitudinal studies will be required to explore this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Anderson-Hanley C, Barcelos NM, Zimmerman EA, Gillen RW, Dunnam M, Cohen BD, Yerokhin V, Miller KE, Hayes DJ, Arciero PJ, Maloney M, Kramer AF. The Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise Study (ACES) for Community-Dwelling Older Adults With or At-Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Neuropsychological, Neurobiological and Neuroimaging Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:76. [PMID: 29780318 PMCID: PMC5945889 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has found that cognitive benefits of physical exercise and brain health in older adults may be enhanced when mental exercise is interactive simultaneously, as in exergaming. It is unclear whether the cognitive benefit can be maximized by increasing the degree of mental challenge during exercise. This randomized clinical trial (RCT), the Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise Study (ACES) sought to replicate and extend prior findings of added cognitive benefit from exergaming to those with or at risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). ACES compares the effects of 6 months of an exer-tour (virtual reality bike rides) with the effects of a more effortful exer-score (pedaling through a videogame to score points). Fourteen community-dwelling older adults meeting screening criteria for MCI (sMCI) were adherent to their assigned exercise for 6 months. The primary outcome was executive function, while secondary outcomes included memory and everyday cognitive function. Exer-tour and exer-score yielded significant moderate effects on executive function (Stroop A/C; d's = 0.51 and 0.47); there was no significant interaction effect. However, after 3 months the exer-tour revealed a significant and moderate effect, while exer-score showed little impact, as did a game-only condition. Both exer-tour and exer-score conditions also resulted in significant improvements in verbal memory. Effects appear to generalize to self-reported everyday cognitive function. Pilot data, including salivary biomarkers and structural MRI, were gathered at baseline and 6 months; exercise dose was associated with increased BDNF as well as increased gray matter volume in the PFC and ACC. Improvement in memory was associated with an increase in the DLPFC. Improved executive function was associated with increased expression of exosomal miRNA-9. Interactive physical and cognitive exercise (both high and low mental challenge) yielded similarly significant cognitive benefit for adherent sMCI exercisers over 6 months. A larger RCT is needed to confirm these findings. Further innovation and clinical trial data are needed to develop accessible, yet engaging and effective interventions to combat cognitive decline for the growing MCI population. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02237560
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Affiliation(s)
- Cay Anderson-Hanley
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Nicole M Barcelos
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Earl A Zimmerman
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Robert W Gillen
- Sunnyview Rehabilitation Hospital, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Mina Dunnam
- Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Brian D Cohen
- Department of Biology, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Vadim Yerokhin
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - David J Hayes
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Department of Health & Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Molly Maloney
- The Healthy Aging and Neuropsychology Lab, Union College, Schenectady, NY, United States
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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15
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Castellano CA, Paquet N, Dionne IJ, Imbeault H, Langlois F, Croteau E, Tremblay S, Fortier M, Matte JJ, Lacombe G, Fülöp T, Bocti C, Cunnane SC. A 3-Month Aerobic Training Program Improves Brain Energy Metabolism in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: Preliminary Results from a Neuroimaging Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1459-1468. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Alexandre Castellano
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Paquet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Imbeault
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Langlois
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortier
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guy Lacombe
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamás Fülöp
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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