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Owens CD, Pinto CB, Szarvas Z, Muranyi M, da C. Pinaffi-Langley AC, Peterfi A, Mukli P, Detwiler S, Olay L, Kaposzta Z, Smith K, Kirkpatrick AC, Saleh Velez F, Tarantini S, Csiszar A, Ungvari ZI, Prodan CI, Yabluchanskiy A. COVID-19 Exacerbates Neurovascular Uncoupling and Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1621. [PMID: 39766328 PMCID: PMC11726736 DOI: 10.3390/biom14121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affects nearly 20% of older adults worldwide, with no targetable interventions for prevention. COVID-19 adversely affects cognition, with >70% of older adults with Long COVID presenting with cognitive complaints. Neurovascular coupling (NVC), an essential mechanism of cognitive function, declines with aging and is further attenuated in neurocognitive disorders. The effect of COVID-19 on NVC responses has yet to be addressed in older adults who are vulnerable to dementia progression. Participants with MCI and a history of COVID-19 (COV+, N = 31) and MCI participants with no history of infection (COV- N = 11) participated in this cross-sectional study to determine if COVID-19 affects cerebrocortical NVC responses and vascular function. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure cerebrocortical NVC responses, and endothelial function was assessed via insonation of the brachial artery during a flow-mediated dilation protocol. NVC responses were elicited by the working memory n-back paradigm. NVC in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and endothelial function was decreased in the COV+ group compared to the COV- group. These data provide mechanistic insight into how COVID-19 may exacerbate long-term cognitive sequela seen in older adults, highlighting the urgent need for further research and clinical trials to explore novel therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving/restoring NVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. Owens
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Camila B. Pinto
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zsofia Szarvas
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihaly Muranyi
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ana Clara da C. Pinaffi-Langley
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Anna Peterfi
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Mukli
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1087 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sam Detwiler
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lauren Olay
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zalan Kaposzta
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1087 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Angelia C. Kirkpatrick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.C.K.); (C.I.P.)
- Cardiovascular Disease Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Faddi Saleh Velez
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan I. Ungvari
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Calin I. Prodan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.C.K.); (C.I.P.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; (C.D.O.); (C.B.P.); (Z.S.); (M.M.); (A.C.d.C.P.-L.); (A.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (L.O.); (Z.K.); (S.T.); (A.C.); (Z.I.U.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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6
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Ozzoude M, Varriano B, Beaton D, Ramirez J, Adamo S, Holmes MF, Scott CJM, Gao F, Sunderland KM, McLaughlin P, Goubran M, Kwan D, Roberts A, Bartha R, Symons S, Tan B, Swartz RH, Abrahao A, Saposnik G, Masellis M, Lang AE, Marras C, Zinman L, Shoesmith C, Borrie M, Fischer CE, Frank A, Freedman M, Montero-Odasso M, Kumar S, Pasternak S, Strother SC, Pollock BG, Rajji TK, Seitz D, Tang-Wai DF, Turnbull J, Dowlatshahi D, Hassan A, Casaubon L, Mandzia J, Sahlas D, Breen DP, Grimes D, Jog M, Steeves TDL, Arnott SR, Black SE, Finger E, Rabin J, Tartaglia MC. White matter hyperintensities and smaller cortical thickness are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37340319 PMCID: PMC10280981 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a core feature of most neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. White matter hyperintensities and brain atrophy have been implicated in NPS. We aimed to investigate the relative contribution of white matter hyperintensities and cortical thickness to NPS in participants across neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. METHODS Five hundred thirteen participants with one of these conditions, i.e. Alzheimer's Disease/Mild Cognitive Impairment, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Frontotemporal Dementia, Parkinson's Disease, or Cerebrovascular Disease, were included in the study. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Questionnaire and grouped into hyperactivity, psychotic, affective, and apathy subsyndromes. White matter hyperintensities were quantified using a semi-automatic segmentation technique and FreeSurfer cortical thickness was used to measure regional grey matter loss. RESULTS Although NPS were frequent across the five disease groups, participants with frontotemporal dementia had the highest frequency of hyperactivity, apathy, and affective subsyndromes compared to other groups, whilst psychotic subsyndrome was high in both frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease. Results from univariate and multivariate results showed that various predictors were associated with neuropsychiatric subsyndromes, especially cortical thickness in the inferior frontal, cingulate, and insula regions, sex(female), global cognition, and basal ganglia-thalamus white matter hyperintensities. CONCLUSIONS In participants with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, our results suggest that smaller cortical thickness and white matter hyperintensity burden in several cortical-subcortical structures may contribute to the development of NPS. Further studies investigating the mechanisms that determine the progression of NPS in various neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miracle Ozzoude
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 6th floor 6KD-407, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Varriano
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 6th floor 6KD-407, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Derek Beaton
- Data Science & Advanced Analytic, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Adamo
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa F Holmes
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Maged Goubran
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donna Kwan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Roberts
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Agessandro Abrahao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Edmond J Safra Program for Parkinson Disease, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Edmond J Safra Program for Parkinson Disease, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christen Shoesmith
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne E Fischer
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Frank
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Morris Freedman
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawsone Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Pasternak
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Adult Neurodevelopment and Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dallas Seitz
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David F Tang-Wai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Turnbull
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Leanne Casaubon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Mandzia
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Demetrios Sahlas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David P Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Grimes
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mandar Jog
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas D L Steeves
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen R Arnott
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heart & Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Rabin
- Dr. Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, 60 Leonard Avenue, 6th floor 6KD-407, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Memory Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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