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Ragab TIM, Zoheir KMA, Mohamed NA, El Gendy AENG, Abd-ElGawad AM, Abdelhameed MF, Farrag ARH, Elshamy AI. Cytoprotective potentialities of carvacrol and its nanoemulsion against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: development of nano-encasulation form. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09198. [PMID: 35368529 PMCID: PMC8968646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (Cisp) is a widely distributed chemotherapeutic drug for cancers. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common side effects of the use of this drug. Carvacrol (CV) is a common natural compound in essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants with potent in vivo and in vitro bioactivities. The work was extended to achieve the target of investigation of the protective potentialities of CV and its nanoemulsion as a cytoprotective drug against Cisp-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. CV-nanoemulsion was prepared by a hydrophilic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) and deionized water. The TEM image of the particle distribution prepared nanoemulsion is mainly spherical in shape with particle size varying between 14 and 30 nm. Additionally, the Cisp administration caused the increasing of the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood and serum. These increasing of urea and creatinine levels caused consequently the turbulence of the oxidative stress as well as the rising of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the serum. Also, histopathological changes of the kidney tissue were observed. These changes back to normal by treatment with CV-nanoemulsion. Expression levels of nephrotoxicity-related genes including LGALS3, VEGF, and CAV1 in kidney tissue using qRT-PCR were measured. The results revealed that the expression of LGALS3, VEGF and CAV1 genes was highly significantly increased in only Cisp treated group when compared with other treated groups. While, these genes expressions were significantly decreased in Cisp + CV treated group when compared with Cisp treated rats (P < 0.001). In addition, there were no significant differences between Cisp + nano-CV treated group and both negative control and nanoemulsion alone groups but it was not significant. In addition, the Western blot of protein analysis results showed that the LGALS3 and CAV1 are highly expressed only in Cisp + CV treated group compared with other groups. There was no significant difference between Cisp + nano-CV treated animals and negative control for both mRNA and protein expression. Based on these results, CV was combined with calcium alginate; a more stable capsule is formed, allowing for the formation of a double wall in the microcapsule. These results supported the therapeutic effect of CV and its nano-emulsion as cytoprotective agents against Cisp nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I M Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Cell Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Mohamed
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Nasser G El Gendy
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abd-ElGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | | | - Abdel Razik H Farrag
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Jibrin MO, Liu Q, Guingab-Cagmat J, Jones JB, Garrett TJ, Zhang S. Metabolomics Insights into Chemical Convergence in Xanthomonas perforans and Metabolic Changes Following Treatment with the Small Molecule Carvacrol. Metabolites 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34940636 PMCID: PMC8706651 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are natural chemical factories and their metabolome comprise diverse arrays of chemicals. The genus Xanthomonas comprises some of the most important plant pathogens causing devastating yield losses globally and previous studies suggested that species in the genus are untapped chemical minefields. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolomics approach to study the metabolome of a globally spread important xanthomonad, X. perforans. The pathogen is difficult to manage, but recent studies suggest that the small molecule carvacrol was efficient in disease control. Bacterial strains were treated with carvacrol, and samples were taken at time intervals (1 and 6 h). An untreated control was also included. There were five replicates for each sample and samples were prepared for metabolomics profiling using the standard procedure. Metabolomics profiling was carried out using a thermo Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer with Dionex ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an autosampler. Annotation of significant metabolites using the Metabolomics Standards Initiative level 2 identified an array of novel metabolites that were previously not reported in Xanthomonas perforans. These metabolites include methoxybrassinin and cyclobrassinone, which are known metabolites of brassicas; sarmentosin, a metabolite of the Passiflora-heliconiine butterfly system; and monatin, a naturally occurring sweetener found in Sclerochiton ilicifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these metabolites in a microbial system. Other significant metabolites previously identified in non-Xanthomonas systems but reported in this study include maculosin; piperidine; β-carboline alkaloids, such as harman and derivatives; and several important medically relevant metabolites, such as valsartan, metharbital, pirbuterol, and ozagrel. This finding is consistent with convergent evolution found in reported biological systems. Analyses of the effect of carvacrol in time-series and associated pathways suggest that carvacrol has a global effect on the metabolome of X. perforans, showing marked changes in metabolites that are critical in energy biosynthesis and degradation pathways, amino acid pathways, nucleic acid pathways, as well as the newly identified metabolites whose pathways are unknown. This study provides the first insight into the X. perforans metabolome and additionally lays a metabolomics-guided foundation for characterization of novel metabolites and pathways in xanthomonad systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ojonuba Jibrin
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810103, Nigeria
| | - Qingchun Liu
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Shouan Zhang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Deubiquitinating enzyme USP30 negatively regulates mitophagy and accelerates myocardial cell senescence through antagonism of Parkin. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:187. [PMID: 34290230 PMCID: PMC8295395 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell senescence is associated with age-related pathological changes. Increasing evidence has revealed that mitophagy can selectively remove dysfunctional mitochondria. Overexpression of ubiquitin-specific protease 30 (USP30) has been documented to influence mitophagy and deubiquitination of mitochondrial Parkin substrates. This study was conducted to evaluate the roles of USP30 and Parkin in myocardial cell senescence and mitophagy. Initially, myocardial cells were isolated from neonatal SD rats and subjected to d-gal treatment to induce cell senescence, after which the effects of d-gal on mitochondria damage, ROS production, cell senescence, and mitophagy were assessed. The myocardial cells were infected with lentiviruses bearing overexpression plasmids or shRNA targeting Parkin or USP30 to elucidate the effects of Parkin and USP30 on d-gal-induced mitophagy damage and cell senescence. Finally, aging was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of d-gal to determine the role of Parkin and USP30 on cell senescence in vivo. d-gal was found to trigger mitochondria damage, ROS production, and cell senescence in myocardial cells. The overexpression of Parkin or silencing of USP30 reduced d-gal-induced mitochondrial damage and relieved d-gal-induced myocardial cell senescence. Moreover, the in vivo experiments validated that either elevation of Parkin or silencing USP30 could alleviate d-gal-induced myocardial cell senescence in rats. Silencing USP30 alleviates d-gal-induced mitochondrial damage and consequently suppresses myocardial cell senescence by activating Parkin. Our study highlights the potential of USP30 as a novel target against myocardial cell senescence.
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Phenolic –OH group is crucial for the antifungal activity of terpenoids via disruption of cell membrane integrity. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:775-783. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Elhady MA, Khalaf AAA, Kamel MM, Noshy PA. Carvacrol ameliorates behavioral disturbances and DNA damage in the brain of rats exposed to propiconazole. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Del Mar Contreras M, Salehi B, Soltani-Nejad A, Rajabi S, Tajbakhsh M, Sharifi-Rad J. Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1675-1687. [PMID: 29744941 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CV) is a phenolic monoterpenoid found in essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), pepperwort (Lepidium flavum), wild bergamot (Citrus aurantium bergamia), and other plants. Carvacrol possesses a wide range of bioactivities putatively useful for clinical applications such antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Carvacrol antimicrobial activity is higher than that of other volatile compounds present in essential oils due to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, and the phenol moiety. The present review illustrates the state-of-the-art studies on the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of CV. It is particularly effective against food-borne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus cereus. Carvacrol has high antioxidant activity and has been successfully used, mainly associated with thymol, as dietary phytoadditive to improve animal antioxidant status. The anticancer properties of CV have been reported in preclinical models of breast, liver, and lung carcinomas, acting on proapoptotic processes. Besides the interesting properties of CV and the toxicological profile becoming definite, to date, human trials on CV are still lacking, and this largely impedes any conclusions of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, 61663-335, Iran
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - María Del Mar Contreras
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Bioregión Building, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Soltani-Nejad
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mercedeh Tajbakhsh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center (PIRC), Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Sheriff SA, Shaik Ibrahim S, Devaki T, Chakraborty S, Agarwal S, Pérez-Sánchez H. Lycopene Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction during d-Galactosamine/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Albino Rats. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3190-3199. [PMID: 28758404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional perturbation of mitochondria is associated with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). d-Galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (d-GalN/LPS)-induced FHF is a renowned model to evaluate the efficacy of hepatoprotective agents. Lycopene is an antioxidant and phytonutrient from the carotenoid family. The health benefits of lycopene are prominent against cancer and cardiovascular, lung, liver, and skin problems. Recent studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective, antidyslipidemic, and antioxidant roles of lycopene. The current study was designed to appraise the ability of lycopene to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction during the d-GalN/LPS-induced FHF. The administration of d-GalN/LPS (300 mg and 30 μg/kg body weight, respectively) to the experimental rats induced several disturbances in mitochondrial function. The lipid peroxide and hydrogen peroxide levels were increased (p < 0.05). The activities of mitochondrial antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and electron transport chain enzymes and the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were decreased (p < 0.05). Lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight for 6 days) pretreatment attenuated lipid peroxidation and prohibited the excessive synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. The d-GalN/LPS-induced impairment in ATP production and increased enzyme activities were effectively prevented by the lycopene administration. The lycopene-mediated mitochondrial protection was mainly ascribed to the strong antioxidant potential of this phytonutrient. Molecular modeling results obtained show evidence that lycopene inhibits several lipoxygenases and provides rationale for the observed prevention of lipid peroxidation in the mitochondrial membrane. The carotenoid lycopene combatted oxidative stress, scavenged free radicals, prevented ROS generation, and inhibited the toxic effects of d-GalN/LPS during FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Abdulazeez Sheriff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Shaikhussain Shaik Ibrahim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering , Salem, Tamilnadu 627 007, India
| | - Thiruvengadam Devaki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Sandipan Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 019, India
| | - Subhash Agarwal
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR-ICMR) , I-7, Sector-39, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) , Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Wang Z, Wu G, Liu H, Xing N, Sun Y, Zhai Y, Yang B, Kong ANT, Kuang H, Wang Q. Cardioprotective effect of the xanthones from Gentianella acuta against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:626-635. [PMID: 28686977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten is widely used for the treatment of arrhythmia and coronary heart disease in Ewenki Folk Medicinal Plants and Mongolian Medicine, popularly known as "Wenxincao" in China. To investigate the potential protective role of the xanthones from G. acuta against myocardial I/R injury in isolated rat heart and its possible related mechanism. The protective role of xanthones on myocardial I/R injury was studied on Langendorff apparatus. The hemodynamic parameters including the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), the maximum rate of up/down left intraventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax), coronary flow (CF) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the perfusion. The results demonstrated that the xanthones from G. acuta treatment significantly improved myocardial function (LVDP, ±dp/dtmax and CF), increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), ATP and the ratio of glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG), whereas suppressed the levels of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the xanthones upregulate the level of Bcl-2 protein and downregulate the level of Bax protein. These results indicated that xanthones from G. acuta exhibited cardioprotective effects on myocardial I/R injury through its activities of anti-oxidative effect and anti-apoptosis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Na Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yadong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine,24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Outer Ring Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Tian X, He W, Yang R, Liu Y. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide protects the heart against ischemic injury and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts against oxidative stress: involvement of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:38. [PMID: 28619102 PMCID: PMC5471652 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute and fatal condition that threatens human health. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Mitochondria may play a protective role in MI injury. However, there are few reports on the cardioprotective effect of NBP or the potential mitochondrial mechanism for the NBP-induced protection against cardiac ischemia injury. We investigated the therapeutic effects of NBP in an in vivo MI model and an in vitro oxidative stress model, as well as the potential mitochondrial mechanism. Methods This study comprised two different experiments. The aim of experiment 1 was to determine the protective effects of NBP on MI and the underlying mechanisms in vivo. In part 1, myocardial infarct size was measured by staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC). Myocardial enzymes and mitochondrial enzymes were assayed. The aim of experiment 2 was to investigate the role of NBP in H2O2-induced myocardial ischemic injury in H9c2 cells and to determine the potential mechanism. In part 2, H9c2 cell viability was evaluated. ROS levels, mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial membrane potential of H9c2 cells were measured. ATP levels were evaluated using an assay kit; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the expressions of NRF-1 and TFAM, and mitochondrial biogenesis factors were determined. Results NBP treatment significantly reduced the infarct ratio, as observed by TTC staining, decreased serum myocardial enzymes in MI, and restored heart mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a-KGDH) activities after MI. Moreover, in in vitro studies, NBP significantly increased the viability of H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, reduced cell apoptosis, protected mitochondrial functions, elevated the cellular ATP levels, and promoted H2O2-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Conclusion Collectively, the results from both the in vivo and in vitro experiments suggested that NBP exerted a cardioprotective effect on cardiac ischemic injury via the regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
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Prevention of cardiac dysfunction, kidney fibrosis and lipid metabolic alterations in l-NAME hypertensive rats by sinapic acid--Role of HMG-CoA reductase. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 777:113-23. [PMID: 26945821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of sinapic acid, a bioactive phenolic acid on high blood pressure associated cardiac dysfunction, kidney fibrosis and lipid alterations in N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) induced hypertensive rats. Sinapic acid was administered to rats orally at a dosage of 40 mg/kg everyday for a period of 4 weeks. Sinapic acid treatment significantly decreased mean arterial pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, organ weights (liver and kidney), lipid peroxidation products in tissues (liver and kidney), activities of hepatic marker enzymes and the levels of renal function markers in serum of l-NAME rats. Sinapic acid treatment also significantly increased the level of plasma nitric oxide metabolites, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in tissues of l-NAME rats. Tissue damage was assessed by histopathological examination. Alterations in plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, level of plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipids were corrected by sinapic acid treatment in l-NAME rats. Sinapic acid treatment significantly decreased the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in plasma and liver, whereas the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase was significantly increased in the plasma of hypertensive rats. Docking result showed the interaction between sinapic acid and HMG-CoA reductase. Sinapic acid has shown best ligand binding energy of -5.5 kcal/M. Moreover, in chick embryo model, sinapic acid improved vessel density on chorioallantoic membrane. These results of the present study concludes that sinapic acid acts as a protective agent against hypertension associated cardiac dysfunction, kidney fibrosis and lipid alterations.
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Combined therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and X-radiation against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:37-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mahtaj LG, Feizpour A, Kianmehr M, Soukhtanloo M, Boskabady MH. The effect of carvacrol on systemic inflammation in guinea pigs model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke exposure. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi JW, Kim YM, Park SJ, Kim IH, Nam TJ. Protective effect of Porphyra yezoensis glycoprotein on D-galactosamine‑induced cytotoxicity in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3914-9. [PMID: 25626067 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the signaling pathways and enzyme activity associated with the protective effect of Porphyra yezoensis glycoprotein (PYGP) on D‑galactosamine (D‑GaIN)‑induced cytotoxicity in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. D‑GaIN is commonly used to induce hepatic injury models in vivo as well as in vitro. PYGP was extracted from Porphyra yezoensis, a red algae distributed along the coasts of Republic of Korea, China and Japan. In the present study, Hepa 1c1c7 cells were pre‑treated with PYGP (20 and 40 µg/ml) for 24 h and then the media was replaced with D‑GaIN (20 mM) and PYGP (20 and 40 µg/ml). The results demonstrated that D‑GaIN induced Hepa 1c1c7 cell death and pretreatment with PYGP was found to attenuate D‑GaIN toxicity. In addition, D‑GaIN decreased the antioxidant activity and increased lipid peroxidation processes; however, pre‑treatment with PYGP reduced the generation of lipid peroxidation products, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, as well as increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione‑s‑transferase (GST). PYGP was shown to suppress the overexpression of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase, c‑jun N‑terminal kinase and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation induced by D‑GaIN. Furthermore, PYGP increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2), quinine oxidoreductase 1, GST and heme oxygenase 1 protein expression. These results suggested that PYGP had cytoprotective effects against D‑GaIN‑induced cell damage, which may be associated with MAPKs and the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Nam‑gu, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Nam‑gu, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Nam‑gu, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Nam‑gu, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Nam‑gu, Busan 608‑737, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sinapic acid protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury and H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:853-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Friedman M. Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7652-7670. [PMID: 25058878 DOI: 10.1021/jf5023862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxic potential of carvacrol and thymol using the Ames Salmonella test and alkaline, Endo III- and FPG-modified comet assays with the human cell line Caco-2. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:122-8. [PMID: 25038394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, direct antimicrobial and antioxidant additives derived from essential oils are used in food packaging and are perceived by consumers as low-health-risk compounds. In this study, we investigated the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of carvacrol and thymol, major compounds in several essential oils, using the Ames Salmonella test and the alkaline, Endo III- and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assays, respectively. Thymol did not show any mutagenic activity at any concentration assayed (0-250 μM), whereas carvacrol exhibited mutagenic potential, displaying greater activity in presence of the metabolic fraction (29-460 μM). The genotoxic effects were evaluated in the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2, and the standard comet assay revealed that neither carvacrol (0-460 μM) nor thymol (0-250 μM) had any affects at 24 and 48 h. The FPG-modified comet assay showed that the highest concentration of carvacrol (460 μM) caused DNA damage, indicating damage to the purine bases. These results should be used to identify the appropriate concentrations of carvacrol and thymol as additives in food packaging. Moreover, further studies are necessary to explore the safety and/or the toxicity mechanisms of these compounds.
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Senthamizhselvan O, Manivannan J, Silambarasan T, Raja B. Diosmin pretreatment improves cardiac function and suppresses oxidative stress in rat heart after ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:131-7. [PMID: 24769512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion of ischemic tissue leads to the generation of oxygen derived free radicals which plays an important role in cellular damage. Objective of the current study is to evaluate the cardio-protective and antioxidant effect of diosmin on ischemia-reperfusion related cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Diosmin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (bw)) was given every day to the rats orally throughout the experimental period. Ischemia/reperfusion protocol was carried out ex vivo using langendorff perfusion method and the cardiac functional recovery was assessed in terms of percentage rate pressure product. Coronary effluents of LDH and CK-MB activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation products, activity of TCA cycle enzymes were evaluated. Moreover, in vitro superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging potential of diosmin was also quantified. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR was used for assessing Bcl-2 mRNA expression in heart. Cardiac functional recovery was impaired after reperfusion compared with continuously perfused heart. It was significantly prevented by diosmin treatment. Impaired antioxidant enzyme activities and elevated lipid peroxidation products level were also significantly suppressed. The activity of TCA cycle enzymes was protected against reperfusion stress. Down regulated Bcl-2 was also significantly increased. This study concluded that diosmin pretreatment prevents all the impaired patterns including cardiac function, oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with reperfusion in control heart by its antioxidant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oomaidurai Senthamizhselvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeganathan Manivannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangarasu Silambarasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Boobalan Raja
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Genotoxic and oxidative damage potentials in human lymphocytes after exposure to terpinolene in vitro. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:409-18. [PMID: 24590926 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpinolene (TPO) is a monocyclic monoterpene found in the essential oils of various fir and pine species. Recent reports indicated that several monoterpenes could exhibit antioxidant effects in both human and animal experimental models. However, so far, the nature and/or biological roles of TPO have not been elucidated in human models yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic, oxidative and cytotoxic effects of TPO in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. Human blood cells were treated with TPO (0-200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h, and then cytotoxicity was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus assay, sister chromatid exchanges assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level. In addition, biochemical parameters [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)] were examined to determine oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that TPO (at concentrations greater than 100 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that TPO had no genotoxicity on human lymphocytes. Again, TPO (at 10, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L) treatment caused statistically important (p < 0.05) increases of TAC levels in human lymphocytes without changing TOS levels. In conclusion, TPO can be a new resource of therapeutics as recognized in this study with its non-genotoxic and antioxidant features.
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Sheik Abdulazeez S, Thiruvengadam D. Effect of lycopene on oxidative stress induced during D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-sensitized liver injury in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1592-1599. [PMID: 24028090 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.803579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lycopene is a phytonutrient under considerable investigation for its antioxidant benefits in treating diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and diabetes. OBJECTIVE This study explores the effect of lycopene against oxidative damage during experimental hepatitis, induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental rats were pretreated with lycopene intraperitoneally for 6 d (10 mg/kg body weight/day) and then induced by D-GalN/LPS. After induction, the levels of lipid peroxides in serum and liver of control and experimental group of animals were measured. The activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase and nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E were also analyzed. The genotoxic effect of D-GalN/LPS was evaluated through the comet assay. RESULTS The elevated level of lipid peroxides induced by D-GalN/LPS was significantly (p < 0.05) reverted in lycopene pretreated animals. Lycopene administration restored (p < 0.05) the decreased activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant markers during D-GalN/LPS induction. The DNA strand breaks (72.3 μM) generated during d-GalN/LPS toxic injury was significantly reduced (35.5 μM) upon pretreatment with lycopene as observed by reduced tail movement in comet assay. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION There is no conclusive report about lycopene-assisted protection against free radical mediated toxic injury induced by D-GalN/LPS. Our findings reveal that lycopene effectively combated oxidative damage and protected antioxidant defense status of the cell. Pretreatment of lycopene also offers protection against the DNA damage and confirms the antioxidant nature of the phytonutreint against experimental hepatitis.
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Aydın E, Türkez H. In vitrocytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antioxidant potentials of thymol on human blood cells. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.860411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Türkez H, Aydın E. Investigation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and oxidative properties of carvacrol in human blood cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:625-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713506771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CVC), a major constituent of genera Origanum and Thymus, is such a substance that has attracted attention because of its wide variety of beneficial biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects. However, there are limited data on the cytogenetic and antioxidant effects of CVC in cultured human blood cells. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the genetic, oxidative, and cytotoxic effects of CVC in cultured human blood cells ( n = 5). Human blood cells were treated with CVC (0–200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h and then cytotoxicity detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus (MN) assay, chromosomal aberration (CA) assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level. In addition, biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and total oxidative stress [TOS]) were examined to determine the oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that CVC (at concentrations above 100 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that CVC had no mutagenic effects on human lymphocytes. On the other hand, CVC (at 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) treatment caused statistically important ( p < 0.05) increases in TAC and TOS levels (at 150 and 200 mg/L) on human lymphocytes. In conclusion, CVC can be a new resource of therapeutics as recognized in this study with their nonmutagenic and antioxidant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Manivannan J, Shanthakumar J, Rajeshwaran K, Arunagiri P, Balamurugan E. Effect of diosgenin on cardiac tissue lipids, trace elements, molecular changes, TNF-α and IL-6 expression in CRF rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Türkez H, Aydın E. In vitro assessment of cytogenetic and oxidative effects of α-pinene. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:168-76. [PMID: 24081629 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Pinene (α-pinene), a bicyclic monoterpene, is present in the oils of many species of coniferous trees, most notably the pine, and is known for its diverse biological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antioxidant. However, there are limited data on the cytogenetic and antioxidant effects of α-pinene in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic, oxidative, and cytotoxic effects of α-pinene in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. Human blood cells were treated with α-pinene (0 to 200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h, and then cytotoxicity was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus (MN) assay, chromosomal aberration (CA) assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). In addition, biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)) were examined to determine oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that α-pinene (at 200 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that α-pinene did not cause any statistically important changes in the rates of studied genotoxicity endpoints but dose-dependent alterations were observed in TAC and TOS levels. α-Pinene treatment caused increases in TAC levels (at 25 and 50 mg/L) and decreases in TOS levels (only at 200 mg/L) on human lymphocytes. In conclusion, the findings of the present study confirm for the first time that α-pinene could be a significant source of natural antioxidant compound that may have beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Aydın E, Türkez H, Keleş MS. The effect of carvacrol on healthy neurons and N2a cancer cells: some biochemical, anticancerogenicity and genotoxicity studies. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:149-57. [PMID: 23553016 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol (CVC) is a phenolic monoterpene present in many essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants and has attracted attention because of its beneficial biological activities. To date, although various biological activities of CVC have been demonstrated, its neurotoxicity on cultured primary rat neurons and N2a neuroblastoma cells has never been explored. Therefore, in this present study, we aimed to describe in vitro antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic properties (by 3-(4,5 dimetylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5 diphenlytetrazolium bromide (MTT) test), genotoxic damage potentials (by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or Comet assay) and antioxidant activities (by total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) analysis) of CVC in vitro. Dose (0-400 mg/L) dependent effects of CVC were tested on both cultured primary rat neurons and N2a neuroblastoma cells. Statistical analysis of MTT assay results indicated significant (p < 0.05) decreases of cell proliferation rates in both cell types treated with CVC at 200 and 400 mg/L. On the other hand, the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (for comet assay) was not found significantly different from the control values for both cells (p > 0.05). In addition, our results indicated that 10, 25 and 50 mg/L of CVC treatment caused increases of TAC levels in cultured primary rat neurons but not in the N2a cell line. However, CVC treatments led to increases of TOS levels in cultured primary rat neurons at only 400 mg/L while they led to increases of TOS levels in N2a neuroblastoma cells at 200 and 400 mg/L. The present findings demonstrated that CVC could be a source of antioxidant and chemopreventive activities to be studied on cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
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