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Li J, Zhang M, Pei Y, Yang Q, Zheng L, Wang G, Sun Y, Yang W, Liu L. The total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides L. improve depression-like behavior in mice via BDNF-mediated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116723. [PMID: 37271329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Depression has become a global public health problem and the development of new highly effective, low-toxicity antidepressants is imminent. Sophora alopecuroides L. is a common medicinal plant, which has therapeutic effect on central nervous system diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the antidepressant effect of total alkaloids (ALK) isolated from Sophora alopecuroides L. was explored and the mechanism was further elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A primary neuronal injury model was established in vitro by corticosterone. ICR mice were then selected to construct an in vivo model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression, and the ameliorative effects of ALK on depression were examined by various behavioral tests. The antidepressant molecular mechanism of ALK was subsequently revealed by ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and Golgi staining. RESULTS BDNF secretion as well as TrkB and ERK phosphorylated protein levels were found to be improved in primary cortical neurons, along with improved dendritic complexity of neurons. The results of in vivo showed that the depression-like behavior of CUMS-induced mice was reversed after 2 weeks of continuous gavage administration of ALK, and the neurotransmitter levels in the plasma of mice were increased. Moreover, the expression levels of key proteins of BDNF-AKT-mTOR pathway and the complexity of neuronal dendrites were improved in the prefrontal cortex of mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ALK of Sophora alopecuroides L. can effectively improve the depressive phenotype of mice, possibly by promoting the expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex, activating the downstream AKT/mTOR signal pathway, and ultimately enhancing neuronal dendritic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiying Pei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qifang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040905. [PMID: 35453655 PMCID: PMC9028564 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloperine is an alkaloid found in the seeds and leaves of the medicinal plant Sophora alopecuroides L. It has been used as herbal medicine in China for centuries due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Recently, aloperine has been widely investigated for its therapeutic activities. Aloperine is proven to be an effective therapeutic agent against many human pathological conditions, including cancer, viral diseases, and cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. Aloperine is reported to exert therapeutic effects through triggering various biological processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, suppressing cell migration, and invasion. It has also been found to be associated with the modulation of various signaling pathways in different diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent knowledge on the modulatory effects of aloperine on various critical biological processes and signaling mechanisms, including the PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, Ras, and Nrf2 pathways. These data demonstrate that aloperine is a promising therapeutic candidate. Being a potent modulator of signaling mechanisms, aloperine can be employed in clinical settings to treat various human disorders in the future.
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Gao X, Li S, Liu X, Cong C, Zhao L, Liu H, Xu L. Neuroprotective effects of Tiaogeng decoction against H 2O 2-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in PC12 cells via Nrf2 and JNK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114379. [PMID: 34216727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tiaogeng decoction (TGD), a mixture of 10 traditional Chinese herbs, has been used clinically for over 30 years in treating menopause-related symptoms such as cognitive changes, mood disorders, vasomotor symptoms, and sleep disorders. These central nervous system symptoms are closely associated with declined ovarian function, which dramatically increases the risk of neurodegenerative disease. Previous studies revealed that TGD may have anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties, potentially preventing neurodegenerative conditions; however, the underlying pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine whether TGD could activate the Nrf2 and C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways to effectively reduce oxidative injury and apoptosis in PC12 cells and elucidate the mechanism by which this medicine may prevent neurodegenerative disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS PC12 cells were exposed to different concentrations of TGD (125, 250, 500 μg/mL) and H2O2 (150 μM). 17β-estradiol (0.05 μg/mL) was used as the positive control. A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used to detect cell viability and cytotoxicity, while Hoechst and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate apoptosis levels. Mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were used to measure oxidative stress (OS). Western blot analysis was used to identify the levels of Nrf2, phospho-JNK (p-JNK), phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (p-MKK7), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Caspase3 (Casp3), Caspase9 (Casp9), Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins. Moreover, JNK agonist anisomycin and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 were used to validate pathways. RESULTS TGD pretreatment significantly alleviated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, MMP, and OS levels. H2O2 stimulated the activation of Nrf2 and JNK signaling pathways, but TGD increased the extent of Nrf2 antioxidant activation, decreased the activation of JNK, and eventually reversed the H2O2-induced protein expression of p-MKK7, Keap1, HO-1, Cleaved Caspase3 (CL-Casp3), Cleaved Caspase9 (CL-Casp9), Bax, and Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings suggest that TGD may attenuate oxidative injury and apoptosis via the Nrf2 and JNK signaling pathways, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chao Cong
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Huicong Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lianwei Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Fangma Y, Zhou H, Shao C, Yu L, Yang J, Wan H, He Y. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B Protect Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via the Silent Information Regulator 1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:739864. [PMID: 34658877 PMCID: PMC8514692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.739864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) are the main water-soluble compounds in Carthamus tinctorius L. However, studies on the effect of AHSYB on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the therapeutic effect of HSYA by regulating silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) pathway remain obscure. In this study, we investigated whether the neuroprotective effects of HSYA and AHSYB on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in primary-cultured hippocampal neuronal cells and the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model in rats are associated with the regulation of the SIRT1 pathway. In vitro, HSYA and AHSYB increased cell viability, depressed oxidation properties, and reduced neuronal cell apoptosis. In vivo results showed that HSYA and AHSYB effectively reduced infarct volume, improved neurological function, suppressed apoptosis, and decreased the oxidative stress reaction. Besides, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that HSYA and AHSYB increased the mRNA and protein expressions of the main factors in the SIRT1 pathway, including SIRT1, forkhead box O (FOXO) 1, and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor coactivator 1α (PGC1α), decreased the expression of Bax, and increased the expression of Bcl-2. The results from immunohistochemistry also showed that the expressions of SIRT1, FOXO1, and PGC1α were increased after treatment with HSYA and AHSYB. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of HSYA and AHSYB were abolished by EX527 (SIRT1–specific inhibitor). These results indicated that HSYA and AHSYB should be developed into potential drugs for treating cerebral I/R injury via the SIRT1 pathway. Although HSYA and AHSYB have different chemical structures, both of them exert similar neuroprotective properties against I/R injury in vitro and in vivo, which means that AHSYB is also a non-negligible component in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Fangma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Cheng Y, Rauf A, Pan X. Research Progress on the Natural Product Aloperine and Its Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:729-742. [PMID: 34488611 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210831155426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, an effort towards the presentation of an all-around account of the recent progress on the natural product, aloperine is made, and the antivirus structure-activity relationship of its derivatives is also summarized comprehensively. In addition, the principal pharmacological effects and corresponding molecular mechanisms of aloperine are discussed. Some new modification directions of aloperine are given in the end, which might be brief guidance for further investigations on the natural product aloperine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050. China
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, KPK. Pakistan
| | - Xiandao Pan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050. China
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Li Z, Cao X, Xiao L, Zhou R. Aloperine protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1045. [PMID: 34434259 PMCID: PMC8353632 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is among the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aloperine (ALO) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. Therefore, a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established to induce cerebral I/R injury. Following pretreatment with different doses of ALO, the histopathological changes in the brain tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The degree of cerebral infarction was determined using by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related factors were measured using commercially available kits. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining, while the expression levels of apoptosis- and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins were determined by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that ALO alleviated histopathological injury in the brain tissue and the area of cerebral infarction in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were observed in the ALO-treated rats post-MCAO/reperfusion, accompanied by increased levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. Consistently, treatment with ALO notably decreased the concentration of inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ALO attenuated neuronal cell apoptosis, downregulated the expression of Bax and upregulated that of Bcl-2. I/R markedly reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)PI3K and p-AKT, which were dose-dependently restored by ALO intervention. Collectively, the aforementioned findings indicated that ALO could improve cerebral I/R injury and alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of ALO against cerebral I/R injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Ligen Xiao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Ruijiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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Zhang L, Yin X, Wan X, Sun Y, Cao M, Ouyang S. Rapid screening of active components group with Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity in Sophora alopecuroides L. based on ultrafiltration coupled with UPLC-QTOF-MS. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:998-1008. [PMID: 34080963 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210602105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topoisomerase I (Topo I) is a key target of many antitumor drugs in vivo. Alkaloids in Sophora alopecuroides L. can reportedly inhibit Topo I activity, but the pharmacodynamic material basis has not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to rapidly identify active components group which inhibit Topo I in S. alopecuroides L. METHODS Affinity ultrafiltration-ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UF-UPLC-QTOF-MS) screening system based on Topo I protein was established to screen and isolate a total alkaloid fraction in S. alopecuroides L. Topo I inhibitory activity and anti-tuomor proliferation activity of the screened components were evaluated, and their molecular mechanisms were studied. RESULTS Six compounds bound specifically to Topo I were obtained. Further screening showed that matrine, cytisine, and sophoridine presented higher inhibitory activity on Topo I and were able to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells with IC50 values of 9.40 ± 1.12 mM, 17.4 ± 2.20 mM and 10.4 ± 1.37 mM, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, their dual molecular mechanisms against Topo I have been discussed here for the first time: (1) stabilization of Topo I-DNA complex and (2) inhibition or blocking of Topo I binding to DNA. CONCLUSION Matrine, cytisine, and sophoridine from S. alopecuroides L. were defined as the active components group with Topo I inhibitory activity and their pharmacological mechanism was confirmed, which provided an important base for further research and development of antitumor components fromS. alopecuroides L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiaoying Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xi Wan
- Ruichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang 332200, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Menghui Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Sheng Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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Huang H, Cao Y, Huang L, Lu R, Wang J, Zhou Y. Aloperine suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells via induction of G 2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibition of GROα expression. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1918583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, the Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Cao
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, the Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, the Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renfei Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, the Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, the Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou H, Li J, Sun F, Wang F, Li M, Dong Y, Fan H, Hu D. A Review on Recent Advances in Aloperine Research: Pharmacological Activities and Underlying Biological Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:538137. [PMID: 33536900 PMCID: PMC7849205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.538137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloperine, a quinolizidine-type alkaloid, was first isolated from the seeds and leaves of herbal plant, Sophora alopecuroides L. Empirically, Sophora alopecuroides L. is appreciated for its anti-dysentry effect, a property that is commonly observed in other Sophora Genus phytomedicines. Following the rationale of reductionism, subsequent biochemical analyses attribute such anti-dysentry effect to the bactericidal activity of aloperine. From then on, the multiple roles of aloperine are gradually revealed. Accumulating evidence suggests that aloperine possesses multiple pharmacological activities and holds a promising potential in clinical conditions including skin hyper-sensitivity, tumor and inflammatory disorders etc.; however, the current knowledge on aloperine is interspersed and needs to be summarized. To facilitate further investigation, herein, we conclude the key pharmacological functions of aloperine, and most importantly, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are clarified in detail to explain the functional mode of aloperine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang J, Zhou H, Chen J, Lv X, Liu H. Aloperine protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 42:88-94. [PMID: 33256538 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1850787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease associated with the dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Aloperine is a quinolizidine alkaloid that has been proven to possess broad pharmacological activities. However, the effects of aloperine on AMD remain unclear. In the present study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative injury in human RPE cells (ARPE-19 cells). ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of aloperine for 2 h, followed by H2O2 exposure. Cell cytotoxicity was determined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity were detected to reflect oxidative status. Western blot was performed to detect the expressions of bcl-2, bax, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The activity of caspase-3 was also assessed to indicate cell apoptosis. In addition, ARPE-19 cells were transfected with siNrf2 to knock down Nrf2. Our results showed that pretreatment with aloperine elevated the reduced cell viability of H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Aloperine greatly decreased the production of ROS and MDA, and increased the activities of SOD and GSH-PX in H2O2-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. H2O2-caused a decrease in bcl-2 expression and increases in bax expression and caspase-3 activity were mitigated by aloperine. Moreover, aloperine treatment enhanced the expression levels of Nrf2 in nuclear fraction and the HO-1 expression in lysates. Knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the protective effects of aloperine on H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that aloperine protected ARPE-19 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in part via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. The findings suggested a therapeutic potential of aloperine for the treatment of ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Juanli Chen
- Operating room, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Operating room, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hongsong Liu
- Operating room, Huzhou Cent Hosp, Affiliated Cent Hosp HuZhou University, Huzhou, China
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Li W, Li Y, Zhao Y, Ren L. The protective effects of aloperine against ox-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in HUVECs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:107-115. [PMID: 31852304 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a potentially life-threatening cardiovascular disease characterized by chronic endothelial inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulating ox-LDL is known to induce atherosclerosis by triggering oxidative stress, the expression of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules, as well as downregulating the atheroprotective transcriptional factor KLF2. Aloperine is an alkaloid compound isolated from the plant Sophora alopecuroides. Here, we employed various experimental methods to determine the effects of aloperine on ox-LDL-induced markers of atherosclerosis. DHE staining revealed that aloperine may restore the oxidant/antioxidant balance in HUVECs by reducing the level of ROS and rescuing the reduction in NOQ-1 and GCLC induced by ox-LDL. Aloperine treatment reduced ox-LDL-induced expression of IL-6, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin and rescued the reduction in KLF2. Aloperine also downregulated ox-LDL-induced expression of the LOX-1. We also demonstrate that aloperine improved cell viability and inhibited the adhesion of U937 monocytes to HUVECs. Finally, we demonstrate that the effects of aloperine are mediated through the rescue of KLF2 expression via suppression of the phosphorylation of p53 protein. Together, our results implicate the potential of aloperine as a safe and effective antiatherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Ren
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li Y, Sun J, Wu R, Bai J, Hou Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Meng X. Mitochondrial MPTP: A Novel Target of Ethnomedicine for Stroke Treatment by Apoptosis Inhibition. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:352. [PMID: 32269527 PMCID: PMC7109312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), across the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, is a nonspecific channel for signal transduction or material transfer between mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm such as maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress signals, and protein translocation evoked by some of stimuli. Continuous MPTP opening has been proved to stimulate neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced apoptosis has shown excellent efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Among of which, the potential molecular mechanisms of drug therapy for stroke has also been gradually revealed by researchers. The characteristics of multi-components or multi-targets for ethnic drugs also provide the possibility to treat stroke from the perspective of mitochondrial MPTP. The advantages mentioned above make it necessary for us to explore and clarify the new perspective of ethnic medicine in treating stroke and to determine the specific molecular mechanisms through advanced technologies as much as possible. In this review, we attempt to uncover the relationship between abnormal MPTP opening and neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. We further summarized currently authorized drugs, ethnic medicine prescriptions, herbs, and identified monomer compounds for inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced ischemic neuron apoptosis. Finally, we strive to provide a new perspective and enlightenment for ethnic medicine in the prevention and treatment of stroke by inhibition of MPTP overopening-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Li
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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13
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Wang R, Deng X, Gao Q, Wu X, Han L, Gao X, Zhao S, Chen W, Zhou R, Li Z, Bai C. Sophora alopecuroides L.: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112172. [PMID: 31442619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sophora alopecuroides L., which is called Kudouzi in China, is a medicinal plant distributed in Western and Central Asia, especially in China, and has been used for decades to treat fever, bacterial infection, heart disease, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to provide up-to-date information on S. alopecuroides, including its botanical characterization, medicinal resources, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research, and toxicology, in exploring future therapeutic and scientific potentials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information related to this article was systematically collected from the scientific literature databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, published books, PhD and MS dissertations, and other web sources, such as the official website of Flora of China and Yao Zhi website (https://db.yaozh.com/). RESULTS A total of 128 compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and polysaccharides, were isolated from S. alopecuroides. Among these compounds, the effects of alkaloids, such as matrine and oxymatrine, were extensively studied and developed into new drugs. S. alopecuroides and its active components had a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, and neuroprotective functions, as well as protective properties against pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. CONCLUSIONS As an important traditional Chinese medicine, modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that S. alopecuroides has prominent bioactivities, especially on gynecological inflammation and hepatitis B, and anticancer activities. These activities provide prospects for novel drug development for cancer and some chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the comprehensive evaluation, quality control, understanding of the multitarget network pharmacology, long-term in vivo toxicity, and clinical efficacy of S. alopecuroides require further detailed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Xinxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Qixia Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Shipeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Weibin Chen
- Ningxia Doushun Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Yanchi, 751500, PR China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030600, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Changcai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Hui Medicine Modernization, Ningxia Medical University Pharmacy College, Yinchuan 750004, PR China.
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14
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Autophagy Modulation in Human Thyroid Cancer Cells following Aloperine Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215315. [PMID: 31731481 PMCID: PMC6862658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloperine, an alkaloid isolated from Sophoraalopecuroides, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiallergic, antinociceptive, antipathogenic, and antitumor effects. Furthermore, it exerts protective effects against renal and neuronal injuries. Several studies have reported antitumor effects of aloperine against various human cancers, including multiple myeloma; colon, breast, and prostate cancers; and osteosarcoma. Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and tumorigenesis suppression have been demonstrated following aloperine treatment. In a previous study, we demonstrated antitumor effects of aloperine on human thyroid cancer cells through anti-tumorigenesis and caspase-dependent apoptosis induction via the Akt signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated the modulation of the autophagy mechanism following the incubation of multidrug-resistant papillary and anaplastic human thyroid cancer cells with aloperine; we also illustrate the underlying mechanisms, including AMPK, Erk, JNK, p38, and Akt signaling pathways. Further investigation revealed the involvement of the Akt signaling pathway in aloperine-modulated autophagy in human thyroid cancer cells. These results indicate a previously unappreciated function of aloperine in autophagy modulation in human thyroid cancer cells.
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15
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Li L, Peng W, Tian X. Protective Effects and Mechanisms of MicroRNA-182 on Oxidative Stress in RHiN. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:400-409. [PMID: 33817175 PMCID: PMC7874809 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore protective effects and related mechanisms of microRNA-182 (miR-182) on oxidative stress in rat hippocampal neurons (RHiN), RHiN cells. As the results, the survival rate and superoxide dismutase levels in H2O2 group were significantly lower than H2O2+miR-182 group (all P<0.05). The malondialdehyde levels and apoptosis rate in H2O2+miR-182 group were significantly lower than H2O2 group (all P<0.05). The mRNA levels and expression levels of mTOR and PI3K in H2O2+miR-182 group were higher than those in H2O2 group (both P<0.05). The experiment of cerebral ischemic oxidative stress model rats showed that the survival rate, apoptosis rate, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in miR-182 group were better than model control group. The positive staining intensity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (mTOR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in model control group were significantly lower than miR-182 group (all P<0.05). Increased levels of miR-182 can reduce the damage of H2O2 treatments in RHiN cells. Oxidative stress is decreased in the neuronal cells possibly by activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- Colleges of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenna Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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16
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Wang H, Wei W, Lan X, Liu N, Li Y, Ma H, Sun T, Peng X, Zhuang C, Yu J. Neuroprotective Effect of Swertiamain on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inducing the Nrf2 Protective Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2276-2286. [PMID: 30753053 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the development of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R). Targeting oxidative stress is proposed to be an effective strategy to treat cerebral I/R injury. Gentiana macrophylla Pall is reported to have a potential protective effect against stroke. Swertiamarin (Swe), an active secoiridoid glycoside compound isolated from Gentiana macrophylla Pall, has been reported to possess antioxidative potential. This study is to explore whether Swe could prevent brain from I/R injury, and the related mechanisms of oxidative stress are also elucidated using mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and primary hippocampal neurons oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model. Swe (25, 100, or 400 mg/kg) was pretreated intraperitoneally for 7 days until establishment of the MCAO model, while hippocampal neurons were maintained in Swe (0.1, 1, or 10 μM) in the entire process of reoxygenation. The results indicated that Swe pretreatment markedly decreased infarct volume, apoptotic neurons, and oxidative damage and promoted neurologic recovery in vivo. It also decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased cell viability in vitro. Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that Swe pretreatment promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation from Keap1-Nrf2 complex and enhanced the expressions of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) both in vivo and in vitro, while the expressions could be reversed by a Nrf2 inhibitor. The binding mode of Keap1 with Swe was also proposed by covalent molecular docking. Collectively, Swe could be considered as a promising protective agent against cerebral I/R injury through suppressing oxidative stress by activation of the Nrf2 protective pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
- Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hanxiang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
- Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
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17
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Zhao J, Zhang G, Li M, Luo Q, Leng Y, Liu X. Neuro-protective effects of aloperine in an Alzheimer’s disease cellular model. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:137-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Ling Z, Guan H, You Z, Wang C, Hu L, Zhang L, Wang Y, Chen S, Xu B, Chen M. Aloperine executes antitumor effects through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2735-2743. [PMID: 29785122 PMCID: PMC5955017 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant diseases among male patients. Although androgen deprivation therapy remains the main treatment for PCa, most patients would inevitably progress to castration-resistant PCa, which is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Thus, novel antitumor agents are urgently needed. Recent studies demonstrated that aloperine (ALO) as a natural alkaloid showed antitumor effects in other cancer types. However, the biological function and underlying mechanisms of ALO in PCa have not been investigated. Methods PCa cell lines including LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 were cultured and treated with ALO. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, apoptosis assay and cell cycle assay were conducted to assess the biological role of ALO. In addition, a PCa subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was established to evaluate the role of ALO in terms of proliferation and apoptosis in vivo. We further measured the protein expression levels of p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK/ERK, c-Myc, cleaved caspase 3, p21, p53, Bcl-2 and Bax using the Western blot 48 h after ALO treatment of PCa cells. Results ALO effectively inhibited the cell viability of PCa by inducing cell cycle arrest via the activation of the p53/p21 pathway and triggering apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. ALO also inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK protein kinases and activated cleaved caspase 3 while exerting antiproliferation function through inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in PCa cells. Conclusion Based on our findings, we conclude that ALO could suppress the tumor growth and promote cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in PCa cells, which indicated that ALO could act as a novel therapeutic agent in treatment of human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Ling
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghao You
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiduo Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiu Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Icariside II alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-induced PC12 cell oxidative injury by activating Nrf2/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:9-17. [PMID: 29635133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a key contributing factor to the pathogenic mechanisms involved in ischemic stroke. The present study was designed to explore the effects of icariside II (ICS II) on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced PC12 cell oxidative injury. The results showed that ICS II ameliorated OGD/R-induced PC12 cell injury at the concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 μM, as evidenced by both the increase of cell viability and the decrease of LDH leakage from 33.96% ± 0.48% to 16.78% ± 0.78%, 13.12% ± 0.17%, 12.96% ± 0.10%, respectively. Moreover, ICS II not only attenuated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 212.2% ± 5.45%, 168.6% ± 5.29%, 148.7% ± 9.37%, 142.7% ± 7.76%, respectively, but also decreased the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, as well as recovered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) from 60.68% ± 7.90% to 76.71% ± 2.87%, 93.69% ± 4.41%, 95.92% ± 3.97%, respectively. Furthermore, OGD/R accelerated neuronal oxidative injury and apoptosis along with reduced nucleus-Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, Bcl-2 protein expressions, and increased Keap1, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 contents, whereas ICS II significantly reversed the abovementioned changes. Interestingly, ICS II also restrained the OGD/R-induced decrease in SIRT3 and IDH2 expressions. In conclusion, this study indicates that ICS II alleviates OGD/R-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells, and its underlying mechanisms are due to the regulation of Nrf2/SIRT3 signaling pathway.
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20
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Song S, Chen Y, Han F, Dong M, Xiang X, Sui J, Li Y, Yang H, Liu J. Aloperine activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway when ameliorating early brain injury in a subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3847-3855. [PMID: 29563984 PMCID: PMC5858125 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloperine (ALO) exhibits neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress in vitro; however, its protective effect in early brain injury (EBI) following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains to be elucidated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ALO in EBI, and its association with nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 and the antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) survival pathway. In the present study, an experimental SAH model was induced in rats following a prechiasmatic cistern injection. All rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, SAH, SAH+ vehicle, and an SAH+ ALO group (including low and high doses). ALO was administrated intraperitoneally at 2 and 24 h following induction of the SAH model. Brain samples were collected from each group at 48 h after SAH induction. Subsequently, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and cell apoptosis assays were performed, along with assessments for brain edema, neurological deficit, and the activity of oxidant/antioxidant factors. It was observed that the expression of Nrf2-ARE pathway-associated agents, including Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1, were markedly increased in the high concentration ALO group compared with that of the SAH group. In addition, the level of oxidative damage was reduced. Furthermore, early brain damage, including brain edema, neurological deficit and cellular apoptosis were significantly ameliorated. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that ALO can ameliorate oxidative damage against EBI following SAH, most likely via the Nrf2-ARE survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Minghao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Jianmei Sui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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21
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Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides protects PC12 cells against OGD/RP-induced injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:671-680. [PMID: 29710464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia stroke is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides (CDP) possess a wide range of beneficial effects, including hepatoprotection and immune homeostasis. As far as we know, the protective effect of CDP on neurons injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) has not been investigated. In this study, OGD/RP injured a PC12 cell model. Briefly, CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5??g/ml) was administered before reperfusion. The protective effect of CDP was then evaluated on the basis of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)and cell apoptosis, and redox status after reperfusion was evaluated by assaying reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity. Basing on the fact that Parkinson's disease-associated protein DJ-1 participates in endogenous antioxidation and performs neuroprotective effects after ischemia stroke, we investigated the interaction between CDP and DJ-1. DJ-1 expression was detected through ELISA and Western blot analysis, and the translocation of DJ-1 was evaluated through immunofluorescence. Result showed that CDP (0.05, 0.5 and 5??g/ml) attenuated PC12 cell death, preserved MMP and calcium homeostasis; inhibited oxidative stress and decreased cell apoptosis. Moreover, CDP (5??g/ml) markedly stimulated DJ-1 secretion and expression. Overall, the results suggested that CDP exerts neuroprotective effect against OGD/RP-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the DJ-1 pathway.
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22
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Lee YR, Chen SH, Lin CY, Chao WY, Lim YP, Yu HI, Lu CH. In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Aloperine on Human Thyroid Cancer Cells through Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010312. [PMID: 29361731 PMCID: PMC5796256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of thyroid cancer, one of the most common endocrine malignancies, is especially high among women. Although most patients with thyroid cancers exhibit a good prognosis with standard treatment, there are no effective therapies for patients with anaplastic thyroid cancers or cancers that have reached an advanced or recurrent level. Therefore, it is important to develop highly effective compounds for treating such patients. Aloperine, a natural compound isolated from Sophora alopecuroides, has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neuronal injury, anti-renal injury, antitumor, anti-allergic, and antiviral properties. In this study, we show that aloperine can inhibit cell growth in human anaplastic thyroid cancers and multidrug-resistant papillary thyroid cancers. Moreover, it could suppress in vitro tumorigenesis and promote cellular apoptosis. Further analysis demonstrated the involvement of caspase-dependent apoptosis, including intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways, in aloperine-induced cellular apoptosis. However, cell cycle regulation was not detected with aloperine treatment. This study suggests the potential therapeutic use of aloperine in human anaplastic thyroid cancers and multidrug-resistant papillary thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 736, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ying Chao
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 736, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ping Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-I Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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23
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Garazd YL, Garazd MM. Modified Coumarins. 39. Synthesis of Aloperine-Containing Mannich Bases of 7-Hydroxycoumarins. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-2019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Yu Q, Wang B, Zhao T, Zhang X, Tao L, Shi J, Sun X, Ding Q. NaHS Protects against the Impairments Induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Different Ages of Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28326019 PMCID: PMC5339257 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia leads to poor oxygen supply, and is one of the leading causes of brain damage and/or death. Neuroprotective agents are thus in great need for treatment purpose. Using both young and aged primary cultured hippocampal neurons as in vitro models, we investigated the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an exogenous donor of hydrogen sulfide, on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) damaged neurons that mimick focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain injury. NaHS treatment (250 μM) protected both young and aged hippocampal neurons, as indicated by restoring number of primary dendrites by 43.9 and 68.7%, number of dendritic end tips by 59.8 and 101.1%, neurite length by 36.8 and 66.7%, and spine density by 38.0 and 58.5% in the OGD-damaged young and aged neurons, respectively. NaHS treatment inhibited growth-associated protein 43 downregulation, oxidative stress in both young and aged hippocampal neurons following OGD damage. Further studies revealed that NaHS treatment could restore ERK1/2 activation, which was inhibited by OGD-induced protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) upregulation. Our results demonstrated that NaHS has potent protective effects against neuron injury induced by OGD in both young and aged hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Binrong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Tianzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Division of Scientific Research, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jinshan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Guiyang, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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25
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Xu L, Tao X, Gao Y, Zhang W, Meng Y, Li C, Jiang M, Xixiang Y. Cytotoxicity of hydroxydihydrobovolide and its pharmacokinetic studies in Portulaca oleracea L. extract. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000216093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiaojun Tao
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yucong Gao
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yihan Meng
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Cuiyu Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Xixiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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26
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Li Y, Suo L, Liu Y, Li H, Xue W. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against oxygen-glucose-deprivation-induced apoptosis in neural stem cells. J Neurol Sci 2016; 373:107-112. [PMID: 28131165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) causes neural damages through stroke-induced ischemia. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been shown to alleviate ischemia-induced neural damages. However, ischemia reduces NSC survival. Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, and repairs brain injury-related neural damages. We aimed to investigate whether ginsenoside Rg1 could prevent NSCs from OGD insult. Using multiple techniques, we explored neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on OGD-insulted NSCs. 6h treatment of OGD most significantly decreased NSC viability, and 10-20μM ginsenoside Rg1 efficiently protected NSCs against OGD insult. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining results confirmed that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced the OGD-induced apoptosis in NSCs. OGD-insulted NSCs with ginsenoside Rg1 treatment displayed reduced expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved Caspase3 and Bax, and elevated expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 than the NSCs with OGD insult. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg1 reduced OGD-induced oxidative stress, and inhibited the expression of p-p38 and p-JNK2. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects NSCs against OGD-induced cell apoptosis through regulating the expression of apoptotic signal proteins. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates OGD-induced oxidative stress and inhibits p38/JNK2 phosphorylation in NSCs. Our study provides solid evidence for neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and reveals the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China Meitan General Hospital, Xibahenanli 29, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Lin Suo
- Department of Pharmacy, China Meitan General Hospital, Xibahenanli 29, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China Meitan General Hospital, Xibahenanli 29, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Huiyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, China Meitan General Hospital, Xibahenanli 29, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Wenxin Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, China Meitan General Hospital, Xibahenanli 29, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100028, China.
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27
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Trans-cinnamaldehyde protected PC12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced injury via anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 421:67-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Huang YX, Wang G, Zhu JS, Zhang R, Zhang J. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Sophora alopecuroides L. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16642779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sophora alopecuroides L., known as ku dou zi in China, has a long history as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of bacillary dysentery, enteritis, hepatitis, and other diseases, and exerts a critical role in anti-tumor. It contains abundant of alkaloids such as oxymatrine, matrine, and total alkaloids, which have been developed in China as anti-disease drugs related with inhibition of the angiogenesis-associated factors, anti-inflammatory response, and regulation of JNK, p38 MAP kinase, and NF-κB signal pathways and so on. The purpose of this review is to take comprehensive summary of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Sophora alopecuroides L. so as to provide opportunities for further study and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin-Shui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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29
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Neuroprotective effects of syringic acid against OGD/R-induced injury in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:567-73. [PMID: 27278454 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury and treatment are important topics in neurological science. In the present study, an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia was established by subjecting primary cultures of hippocampal neuronal cells to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion (OGD/R), in order to evaluate the possible neuroprotective role of syringic acid (SA). The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol‑2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that pre-treatment with SA (0.1, 1, 10, and 20 µM) attenuated OGD/R-induced neuronal injury in a dose-dependent manner, with evidence of increased cell viability and decreased LDH leakage. In addition, oxidative stress markers were evaluated using commercial kits, and the results demonstrated that OGD/R exposure induced distinct oxidative stress, accompanied by elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and reduced activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which were dose-dependently restored by pre-treatment with SA. In addition, the concentration of intracellular free calcium [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or Δψm) were determined in order to evaluate the degree of neuronal damage by performing flow cytometric analysis and observing the cells under a fluorescence microscope, respectively. We demonstrated that pre-treatment with SA inhibited elevations in [Ca2+]i, whereas it increased the MMP dose-dependently following exposure to OGD/R. Western blot analysis revealed that OGD/R promoted cell apoptosis with concomitant increases in Bax and caspase-3 expression, and reduced Bcl-2 expression, which was reversed by pre‑treatment with SA in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, these effects were mediated through the JNK and p38 pathways, as pre‑treatment with SA inhibited the OGD/R-induced increase in phosphorylated (p-)JNK and p-p38 expression. Taken together, these results suggested that SA exerted strong neuroprotective effects in hippocampal neuronal cells, which may be attributed to the attenuation of OGD/R-induced cell injury through the JNK and p38 signaling pathways.
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