1
|
Wei Y, Dong WH, Li W, Zeng J, Chen HQ, Huang SZ, Yang L, Mei WL, Wang YL, Guo ZY, Dai HF, Wang H. Six unprecedented 2-(2-phenethyl)chromone dimers from agarwood of Aquilaria filaria. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105905. [PMID: 38479616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Six new dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (1-6) were successfully isolated from the ethanol extract of agarwood of Aquilaria filaria from Philippines under HPLC-MS guidance. Compounds 1-6 are all dimers formed by linking 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone and flindersia 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone via a single ether bond, and the linkage site (C5-O-C8'') of compound 2 is extremely rare. A variety of spectroscopic methods were used to ascertain their structures, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, HRESIMS, and comparison with literature. The in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities of each isolate were assessed. Among these compounds, compound 2 had a tyrosinase inhibition effect with an IC50 value of 27.71 ± 2.60 μM, and compound 4 exhibited moderate inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 35.40 ± 1.04 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Jun Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Hui-Qin Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang HR, Wang H, Wang P, Liu FZ, Chai HX, Cai CH, Yang L, Yuan JZ, Jiang B, Mei WL, Dai HF. Bi-2-(2-phenethyl)chromone derivatives from agarwood of Aquilaria filaria in the Philippines. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114108. [PMID: 38663825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Twelve undescribed 2-(2-phenethyl)chromone dimers (1-12) were isolated from EtOAc extract of agarwood originating from Aquilaria filaria in the Philippines, guided by a UHPLC-MS analysis. Their structures were elucidated by 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectra. The absolute configuration of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone dimers was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 1, 2, 5 and 9-12 exhibited potent to moderate anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values in the range of 22.43 ± 0.86 to 53.88 ± 4.06 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Run Yang
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali, 671000, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Fang-Zheng Liu
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali, 671000, PR China
| | - Hong-Xing Chai
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali, 671000, PR China
| | - Cai-Hong Cai
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Jing-Zhe Yuan
- International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali, 671000, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, PR China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, PR China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou, 571101, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali, 671000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen L, Chen H, Cai C, Yuan J, Gai C, Liu S, Mei W, Dai H. Seven new 2-(2-phenethyl)chromone derivatives from agarwood of Aquilaria walla. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105421. [PMID: 36587748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two rare flavonoid-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and five new dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones were isolated from ethanol extract of agarwood of Aquilaria walla by LC-MS-guided fractionation procedure. Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, as well as by comparison with the literature. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 13.40 to 28.96 μM with cisplatin as the positive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Chen
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Caihong Cai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Jingzhe Yuan
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Cuijuan Gai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Shoubai Liu
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| | - Haofu Dai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Y, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Huang Y, Yixizhuoma, Jia Q, Zhang S. A label-free LC/MS-based enzymatic activity assay for the detection of PDE5A inhibitors. Front Chem 2023; 11:1097027. [PMID: 36860644 PMCID: PMC9968969 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1097027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, controls the duration of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signal by hydrolyzing cGMP to GMP. Inhibiting the activity of PDE5A has proven to be an effective strategy for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Current enzymatic activity assay methods for PDE5A mainly use fluorescent or isotope-labeled substrates, which are expensive and inconvenient. Here, we developed an LC/MS-based enzymatic activity assay for PDE5A without labeling, which detects the enzymatic activity of PDE5A by quantifying the substrate cGMP and product GMP at a concentration of 100 nM. The accuracy of this method was verified by a fluorescently labeled substrate. Moreover, a new inhibitor of PDE5A was identified by this method and virtual screening. It inhibited PDE5A with an IC50 value of 870 nM. Overall, the proposed strategy provides a new method for screening PDE5A inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fengsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yijing Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yixizhuoma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China,*Correspondence: Qiangqiang Jia, ; Shoude Zhang,
| | - Shoude Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China,*Correspondence: Qiangqiang Jia, ; Shoude Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen F, Huang Y, Luo L, Wang Q, Huang N, Zhang Z, Li Z. Comprehensive Comparisons between Grafted Kynam Agarwood and Normal Agarwood on Traits, Composition, and In Vitro Activation of AMPK. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041667. [PMID: 36838655 PMCID: PMC9961698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, a highly valuable resin/wood combination with diverse pharmacological activities but scarce supply, has a long history of being used as a medicine in several medical systems. Grafted Kynam agarwood (GKA) has been cultivated successfully recently and has the qualities meeting the definition of premium Kynam agarwood. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons between GKA and normal agarwood in terms of traits, global composition, and activity, and some key issues for GKA to be adopted into the traditional Chinese medical (TCM) system have not been elaborated. The two types of agarwood samples were evaluated in terms of trait characteristics, physicochemical indicators, key component groups, and global compositional profile. Furthermore, a molecular docking was performed to investigate the active ingredients. In vitro activity assays were performed to evaluate the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by GKA and normal agarwood. The results revealed that, overall, the traits, microscopic characteristics, chemical composition types, and bioactivity between GKA and normal agarwood were similar. The main differences were the content of resin (ethanolic extract content), the content of key component groups, and the composition of the different parent structural groups of 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs). The contents of total PEC and ethanol extract content of GKA were significantly higher than those of normal agarwood. The MS-based high-throughput analysis revealed that GKA has higher concentrations of sesquiterpenes and flindersia-type 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (FTPECs) (m/z 250-312) than normal agarwood. Molecular docking revealed that parent structural groups of FTPECs activated multiple signaling pathways, including the AMPK pathway, suggesting that FTPECs are major active components in GKA. The aim of this paper is to describe the intrinsic reasons for GKA as a high-quality agarwood and a potential source for novel drug development. We combined high-throughput mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to infer the different components of the two types of agarwood. Then we combined virtual screening and in vitro activity to construct a component/pharmacodynamic relationship to explore the causes of the activity differences between agarwood with different levels of quality and to identify potentially valuable lead compounds. This strategy can also be used for the comprehensive study of other TCMs with different qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu M, He QQ, Chen XQ, Feng J, Wie JH, Liu YY. Chemical and Bioactivity Diversity of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones in Agarwood: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200490. [PMID: 36266258 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone derivatives are regarded as key components in agarwood. An oxygen-containing heterocycle with a benzoannelated γ-pyrone moiety form the bioactive core of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. With different substituents and positions, 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives exhibit diverse biological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. In this review, we summarized the studies (from January 1976 to September 2021) on phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. These studies aimed to clarify the chemical specificity, diversity and structure-activity relationship of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. In addition, we assumed that diverse factors such as tree species, induction methods and formation time contribute to the chemical diversity of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Furthermore, this review contends that different types of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones should be utilized in the quality control methods of agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing-Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi-Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Jian-He Wie
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bo S, Chang SK, Chen Y, Sheng Z, Jiang Y, Yang B. The structure characteristics, biosynthesis and health benefits of naturally occurring rare flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2490-2512. [PMID: 36123801 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rare flavonoids, a special subclass of naturally occurring flavonoids with diverse structures including pterocarpans, aurones, neoflavonoids, homoisoflavones, diphenylpropanes, rotenoids and 2-phenylethyl-chromones. They are mainly found in legumes with numerous health benefits. Rare flavonoids are regarded as minor flavonoids due to their very limited abundance in nature. This review gives an overview of the natural occurrences of rare flavonoids from previous literatures. Recent findings on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids have been updated by describing their structural characteristics and classifications. Recent findings on the health benefits of rare flavonoids have also been compiled and discussed. Natural rare flavonoids with various characteristics from different subclasses from plant-based food sources are stated. They show a wide range of health benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis and antiviral activities. Studies reviewed suggest that rare flavonoids possessing different skeletons demonstrate different characteristic bioactivities by discussing their mechanism of actions and structure-activity relationships. Besides, recent advances on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids, such as pterocarpans, rotenoids and aurones are well-known, while the biosynthesis of other subclasses remain unknown. The perspectives and further applications of rare flavonoids using metabolic engineering strategies also be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul, Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan M, Yang W, He M, Li Y, Peng Z, Wang G. Occurrence, synthesis and biological activity of 2-(2-phenyethyl)chromones. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
9
|
Shivanand P, Arbie NF, Krishnamoorthy S, Ahmad N. Agarwood-The Fragrant Molecules of a Wounded Tree. Molecules 2022; 27:3386. [PMID: 35684324 PMCID: PMC9181942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, popularly known as oudh or gaharu, is a fragrant resinous wood of high commercial value, traded worldwide and primarily used for its distinctive fragrance in incense, perfumes, and medicine. This fragrant wood is created when Aquilaria trees are wounded and infected by fungi, producing resin as a defense mechanism. The depletion of natural agarwood caused by overharvesting amidst increasing demand has caused this fragrant defensive resin of endangered Aquilaria to become a rare and valuable commodity. Given that instances of natural infection are quite low, artificial induction, including biological inoculation, is being conducted to induce agarwood formation. A long-term investigation could unravel insights contributing toward Aquilaria being sustainably cultivated. This review will look at the different methods of induction, including physical, chemical, and biological, and compare the production, yield, and quality of such treatments with naturally formed agarwood. Pharmaceutical properties and medicinal benefits of fragrance-associated compounds such as chromones and terpenoids are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Nurul Fadhila Arbie
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tunku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baldovini N. The Chemistry of Agarwood Odorants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 118:47-100. [PMID: 35416517 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92030-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemistry of the fragrant infected heartwood of Aquilaria and Gyrinops species, agarwood (oud), is critically reviewed, highlighting the use of this remarkable natural raw material in perfumery. The chemistry of the two main groups of constituents of agarwood (sesquiterpenoids and chromones) is discussed, focusing particularly on the former structural type. The identities of the main key odorants of agarwood essential oil and of the smoke produced by heating the wood of agarwood are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|