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Sureram S, Chutiwitoonchai N, Pooprasert T, Sangsopha W, Limjiasahapong S, Jariyasopit N, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Khoomrung S, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, Kittakoop P. Discovery of procyanidin condensed tannins of (-)-epicatechin from Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, as virucidal agents against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133059. [PMID: 38866269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, is one of the most popular herbs in the West and Southeast Asia. A number of previous works have focused on bioactive alkaloids in this plant; however, non-alkaloids have never been investigated for their biological activities. Antiviral and virucidal assays of a methanol leaf extract of Kratom, M. speciosa, revealed that a crude extract displayed virucidal activity against the SARS-CoV-2. Activity-guided isolation of a methanol leaf extract of Kratom led to the identification of B-type procyanidin condensed tannins of (-)-epicatechin as virucidal compounds against SARS-CoV-2. The fraction containing condensed tannins exhibited virucidal activity with an EC50 value of 8.38 μg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) value >23.86. LC-MS/MS analysis and MALDI-TOF MS identified the structure of the virucidal compounds in Kratom as B-type procyanidin condensed tannins, while gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) revealed weight average molecular weight of 238,946 Da for high molecular-weight condensed tannins. In addition to alkaloids, (-)-epicatechin was found as a major component in the leaves of M. speciosa, but it did not have virucidal activity. Macromolecules of (-)-epicatechin, i.e., procyanidin condensed tannins, showed potent virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the high molecular weights of these polyphenols are important for virucidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Chutiwitoonchai
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Tam Pooprasert
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Watchara Sangsopha
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Muthukrishnan S, Sekar S, Raman C, Pandiyan J, Ponnaiah J. Phytochemical analysis, physicochemical, pharmacokinetic properties and molecular docking studies of bioactive compounds in Ottelia alismoides (L.) pers. Against breast cancer proteins. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38860144 PMCID: PMC11162403 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants provide compounds that can be used to treat diseases, and in silico methods help to expedite drug discovery while reducing costs. This study explored the phytochemical profile of methanol extract of O. alismoides using GC-MS to identify potential bioactive compounds. Autodock 4.2.6. was employed for molecular docking evaluation of the efficacy of these identified compounds against Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), proteins. Additionally, the ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) properties of the compounds were predicted using the SwissADME online tool. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, and steroids. During the GC-MS analysis, seven compounds were identified, and drug-likeness prediction of these compounds showed good pharmacokinetic properties having high gastrointestinal absorption, and orally bioavailable. The molecular docking studies exhibited promising binding affinities of bioactive compounds against all target proteins. Specifically, the compounds Tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decan-10-ol and 2,2,6-Trichloro-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-1-carboxamide demonstrated the highest binding affinities with the ERα (-6.3 and - 6.0 k/cal), HER2 (-5.6 and - 6.1 k/cal), and EGFR (-5.4 and - 5.4 k/cal), respectively. These findings suggest the potential of O. alismoides as a source for developing new cancer therapeutics. The study highlights the effectiveness of in silico approaches for accelerating drug discovery from natural sources and paves the way for further exploration of these promising compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-024-00227-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Muthukrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu 622 422 India
| | - Suriya Sekar
- Department of Microbiology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu 622 422 India
| | - Chamundeeswari Raman
- Department of Microbiology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu 622 422 India
| | - Jeevan Pandiyan
- Department of Microbiology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu 622 422 India
| | - Jansirani Ponnaiah
- Department of Botany, The Madura College (Autonomous), Madurai Kamarajar University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu India
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Wang X, Liu Y, Kang N, Xu G. Wide identification of chemical constituents in fermented licorice and explore its efficacy of anti-neurodegeneration by combining quasi-targeted metabolomics and in-depth bioinformatics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1156037. [PMID: 37274217 PMCID: PMC10234426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice (Gan-Cao in Chinese) is one of the most famous herbal medicines around the world. The fermentation of probiotics and herbs can change the chemical constituents and significantly improve the efficacy. However, it is still unknown whether licorice fermented with probiotics would produce beneficial therapeutic effects. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the chemical constituents in fermented licorice via quasi-targeted metabolomics, predict the potential efficacy of fermentation products via diverse bioinformatic methods, and further verify the efficacy of fermentation products through in vitro and in vivo experiments. As a result, 1,435 compounds were identified totally. Among them, 424 natural medicinal products were classified with potentially important bioactivities, including 11 anthocyanins, 10 chalcones and dihydrochalcones, 25 flavanones, 45 flavones and flavonols, 117 flavonoids, 34 isoflavonoids, 21 phenols and its derivatives, 20 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, 96 terpenoids and 25 coumarins and derivatives. Interestingly, bioinformatic prediction showed that the targets of some important compounds were related to neurodegeneration, oxidoreductase activity and response to stress. In vitro and in vivo tests further verified that fermented licorice had excellent effects of DPPH clearance, anti-oxidation, anti-neurodegeneration, and anti-stress. Thus, this study would provide a reference method for related research and the development of fermented licorice-related products.
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Hu Q, Lan L, Li W, Zhou H, Pan H, Yuan J, Ji S, Miao S. Low-Temperature Cleanup Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Nine Polar Plant Growth Regulators in Herbal Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2023; 86:483-495. [PMID: 37255950 PMCID: PMC10097522 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polar plant growth regulators, used alone or doped in fertilizers, are most effective and widely utilized plant growth regulators (PGRs) in agriculture, which play important roles in mediating the yield and quality of crops and foodstuffs. The application scope has been extended to herbal medicines in the past 2 decades and relevant study is inadequate. The aim of this study is to establish a QuPPe-based extraction method containing low-temperature and d-SPE cleanup procedure followed by the detection on a selective multiresidue ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) in three herbal matrices. This simple, accurate, versatile and robust method was verified according to the validation criteria of the SANTE/12682/2019 guideline document. The analytical range was from 2.5 to 200 μg/L, and the average recoveries were in the range of 64.6-117.8% (n = 6). The optimized method was applied to 135 herbal medicines thereof. Result showed that the detection frequency of chlormequat was the highest in the investigated PGRs, with the positive rate of 15.6%. Improvement of the detection method for polar PGRs will enrich the coverage of PGRs, which is conducive to safeguard public health and ensure drug safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10337-023-04254-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Lan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenting Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yuan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Ji
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shui Miao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality, Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. Interaction of panduratin A and derivatives with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (m pro): a molecular docking study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35975613 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Panduratin A (Pa-A) is a prenylated cyclohexenyl chalcone isolated from the rhizomes of the medicinal and culinary plant Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., commonly called fingerroots. Both an ethanolic plant extract and Pa-A have shown a marked antiviral activity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic disease. Pa-A functions as a protease inhibitor inhibiting infection of human cells by the virus. We have modeled the interaction of Pa-A, and 26 panduratin analogues with the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking. The natural product 4-hydroxypanduratin showed a higher Mpro binding capacity than Pa-A and isopanduratin A. The interaction with MPro of all known panduratin derivatives (Pa-A to Pa-Y) have been compared, together with more than 60 reference products. Three compounds emerged as potential robust MPro binders: Pa-R, Pa-V, Pa-S, with a binding capacity significantly higher than 4-OH-Pa-A and Pa-A. The empirical energy of interaction (ΔE) calculated with the best compound in the panduratin series, Pa-R bound to Mpro, surpassed that measured with the top reference protease inhibitors such a ruprintrivir, lufotrelvir, and glecaprevir. Structure-binding relationships are discussed. Compounds with a flavanone moiety (PA-R/S) are the best binders, better than those with a chromene unit (Pa-F/G). The extended molecules (such as Pa-V) exhibit good Mpro binding, but the dimeric compound Pa-Y is too long and protrudes outside the binding cavity. The work provides novel ideas to guide the design of new molecules interacting with Mpro.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, France, Lille
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The Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 as a Target for Phytochemicals against Coronavirus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141862. [PMID: 35890496 PMCID: PMC9319234 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In late December 2019, the first cases of COVID-19 emerged as an outbreak in Wuhan, China that later spread vastly around the world, evolving into a pandemic and one of the worst global health crises in modern history. The causative agent was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although several vaccines were authorized for emergency use, constantly emerging new viral mutants and limited treatment options for COVID-19 drastically highlighted the need for developing an efficient treatment for this disease. One of the most important viral components to target for this purpose is the main protease of the coronavirus (Mpro). This enzyme is an excellent target for a potential drug, as it is essential for viral replication and has no closely related homologues in humans, making its inhibitors unlikely to be toxic. Our review describes a variety of approaches that could be applied in search of potential inhibitors among plant-derived compounds, including virtual in silico screening (a data-driven approach), which could be structure-based or fragment-guided, the classical approach of high-throughput screening, and antiviral activity cell-based assays. We will focus on several classes of compounds reported to be potential inhibitors of Mpro, including phenols and polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids.
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Ren J, Gao X, Guo X, Wang N, Wang X. Research Progress in Pharmacological Activities and Applications of Cardiotonic Steroids. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902459. [PMID: 35721110 PMCID: PMC9205219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a group of compounds existing in animals and plants. CTS are commonly referred to cardiac glycosides (CGs) which are composed of sugar residues, unsaturated lactone rings and steroid cores. Their traditional mechanism of action is to inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase to strengthen the heart and regulate heart rate, so it is currently widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and tachyarrhythmia. It is worth noticing that recent studies have found an avalanche of inestimable values of CTS applications in many fields such as anti-tumor, anti-virus, neuroprotection, and immune regulation through multi-molecular mechanisms. Thus, the pharmacological activities and applications of CTS have extensive prospects, which would provide a direction for new drug research and development. Here, we review the potential applications of CTS in cardiovascular system and other systems. We also provide suggestions for new clinical practical strategies of CTS, for many diseases. Four main themes will be discussed, in relation to the impact of CTS, on 1) tumors, 2) viral infections, 3) nervous system diseases and 4) immune-inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Bisht D, Rashid M, Arya RKK, Kumar D, Chaudhary SK, Rana VS, Sethiya NK. Revisiting liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as anti-inflammatory, antivirals and immunomodulators: Potential pharmacological applications with mechanistic insight. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100206. [PMID: 35403088 PMCID: PMC8683220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) commonly known as liquorice is one of the highly exploited and utilized medicinal plant of the world. Since ancient times liquorice is considered as an auspicious and valuable traditional medicine across the world for treatment of various ailments. METHOD Several electronic online scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, online books and reports were assessed for collecting information. All the collected information was classified into different sections to meet the objective of the paper. RESULTS The electronic database search yielded 3908 articles from different countries. Out of them one ninety-eight articles published between 1956 and 2021 were included, corresponding to all detailed review on G. glabra and research on anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory through pre-clinical and clinical models. From all selective area of studies on G. glabra and its bioactive components it was established (including molecular mechanisms) as a suitable remedy as per the current requirement of pandemic situation arise through respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Different relevant studies have been thoroughly reviewed to gain an insight on utility of liquorice and its bioactive constituents for anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory effects with special emphasized for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection with possible mechanism of action at molecular level. Proposed directions for future research are also outlined to encourage researchers to find out various mechanistic targets and useful value added products of liquorice in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Mohmmad Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Al-Qassim, 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | | | - Vijay Singh Rana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Neeraj K Sethiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
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Kittakoop P, Darshana D, Sangsuwan R, Mahidol C. Alkaloids and Alkaloid-Like Compounds are Potential Scaffolds of Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-22-sr(r)3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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