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Wu Z, Qian J, Feng C, Chen Z, Gao X, Liu Y, Gao Y. A review of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) for kidney disease: phytochemistry, toxicology, herbal processing, and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1427333. [PMID: 39021829 PMCID: PMC11251978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1427333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, commonly known as Fuzi in. traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely utilized in clinical practice despite its inherent toxicity. Since ancient times, TCM practitioners have explored various processing techniques to broaden its clinical applications and enhance its safety profile. This review aims to summarize the effects of processing on the chemical composition, toxicity, and pharmacological properties of Fuzi, as well as investigate potential underlying mechanisms. Methods Data on phytochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and processing methods of Fuzi were gathered from the literature of electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI. Results Fuzi contains over 100 kinds of chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, among which alkaloids are the main active compounds. Diester-diterpenoid alkaloids are the main contributors to Fuzi's toxicity and have side effects on some organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive system. The chemical composition of aconite, particularly its alkaloid content, was changed by hydrolysis or substitution reaction during processing to enhance its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Salted aconite could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Fuzi in treating kidney diseases and influence its pharmacokinetics. Conclusion Processing plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and decreasing toxicity of aconite. Further studies are needed to elucidate the changes of aconite before and after processing and the underlying mechanisms of these changes, thereby providing evidence for the clinical safety of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhang Feng
- The Third Affiliated Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouqi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuancheng Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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Shan Q, Yu W, Xu Q, Liu R, Ying S, Dong J, Bao Y, Lyu Q, Shi C, Xia J, Tang J, Kuang H, Wang K, Tian G, Cao G. Detoxification and underlying mechanisms towards toxic alkaloids by Traditional Chinese Medicine processing: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155623. [PMID: 38703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaloids have attracted enduring interest worldwide due to their remarkable therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, thus offering a rich source for lead compound design and new drug discovery. However, some of these alkaloids possess intrinsic toxicity. Processing (Paozhi) is a pre-treatment step before the application of herbal medicines in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, which has been employed for centuries to mitigate the toxicity of alkaloid-rich TCMs. PURPOSE To explore the toxicity phenotypes, chemical basis, mode of action, detoxification processing methods, and underlying mechanisms, we can gain crucial insights into the safe and rational use of these toxic alkaloid-rich herbs. Such insights have the great potential to offer new strategies for drug discovery and development, ultimately improving the quality of life for millions of people. METHODS Literatures published or early accessed until December 31, 2023, were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. The following keywords, such as "toxicity", "alkaloid", "detoxification", "processing", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal plant", and "plant", were used in combination or separately for screening. RESULTS Toxicity of alkaloids in TCM includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and other forms of toxicity, primarily induced by pyrrolizidines, quinolizidines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyridines, terpenoids, and amines. Factors such as whether the toxic-alkaloid enriched part is limited or heat-sensitive, and whether toxic alkaloids are also therapeutic components, are critical for choosing appropriate detoxification processing methods. Mechanisms of alkaloid detoxification includes physical removal, chemical decomposition or transformation, as well as biological modifications. CONCLUSION Through this exploration, we review toxic alkaloids and the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, discuss methods to reduce toxicity, and unravel the intricate mechanisms behind detoxification. These offers insights into the quality control of herbs containing toxic alkaloids, safe and rational use of alkaloid-rich TCMs in clinics, new strategies for drug discovery and development, and ultimately helping improve the quality of life for millions of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; Clinical Research Unit, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiongfang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ruina Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jie Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qiang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Zhao P, Tian Y, Geng Y, Zeng C, Ma X, Kang J, Lu L, Zhang X, Tang B, Geng F. Aconitine and its derivatives: bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and preliminary molecular mechanisms. Front Chem 2024; 12:1339364. [PMID: 38318112 PMCID: PMC10839071 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1339364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aconitine (AC), which is the primary bioactive diterpene alkaloid derived from Aconitum L plants, have attracted considerable interest due to its unique structural feature. Additionally, AC demonstrates a range of biological activities, such as its ability to enhance cardiac function, inhibit tumor growth, reduce inflammation, and provide analgesic effects. However, the structure-activity relationships of AC are remain unclear. A clear understanding of these relationships is indeed critical in developing effective biomedical applications with AC. In line with these challenges, this paper summarized the structural characteristics of AC and relevant functional and bioactive properties and the structure-activity relationships presented in biomedical applications. The primary temporal scope of this review was established as the period spanning from 2010 to 2023. Subsequently, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the specific action mechanism of AC, while also exploring potential novel applications of AC derivatives in the biomedical field, drawing upon their structural characteristics. In conclusion, this review has provided a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and prospects associated with AC in the elucidation of structure-bioactivity relationships. Furthermore, the importance of exploring modern biotechnology approaches to enhance the potential biomedical applications of AC has been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Guizhou Yunfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, China
| | - Yuefei Geng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical American Cockroach, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenjuan Zeng
- Guizhou Yunfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, China
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical American Cockroach, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Guizhou Yunfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Sichuan Good Doctor Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Animals, Chengdu, China
| | - Funeng Geng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical American Cockroach, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wang M, Hu WJ, Zhou X, Yu K, Wang Y, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Ethnopharmacological use, pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and progress in Chinese crude drug processing of the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. (Fuzi): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115838. [PMID: 36257343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. (also known as Fuzi in Chinese) is a toxic Chinese medicine but widely used in clinical practice with remarkable effects. It is specifically used to treat cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases, in Korea, Japan, and India. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This study aimed to summarize and discuss the effects of drug processing on toxicity, chemical composition, and pharmacology of the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. This review could provide feasible insights for further studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Fuzi was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and CNKI. RESULTS More than 100 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides were revealed. Modern pharmacological studies show that these chemical components have good effects on anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-aging, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and improving immunity. Di-ester alkaloids are the main source of Fuzi toxicity. Increasing studies have shown that Fuzi can induce multiple organ damage, especially cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. At present, most of the Fuzi used in clinical practice are processed. The processing affects the chemical structure, pharmacology, and toxicology of Fuzi. Moreover, different processing methods have different effects on Fuzi. CONCLUSIONS This review analyzed the effects of Fuzi processing methods on its toxicity and efficiency. The lateral roots of aconite are the known medicinal part of Fuzi; however, the aerial parts of aconite are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential. Processing and compatibility are the primary means to reduce Fuzi toxicity. Nevertheless, establishing a reasonable unified safe dose range requires further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Kuo Yu
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
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