Determination of 23 β2-agonists and 5 β-blockers in animal muscle by high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry

A cloth-based electrochemiluminescence sensor for determination of salbutamol residues in pork samples

The fabrication of a cloth-based analytical device combined with electrochemiluminescence detection was established for the rapid determination of salbutamol in pork samples. A hand-coloring method to pattern the hydrophobic chamber was employed, and a three-carbon electrode system was subsequently screen printed onto the patterned cotton chamber. Further modifications of the working electrode surface were conducted using platinum nanoparticles and chitosan solution. The salbutamol enhanced the electrochemiluminescence signal of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex in the Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 9.5 and the potential quantitative assay for SAL detection was exhibited. The proposed sensor illustrated a linear calibration curve of the logarithmic SAL concentration in the range of 5 × 10^-2 to 5 × 10⁴ µg L^-1 (r² > 0.996). A limit of detection of 6.8 ng L^-1 was observed. The CAD-ECL sensor was successfully applied for the determination of salbutamol residuals in pork samples. The method validation was performed using the LC-MS method.

Development and Application of a Gel-Based Immunoassay for the Rapid Screening of Salbutamol and Ractopamine Residues in Pork

Salbutamol (SAL) and ractopamine (RAC) have been illegally used to promote protein synthesis and to increase the feed conversion rate in livestock. However, the residues of SAL and RAC could cause potential hazards for human health. The Ministry of Agriculture of China banned the use of SAL and RAC as growth promoters. In this paper, we provide detailed information on developing a rapid and sensitive gel-based immunoassay for on-site screening of SAL and RAC residues in pork. The detection time was shortened to 20 min. The limits of detection were 0.5 μg/kg for both SAL and RAC by visual detection, whereas the quantitative gel-based immunoassay enabled the detection of SAL (0.051 μg/kg) and RAC (0.020 μg/kg) in spiked pork samples. The gel-based immunoassay showed promise as a multiplexed immunoassay for on-site surveilling of SAL and RAC residues in pork.

Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists

Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.