Analysis of genetic architecture and favorable allele usage of agronomic traits in a large collection of Chinese rice accessions

Population genomic analysis unravels the evolutionary roadmap of pericarp color in rice

Pigmented rice stands out for its nutritional value and is gaining more and more attention. Wild rice, domesticated red rice, and weedy rice all have a red pericarp and a comprehensive genetic background in terms of the red-pericarp phenotype. We performed population genetic analyses using 5104 worldwide rice accessions, including 2794 accessions with red or black pericarps, 85 of which were newly sequenced in this study. The results suggested an evolutionary trajectory of red landraces originating from wild rice, and the split times of cultivated red and white rice populations were estimated to be within the past 3500 years. Cultivated red rice was found to feralize to weedy rice, and weedy rice could be further re-domesticated to cultivated red rice. A genome-wide association study based on the 2794 accessions with pigmented pericarps revealed several new candidate genes associated with the red-pericarp trait for further functional characterization. Our results provide genomic evidence for the origin of pigmented rice and a valuable genomic resource for genetic investigation and breeding of pigmented rice.

CropGS-Hub: a comprehensive database of genotype and phenotype resources for genomic prediction in major crops

The explosive amount of multi-omics data has brought a paradigm shift both in academic research and further application in life science. However, managing and reusing the growing resources of genomic and phenotype data points presents considerable challenges for the research community. There is an urgent need for an integrated database that combines genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with genomic selection (GS). Here, we present CropGS-Hub, a comprehensive database comprising genotype, phenotype, and GWAS signals, as well as a one-stop platform with built-in algorithms for genomic prediction and crossing design. This database encompasses a comprehensive collection of over 224 billion genotype data and 434 thousand phenotype data generated from >30 000 individuals in 14 representative populations belonging to 7 major crop species. Moreover, the platform implemented three complete functional genomic selection related modules including phenotype prediction, user model training and crossing design, as well as a fast SNP genotyper plugin-in called SNPGT specifically built for CropGS-Hub, aiming to assist crop scientists and breeders without necessitating coding skills. CropGS-Hub can be accessed at https://iagr.genomics.cn/CropGS/.

A rice variation map derived from 10 548 rice accessions reveals the importance of rare variants

Detailed knowledge of the genetic variations in diverse crop populations forms the basis for genetic crop improvement and gene functional studies. In the present study, we analyzed a large rice population with a total of 10 548 accessions to construct a rice super-population variation map (RSPVM), consisting of 54 378 986 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 11 119 947 insertion/deletion mutations and 184 736 presence/absence variations. Assessment of variation detection efficiency for different population sizes revealed a sharp increase of all types of variation as the population size increased and a gradual saturation of that after the population size reached 10 000. Variant frequency analysis indicated that ∼90% of the obtained variants were rare, and would therefore likely be difficult to detect in a relatively small population. Among the rare variants, only 2.7% were predicted to be deleterious. Population structure, genetic diversity and gene functional polymorphism of this large population were evaluated based on different subsets of RSPVM, demonstrating the great potential of RSPVM for use in downstream applications. Our study provides both a rich genetic basis for understanding natural rice variations and a powerful tool for exploiting great potential of rare variants in future rice research, including population genetics and functional genomics.

GWAS Combined with WGCNA of Transcriptome and Metabolome to Excavate Key Candidate Genes for Rice Anaerobic Germination

Direct seeding of rice is a lightweight and simple cultivation method, which can effectively promote rice production. Anaerobic germination tolerance is one of the main traits of rice adaptability to direct seeding. The mining of related genetic loci, analysis of anaerobic traits and screening of tolerance genes provided valuable genetic resources for improving the anaerobic germination ability of direct seeding rice. This study conducted a dynamic genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on coleoptile-related traits of 591 rice natural populations, and a total of 317 SNP sites were detected. Integrated dynamic widely targeted metabolomics analysis, we found that xanthine, L-alanine and GABA may be key biomarkers that are sensitive and respond strongly to hypoxic stress perception. By WGCNA analysis of targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics, a total of 3 modules were obtained that were significantly correlated with the above three marker metabolites, namely dark green, dark gray and light green modules, respectively, and several key structural genes of OsAlaAT1, OsGAD4, OsAAH and Os09g0424600 that may affect hypoxic germination were screened from the 3 modules. Among them, OsAlaAT1 (Os10g0390500), located in Chr10-12877840, which is within the GWAS location range of CVAN3d, is considered to be a more reliable candidate gene. Overall, in addition to providing new insight into the metabolic regulation of L-alanine, GABA and xanthine during hypoxic germination of rice. This study also provided a reference for the basic theoretical research and breeding application research on the related traits of anaerobic germination in direct-seeding rice.

BSA-Seq for the Identification of Major Genes for EPN in Rice

Improving rice yield is one of the most important food issues internationally. It is an undeniable goal of rice breeding, and the effective panicle number (EPN) is a key factor determining rice yield. Increasing the EPN in rice is a major way to increase rice yield. Currently, the main quantitative trait locus (QTL) for EPN in rice is limited, and there is also limited research on the gene for EPN in rice. Therefore, the excavation and analysis of major genes related to EPN in rice is of great significance for molecular breeding and yield improvement. This study used japonica rice varieties Dongfu 114 and Longyang 11 to construct an F5 population consisting of 309 individual plants. Two extreme phenotypic pools were constructed by identifying the EPN of the population, and QTL-seq analysis was performed to obtain three main effective QTL intervals for EPN. This analysis also helped to screen out 34 candidate genes. Then, EPN time expression pattern analysis was performed on these 34 genes to screen out six candidate genes with higher expression levels. Using a 3K database to perform haplotype analysis on these six genes, we selected haplotypes with significant differences in EPN. Finally, five candidate genes related to EPN were obtained.

A Comprehensive Genome-Wide Investigation of the Cytochrome 71 (OsCYP71) Gene Family: Revealing the Impact of Promoter and Gene Variants (Ser33Leu) of OsCYP71P6 on Yield-Related Traits in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene family plays a critical role in plant growth and developmental processes, nutrition, and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants. In the present research, a comprehensive set of 105 OsCYP71 family genes was pinpointed within the genome of indica rice. These genes were categorized into twelve distinct subfamilies, where members within the same subgroup exhibited comparable gene structures and conserved motifs. In addition, 105 OsCYP71 genes were distributed across 11 chromosomes, and 36 pairs of OsCYP71 involved in gene duplication events. Within the promoter region of OsCYP71, there exists an extensive array of cis-elements that are associated with light responsiveness, hormonal regulation, and stress-related signaling. Further, transcriptome profiling revealed that a majority of the genes exhibited responsiveness to hormones and were activated across diverse tissues and developmental stages in rice. The OsCYP71P6 gene is involved in insect resistance, senescence, and yield-related traits in rice. Hence, understanding the association between OsCYP71P6 genetic variants and yield-related traits in rice varieties could provide novel insights for rice improvement. Through the utilization of linear regression models, a total of eight promoters were identified, and a specific gene variant (Ser33Leu) within OsCYP71P6 was found to be linked to spikelet fertility. Additionally, different alleles of the OsCYP71P6 gene identified through in/dels polymorphism in 131 rice varieties were validated for their allelic effects on yield-related traits. Furthermore, the single-plant yield, spikelet number, panicle length, panicle weight, and unfilled grain per panicle for the OsCYP71P6-1 promoter insertion variant were found to contribute 20.19%, 13.65%, 5.637%, 8.79%, and 36.86% more than the deletion variant, respectively. These findings establish a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the functions of OsCYP71-family genes across a range of biological processes. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that allelic variation in the promoter and amino acid substitution of Ser33Leu in the OsCYP71P6 gene could potentially impact traits related to rice yield. Therefore, the identified promoter variants in the OsCYP71P6 gene could be harnessed to amplify rice yields.

Genetic Diversity and Breeding Signatures for Regional Indica Rice Improvement in Guangdong of Southern China

As the pioneer of the Green Revolution in China, Guangdong province witnessed the improvement and spread of semi-dwarf Xian/Indica rice cultivars and possessed diverse rice germplasm of landrace and cultivars. A total of 517 accessions containing a core germplasm of 479 newly sequenced landraces and modern cultivars were used to reveal breeding signatures and key variations for regional genetic improvement of indica rice from Guangdong. Four subpopulations were identified in the collection, which including Ind IV as a novel subpopulation that not covered by previously released accessions. Modern cultivars of subpopulation Ind II were inferred to have less deleterious variations, especially in yield related genes. About 15 Mb genomic segments were identified as potential breeding signatures by cross-population likelihood method (XP-CLR) of modern cultivars and landraces. The selected regions spanning multiple yield related QTLs (quantitative trait locus) which identified by GWAS (genome-wide association studies) of the same population, and specific variations that fixed in modern cultivars of Ind II were characterized. This study highlights genetic differences between traditional landraces and modern cultivars, which revealed the potential molecular basis of regional genetic improvement for Guangdong indica rice from southern China.

Time-ordering japonica/geng genomes analysis indicates the importance of large structural variants in rice breeding

Temperate japonica/geng (GJ) rice yield has significantly improved due to intensive breeding efforts, dramatically enhancing global food security. However, little is known about the underlying genomic structural variations (SVs) responsible for this improvement. We compared 58 long-read assemblies comprising cultivated and wild rice species in the present study, revealing 156 319 SVs. The phylogenomic analysis based on the SV dataset detected the putatively selected region of GJ sub-populations. A significant portion of the detected SVs overlapped with genic regions were found to influence the expression of involved genes inside GJ assemblies. Integrating the SVs and causal genetic variants underlying agronomic traits into the analysis enables the precise identification of breeding signatures resulting from complex breeding histories aimed at stress tolerance, yield potential and quality improvement. Further, the results demonstrated genomic and genetic evidence that the SV in the promoter of LTG1 is accounting for chilling sensitivity, and the increased copy numbers of GNP1 were associated with positive effects on grain number. In summary, the current study provides genomic resources for retracing the properties of SVs-shaped agronomic traits during previous breeding procedures, which will assist future genetic, genomic and breeding research on rice.

GWAS analysis to elucidate genetic composition underlying a photoperiod-insensitive rice population, North Korea

Heading date (Hd) is one of the main factors determining rice production and regional adaptation. To identify the genetic factors involved in the wide regional adaptability of rice, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with 190 North Korean rice accessions selected for non-precocious flowering in the Philippines, a low-latitude region. Using both linear mixed models (LMM) and fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), we identified five significant loci for Hd in trials in 2018 and 2019. Among the five lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three were located adjacent to the known Hd genes, Heading date 3a (Hd3a), Heading date 5 (Hd5), and GF14-c. In contrast, three SNPs were located in novel loci with minor effects on heading. Further GWAS analysis for photoperiod insensitivity (PS) revealed no significant genes associated with PS, supporting that this North Korean (NK) population is largely photoperiod-insensitive. Haplotyping analysis showed that more than 80% of the NK varieties harbored nonfunctional alleles of major Hd genes investigated, of which a nonfunctional allele of Heading date 1 (Hd1) was observed in 66% of the varieties. Geographical distribution analysis of Hd allele combination types showed that nonfunctional alleles of floral repressor Hd genes enabled rice cultivation in high-latitude regions. In contrast, Hd1 alleles largely contributed to the wide regional adaptation of rice varieties. In conclusion, an allelic combination of Hd genes is critical for rice cultivation across wide areas.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for important agronomic traits using chromosome segment substitution lines from a japonica × indica cross in rice

Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) has two subspecies, indica and japonica, which display clear differences in yield-related traits and environmental adaptation. Here, we developed a set of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from an advanced backcross between japonica variety C418, as the recipient, and indica variety IR24, as the donor. Through evaluating the genotypes and phenotypes of 181 CSSLs, a total of 85 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 14 yield-related traits were detected, with individual QTLs explaining from 6.2 to 42.9% of the phenotypic variation. Moreover, twenty-six of these QTLs could be detected in the two trial sites (Beijing and Hainan). Among these loci, the QTLs for flag leaf width and effective tiller number, qFLW4.2 and qETN4.2, were delimited to an approximately 256-kb interval on chromosome 4. Through a comparison of nucleotide sequences and expression levels in "C418" and the CSSL CR31 containing qFLW4.2 and qETN4.2, we found that the NAL1 (LOC_Os04g52479) gene was the candidate gene for qFLW4.2 and qETN4.2. Our results show that CSSLs are powerful tools for identifying and fine-mapping QTLs, while the novel QTLs identified in this study will also provide new genetic resources for rice improvement.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01343-3.

QNE1 is a key flowering regulator determining the length of the vegetative period in soybean cultivars

The soybean E1 gene is a major regulator that plays an important role in flowering time and maturity. However, it remains unclear how cultivars carrying the dominant E1 allele adapt to the higher latitudinal areas of northern China. We mapped the novel quantitative trait locus QNE1 (QTL near E1) for flowering time to the region proximal to E1 on chromosome 6 in two mapping populations. Positional cloning revealed Glyma.06G204300, encoding a TCP-type transcription factor, as a strong candidate gene for QNE1. Association analysis further confirmed that functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at nucleotides 686 and 1,063 in the coding region of Glyma.06G204300 were significantly associated with flowering time. The protein encoded by the candidate gene is localized primarily to the nucleus. Furthermore, soybean and Brassica napus plants overexpressing Glyma.06G204300 exhibited early flowering. We conclude that despite their similar effects on flowering time, QNE1 and E4 may control flowering time through different regulatory mechanisms, based on expression studies and weighted gene co-expression network analysis of flowering time-related genes. Deciphering the molecular basis of QNE1 control of flowering time enriches our knowledge of flowering gene networks in soybean and will facilitate breeding soybean cultivars with broader latitudinal adaptation.

GWAS Atlas: an updated knowledgebase integrating more curated associations in plants and animals

GWAS Atlas (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gwas/) is a manually curated resource of genome-wide genotype-to-phenotype associations for a wide range of species. Here, we present an updated implementation of GWAS Atlas by curating and incorporating more high-quality associations, with significant improvements and advances over the previous version. Specifically, the current release of GWAS Atlas incorporates a total of 278,109 curated genotype-to-phenotype associations for 1,444 different traits across 15 species (10 plants and 5 animals) from 830 publications and 3,432 studies. A collection of 6,084 lead SNPs of 439 traits and 486 experiment-validated causal variants of 157 traits are newly added. Moreover, 1,056 trait ontology terms are newly defined, resulting in 1,172 and 431 terms for Plant Phenotype and Trait Ontology and Animal Phenotype and Trait Ontology, respectively. Additionally, it is equipped with four online analysis tools and a submission platform, allowing users to perform data analysis and data submission. Collectively, as a core resource in the National Genomics Data Center, GWAS Atlas provides valuable genotype-to-phenotype associations for a diversity of species and thus plays an important role in agronomic trait study and molecular breeding.

Resequencing of 558 Chinese mungbean landraces identifies genetic loci associated with key agronomic traits

Mungbean is a warm-season annual food legume and plays important role in supplying food and nutritional security in many tropical countries. However, the genetic basis of its agronomic traits remains poorly understood. Therefore, we resequenced 558 Chinese mungbean landraces and produced a comprehensive map of mungbean genomic variation. We phenotyped all landraces in six different environments. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) produced 110 signals significantly associated with nine agronomic traits, for which several candidate genes were identified. Overall, this study provides new insight into the genetic architecture of mungbean agronomic traits. Moreover, the genome-wide variations identified here should be valuable resources for future breeding studies of this important food legume.

Regain flood adaptation in rice through a 14-3-3 protein OsGF14h

Contemporary climatic stress seriously affects rice production. Unfortunately, long-term domestication and improvement modified the phytohormones network to achieve the production needs of cultivated rice, thus leading to a decrease in adaptation. Here, we identify a 14-3-3 protein-coding gene OsGF14h in weedy rice that confers anaerobic germination and anaerobic seedling development tolerance. OsGF14h acts as a signal switch to balance ABA signaling and GA biosynthesis by interacting with the transcription factors OsHOX3 and OsVP1, thereby boosting the seeding rate from 13.5% to 60.5% for anaerobic sensitive variety under flooded direct-seeded conditions. Meanwhile, OsGF14h co-inheritance with the Rc (red pericarp gene) promotes divergence between temperate japonica cultivated rice and temperate japonica weedy rice through artificial and natural selection. Our study retrieves a superior allele that has been lost during modern japonica rice improvement and provides a fine-tuning tool to improve flood adaptation for elite rice varieties.

Waterlogging tolerance is important in direct seeding rice cultivation practice. Here, the authors identify a 14-3-3 protein-coding gene OsGF14h in weedy rice that confers anaerobic germination and anaerobic seedling development tolerance by balancing ABA signaling and GA biosynthesis.

A transcriptional regulator that boosts grain yields and shortens the growth duration of rice

Complex biological processes such as plant growth and development are often under the control of transcription factors that regulate the expression of large sets of genes and activate subordinate transcription factors in a cascade-like fashion. Here, by screening candidate photosynthesis-related transcription factors in rice, we identified a DREB (Dehydration Responsive Element Binding) family member, OsDREB1C, in which expression is induced by both light and low nitrogen status. We show that OsDREB1C drives functionally diverse transcriptional programs determining photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen utilization, and flowering time. Field trials with OsDREB1C-overexpressing rice revealed yield increases of 41.3 to 68.3% and, in addition, shortened growth duration, improved nitrogen use efficiency, and promoted efficient resource allocation, thus providing a strategy toward achieving much-needed increases in agricultural productivity.

A super pan-genomic landscape of rice

Pan-genomes from large natural populations can capture genetic diversity and reveal genomic complexity. Using de novo long-read assembly, we generated a graph-based super pan-genome of rice consisting of a 251-accession panel comprising both cultivated and wild species of Asian and African rice. Our pan-genome reveals extensive structural variations (SVs) and gene presence/absence variations. Additionally, our pan-genome enables the accurate identification of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes and characterization of their inter- and intraspecific diversity. Moreover, we uncovered grain weight-associated SVs which specify traits by affecting the expression of their nearby genes. We characterized genetic variants associated with submergence tolerance, seed shattering and plant architecture and found independent selection for a common set of genes that drove adaptation and domestication in Asian and African rice. This super pan-genome facilitates pinpointing of lineage-specific haplotypes for trait-associated genes and provides insights into the evolutionary events that have shaped the genomic architecture of various rice species.

The ties of brotherhood between japonica and indica rice for regional adaptation

Selection of beneficial genomic variants was crucial for regional adaptation of crops during domestication, but the underlying genomic basis remains largely unexplored. Here we report a genome-wide selective-sweep analysis of 655 japonica and 1,205 indica accessions selected from 2,673 landraces through principal component analysis to identify 5,636 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) fixed in at least one subspecies. We classified these SNPs into three groups, jiS (japonica- and indica-selected), jS (japonica-selected only), and iS (indica-selected only), and documented evidence for selection acting on these groups, their relation to yield-related traits, such as heading date, and their practical value in cropping area prediction. We also demonstrated the role of a jiS-SNP-containing gene in temperature adaptability. Our study informs genes underpinning adaptation that may shape Green Super Rice and proposes a time-saving, cost-reducing selection strategy of genomic breeding, sweep-SNP-guided selection, for developing regionally-adapted heterosis.

BSA-Seq and Fine Linkage Mapping for the Identification of a Novel Locus (qPH9) for Mature Plant Height in Rice (Oryza sativa)

BACKGROUND

Plant height is a key factor in the determination of rice yield since excessive height can easily cause lodging and reduce yield. Therefore, the identification and analysis of plant height-related genes to elucidate their physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms have significant implications for rice breeding and production.

RESULTS

High-throughput quantitative trait locus (QTL) sequencing analysis of a 638-individual F2:3 mapping population resulted in the identification of a novel height-related QTL (qPH9), which was mapped to a 2.02-Mb region of Chromosome 9. Local QTL mapping, which was conducted using 13 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers for the qPH9 region, and traditional linkage analysis, facilitated the localization of qPH9 to a 126-kb region that contained 15 genes. Subsequent haplotype and sequence analyses indicated that OsPH9 was the most probable candidate gene for plant height at this locus, and functional analysis of osph9 CRISPR/Cas9-generated OsPH9 knockout mutants supported this conclusion.

CONCLUSION

OsPH9 was identified as a novel regulatory gene associated with plant height in rice, along with a height-reducing allele in 'Dongfu-114' rice, thereby representing an important molecular target for rice improvement. The findings of the present study are expected to spur the investigation of genetic mechanisms underlying rice plant height and further the improvement of rice plant height through marker-assisted selection.

Genomic insights on the contribution of introgressions from Xian/Indica to the genetic improvement of Geng/Japonica rice cultivars

Hybridization between Xian/indica (XI) and Geng/japonica (GJ) rice combined with utilization of plant ideotypes has greatly contributed to yield improvements in modern GJ rice in China over the past 50 years. To explore the genomic basis of improved yield and disease resistance in GJ rice, we conducted a large-scale genomic landscape analysis of 816 elite GJ cultivars representing multiple eras of germplasm from China. We detected consistently increasing introgressions from three XI subpopulations into GJ cultivars since the 1980s and found that the XI genome introgressions significantly increased the grain number per panicle (GN) and decreased the panicle number per plant. This contributed to the improvement of plant type during modern breeding, changing multi-tiller plants to moderate tiller plants with a large panicle size and increasing the blast resistance. Notably, we found that key gene haplotypes controlling plant architecture, yield components, and pest and disease resistance, including IPA1, SMG1, DEP3, Pib, Pi-d2, and Bph3, were introduced from XI rice by introgression. By GWAS analysis, we detected a GN-related gene Gnd5, which had been consistently introgressed from XI into GJ cultivars since the 1980s. Gnd5 is a GRAS transcription factor gene, and Gnd5 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in GN. The estimated genetic effects of genes varied among different breeding locations, which explained the distinct introgression levels of XI gene haplotypes, including Gnd5, DEP3, etc., to these GJ breeding pedigrees. These findings reveal the genomic contributions of introgressions from XI to the trait improvements of GJ rice cultivars and provide new insights for future rice genomic breeding.

Exploring japonica rice epigenetic diversity in the main production regions of Heilongjiang Province

As a major epigenetic modification, DNA methylation plays an important role in coordinating plant responses to environmental changes. Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technology was used in this study to investigate the epigenetic diversity of fifty japonica rice samples from five regions in Heilongjiang Province, China. In addition, the phenotypic indicators of japonica rice samples and the environmental conditions of the sampling sites were investigated and analysed. Based on the MSAP analysis technique, using eight pairs of selective primers, we identified a total of 551 amplified loci, of which 267 (48.5%) were classified as methylation loci. The methylation status and levels of the japonica rice genome in different regions differed significantly (p < 0.05). The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the molecular variation (91%) came from within the groups (regions) and was caused by individual variation within the region. Furthermore, the results of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), cluster analysis, and population structure analysis indicated that there was no obvious correlation between the epigenetic differences and geographical locations, which may have been due to the limited range of sampling sites. When environmental factors, phenotypic indicators, and epigenetic data analysis are combined, it is easy to conclude that japonica rice grown in the same latitudinal region has increased epigenetic and phenotypic similarities due to similar climatic conditions and production practices.

Fixation of hybrid sterility genes and favorable alleles of key yield-related genes with dominance contribute to the high yield of the Yongyou series of intersubspecific hybrid rice

In rice, the Yongyou series of Xian-Geng intersubspecific hybrids have excellent production performance, as shown by their extremely high yield. However, the mechanisms underlying the success of these rice hybrids are unclear. In this study, three F₂ populations are generated from three Yongyou hybrids to determine the genetic basis of the extremely high yield of intersubspecific hybrids. Genome constitution analysis reveals that the female and male parental lines belong to the Geng and Xian subspecies, respectively, although introgression of 20% of the Xian ancestry and 14% of the Geng ancestry are observed. Twenty-five percent of the hybrid genomes carries homozygous Xian or Geng fragments, which harbors hybrid sterility genes such as Sd, Sc, f5 and qS12 and favorable alleles of key yield-related genes, including NAL1, Ghd7 and Ghd8. None of the parents carries the S5+ killer of the S5 killer-protector system. Compatible allele combinations of hybrid sterility genes ensure the fertility of these intersubspecific hybrids and overcome the bottleneck in applying intersubspecific hybrids. Additive effects of favorable alleles of yield-related genes fixed in both parents enhances midparent values. Many QTLs for yield and its key component spikelets per panicle shows dominance and the net positive dominant effects lead to heterosis. These factors result in an extremely high yield of the hybrids. These findings will aid in the development of new intersubspecific rice hybrids with diverse genetic backgrounds.

Rice functional genomics: decades' efforts and roads ahead

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.

Conversion between 100-million-year-old duplicated genes contributes to rice subspecies divergence

BACKGROUND

Duplicated gene pairs produced by ancient polyploidy maintain high sequence similarity over a long period of time and may result from illegitimate recombination between homeologous chromosomes. The genomes of Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. indica (XI) and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (GJ) have recently been updated, providing new opportunities for investigating ongoing gene conversion events and their impact on genome evolution.

RESULTS

Using comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses, we evaluated gene conversion rates between duplicated genes produced by polyploidization 100 million years ago (mya) in GJ and XI. At least 5.19-5.77% of genes duplicated across the three rice genomes were affected by whole-gene conversion after the divergence of GJ and XI at ~ 0.4 mya, with more (7.77-9.53%) showing conversion of only portions of genes. Independently converted duplicates surviving in the genomes of different subspecies often use the same donor genes. The ongoing gene conversion frequency was higher near chromosome termini, with a single pair of homoeologous chromosomes, 11 and 12, in each rice genome being most affected. Notably, ongoing gene conversion has maintained similarity between very ancient duplicates, provided opportunities for further gene conversion, and accelerated rice divergence. Chromosome rearrangements after polyploidization are associated with ongoing gene conversion events, and they directly restrict recombination and inhibit duplicated gene conversion between homeologous regions. Furthermore, we found that the converted genes tended to have more similar expression patterns than nonconverted duplicates. Gene conversion affects biological functions associated with multiple genes, such as catalytic activity, implying opportunities for interaction among members of large gene families, such as NBS-LRR disease-resistance genes, contributing to the occurrence of the gene conversion.

CONCLUSION

Duplicated genes in rice subspecies generated by grass polyploidization ~ 100 mya remain affected by gene conversion at high frequency, with important implications for the divergence of rice subspecies.

Forecasting rice latitude adaptation through a daylength-sensing-based environment adaptation simulator

Global climate change necessitates crop varieties with good environmental adaptability. As a proxy for climate adaptation, crop breeders could select for adaptability to different latitudes, but the lengthy procedures for that slow development. Here, we combined molecular technologies with a streamlined in-house screening method to facilitate rapid selection for latitude adaptation. We established the daylength-sensing-based environment adaptation simulator (DEAS) to assess rice latitude adaptation status via the transcriptional dynamics of florigen genes at different latitudes. The DEAS predicted the florigen expression profiles in rice varieties with high accuracy. Furthermore, the DEAS showed potential for application in different crops. Incorporating the DEAS into conventional breeding programmes would help to develop cultivars for climate adaptation.

A quantitative genomics map of rice provides genetic insights and guides breeding

Extensive allelic variation in agronomically important genes serves as the basis of rice breeding. Here, we present a comprehensive map of rice quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and inferred QTN effects based on eight genome-wide association study cohorts. Population genetic analyses revealed that domestication, local adaptation and heterosis are all associated with QTN allele frequency changes. A genome navigation system, RiceNavi, was developed for QTN pyramiding and breeding route optimization, and implemented in the improvement of a widely cultivated indica variety. This work presents an efficient platform that bridges ever-increasing genomic knowledge and diverse improvement needs in rice.