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Li W, Xia Y, Wang J, Jin H, Li X. Prognostic significance of migrasomes in neuroblastoma through machine learning and multi-omics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16629. [PMID: 39025912 PMCID: PMC11258241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores migrasomes' role in neuroblastoma, a common malignant tumor in children, and their potential impact on tumor formation. We analyzed neuroblastoma RNA-seq datasets from public databases, including GSE62564, GSE181559, target, and fwr144. Through data normalization and unsupervised classification using migrasome-specific molecular markers, Differentially Expressed Genes were identified, followed by functional enrichment analysis. Our novel migrasome-associated machine learning model, MigScore, was developed using ten algorithms and 101 combinations, validated on two single-cell datasets. This enabled immune infiltration assessment and drug compatibility prediction, highlighting the utility of MS275, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Results showed a significant inverse relationship between MigScore and favorable clinical outcomes, elucidating the link between migrasome pathways and tumor immunogenicity. These findings suggest that migrasomes are crucial in neuroblastoma prognosis, leading to the possibility of personalized treatment strategies and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Li
- Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuren Xia
- Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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2
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Zhang F, Liu W, Mao Y, Yang Y, Ling C, Liu Y, Yao F, Zhen Y, Wang X, Zou M. Migrasome, a migration-dependent organelle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1417242. [PMID: 38903534 PMCID: PMC11187097 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1417242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Migrasomes are organelles produced by migrating cells that form on retraction fibers and are released during cell migration. Migrasomes are involved in physiological and pathological processes such as intercellular communication, cell homeostasis maintenance, signal transduction, disease occurrence and development, and cancer metastasis. In addition, methods and techniques for studying migrasomes are constantly evolving. Here, we review the discovery, formation process, regulation, and known functions of migrasomes, summarize the commonly used specific markers of migrasomes, and the methods for observing migrasomes. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the potential applications of migrasomes in physiological processes, disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and looks forward to their wider application in biomedicine. In addition, the study of migrasomes will also reveal a new perspective on the mechanism of intercellular communication and promote the further development of life science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mincheng Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zheng Y, Lang Y, Qi B, Li T. TSPAN4 and migrasomes in atherosclerosis regression correlated to myocardial infarction and pan-cancer progression. Cell Adh Migr 2023; 17:14-19. [PMID: 36513632 PMCID: PMC9754108 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2022.2155337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The migrasomes formation is mediated by the assembly of micron-scale tetraspanin macrodomains and the recruitment of tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4). However, the physiological functions of TSPAN4 on migrasomes are less known. The TSPAN4 expression in macrophages in single-cell sequencing data, GEO datasets and TCGA database were determined. TSPAN4 expression was highly associated with atherosclerosis regression-related macrophages, intraplaque hemorrhage and ruptured plaques. TSPAN4 expression was upregulated in spontaneous MI and inducible MI mice model. Besides, TSPAN4 expression was highly correlated with tumor-associated macrophages. The study provided a critical role of TSPAN4 aberrant expression in the progression of atherosclerosis and pan-cancer, and the intervention of TSPAN4 and migrasomes may save dying patients' lives and improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, Binhai, China
| | - Yuheng Lang
- Department of Heart Center, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, Binhai, China
| | - Bingcai Qi
- Department of Heart Center, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, Binhai, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Department of Heart Center, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, Binhai, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, Binhai, China,CONTACT Tong Li School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin300170, China
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Zhang X, Yao L, Meng Y, Li B, Yang Y, Gao F. Migrasome: a new functional extracellular vesicle. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:381. [PMID: 37852963 PMCID: PMC10584828 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrasome is a novel cellular organelle produced during cell migration, and its biogenesis depends on the migration process. It is generated in a variety of cells such as immune cells, metastatic tumor cells, other special functional cells like podocytes and cells in developing organisms. It plays important roles in various fields especially in the information exchange between cells. The discovery of migrasome, as an important supplement to the extracellular vesicle system, provides new mechanisms and targets for comprehending various biological or pathological processes. In this article, we will review the discovery, structure, distribution, detection, biogenesis, and removal of migrasomes and mainly focus on summarizing its biological functions in cell-to-cell communication, homeostatic maintenance, embryonic development and multiple diseases. This review also creates prospects for the possible research directions and clinical applications of migrasomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xide Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liuhuan Yao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Naval Medical University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bailong Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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Tan X, He S, Wang F, Li L, Wang W. Migrasome, a novel organelle, differs from exosomes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101500. [PMID: 37601457 PMCID: PMC10439348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrasomes, a newly discovered organelle produced by migrating cells, are vesicles with membranous structure that form on the tips and intersections of retraction fibers (RFs). These structures are released into the extracellular environment or taken up by surrounding cells, mediating the release of cytoplasmic contents and intercellular communication. Retractosomes, a new type of small extracellular vesicles generated from broken-off RFs, are closely related to migrasomes in their physical location and origin, but were defined later. Despite their widespread existence in cells and biological organisms, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying their formation and potential function. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery, biogenesis, distribution, and functions of migrasomes and retractosomes, as well as their differences from exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, China
| | - Shujin He
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fuling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, China
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Zheng Y, Lang Y, Qi B, Wang Y, Gao W, Li T. TSPAN4 is a prognostic and immune target in Glioblastoma multiforme. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1030057. [PMID: 36685274 PMCID: PMC9853066 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis can impact cancer progression due to the cholesterol and calcium metabolism, illustrating the links between atherosclerosis and cancer metastasis. Tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4) may help understand migrasomes in diseases and provide novel targets for treatment. Methods: TSPAN4 expression in atherosclerosis Gene Expression Omnibus (EO) dataset and multiple omics data were explored, such as enriched pathways analysis, protein-protein interaction analysis, immune subtypes as well as diagnostic and prognostic value in pan-cancer. The relationship between Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and TSPAN4 was further investigated. Results: Compared to control, TSPAN4 expression was upregulated in foam cells from patients with atherosclerosis and survival analysis demonstrated high TSPAN4 expression contributes to poor prognosis. TSPAN4 expression differs significantly in immune subtypes of cancers, which can be a diagnostic and prognostic target of cancers due to the high accuracy. Overall survival analysis of subgroups demonstrated that higher TSPAN4 expression had a worse prognosis and the univariate analysis and multivariate analysis demonstrated age, TSPAN4 expression, WHO grade, IDH status and histological types were independent risk factors of Glioblastoma multiforme. Conclusion: The TSPAN4 expression was associated with atherosclerosis progression and pan-cancer, especially in Glioblastoma multiforme and GBMLGG. Therefore, TSPAN4 may serve as a potential biomarker and the crosstalk between atherosclerosis and tumor progression. The results are not fully validated and further studies are still needed to validate in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuheng Lang
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China,The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingcai Qi
- Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China,The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China,The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China,The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Wenqing Gao, ; Tong Li,
| | - Tong Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China,Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China,The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Wenqing Gao, ; Tong Li,
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Wu L, Yang S, Li H, Zhang Y, Feng L, Zhang C, Wei J, Gu X, Xu G, Wang Z, Wang F. TSPAN4-positive migrasome derived from retinal pigmented epithelium cells contributes to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:519. [PMID: 36494806 PMCID: PMC9733225 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blind-causing disease initiated by the activation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) primarily induced by TGF-β families. Migrasome is a recently discovered type of extracellular vesicle related to cell migration. RESULTS Here, we used ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo models, to investigate the characteristics and functions of migrasomes in RPE activation and PVR development. Results indicated that the migrasome marker tetraspanin-4 (TSPAN4) was abundantly expressed in human PVR-associated clinical samples. The ex vivo model PVR microenvironment is simulated by incubating brown Norway rat RPE eyecups with TGF-β1. Electron microscope images showed the formation of migrasome-like vesicles during the activation of RPE. Further studies indicated TGF-β1 increased the expression of TSPAN4 which results in migrasome production. Migrasomes can be internalized by RPE and increase the migration and proliferation ability of RPE. Moreover, TSPAN4-inhibited RPE cells are with reduced ability of initiating experimental PVR. Mechanically, TSPAN4 expression and migrasome production are induced through TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION In conclusion, migrasomes can be produced by RPE under PVR microenvironment. Migrasomes play a pivotal role in RPE activation and PVR progression. Thus, targeting TSPAN4 or blocking migrasome formation might be a new therapeutic method against PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjing Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Shuai Yang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Hui Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yao Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Le Feng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Conghui Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Jiayi Wei
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Xunyi Gu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Guotong Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China ,Shanghai Bright Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 200050 China
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Yu S, Yu L. Migrasome biogenesis and functions. FEBS J 2022; 289:7246-7254. [PMID: 34492154 PMCID: PMC9786993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The migrasome is a newly discovered organelle produced by migrating cells. As cells migrate, long and thin retraction fibers are left in their wake. On these fibers, we discovered the production of a pomegranate-like structure, which we named migrasomes. The production of migrasomes is highly correlated with the migration of cells. Currently, it has been demonstrated the migrasomes exhibit three modes of action: release of signaling molecules through rupturing or leaking, carriers of damaged mitochondria, and lateral transfer of mRNA or proteins. In this review, we would like to discuss, in detail, the functions, mechanisms, and potential applications of this newly discovered cell organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyBeijing Frontier Research Center for Biological StructureSchool of Life ScienceTsinghua University‐Peking University Joint Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyBeijing Frontier Research Center for Biological StructureSchool of Life ScienceTsinghua University‐Peking University Joint Center for Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Migrasomes: From Biogenesis, Release, Uptake, Rupture to Homeostasis and Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4525778. [PMID: 35464764 PMCID: PMC9023195 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4525778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Migrasomes are migration-dependent membrane-bound vesicular structures that contain cellular contents and small vesicles. Migrasomes grow on the tips or intersections of the retraction fibers after cells migrate away. The process of releasing migrasomes into the extracellular space is named as “migracytosis”. After releasing, they can be taken up by the surrounding cells, or rupture and further release their contents into the extracellular environment. Physiologically, migrasomes provide regional cues for organ morphogenesis during zebrafish gastrulation and discard the damaged mitochondria in response to mild mitochondrial stresses. Pathologically, migrasomes are released from podocyte during early podocyte stress and/or damage, from platelets after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), from microglia/macrophages of the ischemic brain, and from tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-activated endothelial cells (ECs); thus, this newly discovered extracellular vesicle is involved in all these pathological processes. Moreover, migrasomes can modulate the proliferation of cancer cell via lateral transferring mRNA and protein. In this review, we will summarize the biogenesis, release, uptake, and rupture of migrasomes and discuss its biological roles in development, redox signalling, innate immunity and COVID-19, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, renal diseases, and cancer biology, all of these highlight the importance of migrasomes in modulating body homeostasis and diseases.
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Hepatocardiac or Cardiohepatic Interaction: From Traditional Chinese Medicine to Western Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6655335. [PMID: 33777158 PMCID: PMC7981187 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a close relationship between the liver and heart based on "zang-xiang theory," "five-element theory," and "five-zang/five-viscus/five-organ correlation theory" in the theoretical system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Moreover, with the development of molecular biology, genetics, immunology, and others, the Modern Medicine indicates the existence of the essential interorgan communication between the liver and heart (the heart and liver). Anatomically and physiologically, the liver and heart are connected with each other primarily via "blood circulation." Pathologically, liver diseases can affect the heart; for example, patients with end-stage liver disease (liver failure/cirrhosis) may develop into "cirrhotic cardiomyopathy," and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may promote the development of cardiovascular diseases via multiple molecular mechanisms. In contrast, heart diseases can affect the liver, heart failure may lead to cardiogenic hypoxic hepatitis and cardiac cirrhosis, and atrial fibrillation (AF) markedly alters the hepatic gene expression profile and induces AF-related hypercoagulation. The heart can also influence liver metabolism via certain nonsecretory cardiac gene-mediated multiple signals. Moreover, organokines are essential mediators of organ crosstalk, e.g., cardiomyokines link the heart to the liver, while hepatokines link the liver to the heart. Therefore, both TCM and Western Medicine, and both the basic research studies and the clinical practices, all indicate that there exist essential "heart-liver axes" and "liver-heart axes." To investigate the organ interactions between the liver and heart (the heart and liver) will help us broaden and deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of both liver and heart diseases, thus improving the strategies of prevention and treatment in the future.
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