Efficient CAN catalyzed synthesis of 1H-indazolo[1,2-b] phthalazine-1,6,11-triones: An eco-friendly protocol

Sb(iii)/Gum Arabic composite as a new natural-based environmentally green catalyst for the one-pot pseudo-four-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b] phthalazinetriones

Sb(iii)-Gum Arabic composite as a unique natural-based and nontoxic catalyst was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, ICP, BET, EDX and mapping. A four-component reaction of phthalic anhydride, hydrazinium hydroxide, aldehyde, and dimedone has been carried out in the presence of Sb(iii)/Gum Arabic composite to synthesise 2H-indazolo[2,1-b] phthalazine triones. The advantages of the present protocol are the appropriate reaction times, eco-friendly nature and high yields.

Ag NPs supported chitosan-agarose modified Fe3O4 nanocomposite catalyzed synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and anticancer studies against liver and lung cancer cells

In this article we report a novel Ag NPs fabricated chitosan-agarose composite functionalized core-shell type Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle (Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄). The biogenic material was analyzed over a number of physicochemical methods like, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM and ICP-OES. In catalytic exploration we aimed the synthesis of diverse 2H-indazolo0-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives via one-pot three component coupling of phathalalhydrazide, dimedone and different aldehydes. It afforded good to excellent yields under solvent-less conditions. Robustness of the catalyst was justified by catalyst recyclability for consecutive 10 times, hot filtration and leaching tests. Again, biological activity of the material was evaluated by studying the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties over lung and liver cancer cell lines. Antioxidant potential of Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging studies and the corresponding IC50 was found to be 96.57 μg/mL. Liver and lung cancer studies over Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was carried out by MTT assay against HepG2 and A549 cell lines. The corresponding IC50 values were found as 192.35 and 365.28 μg/mL respectively. % Cell viability of the nanomaterial decreased dose dependently over both the cell lines without any cytotoxicity on normal cell line. The results demonstrates Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite to be an efficient chemotherapeutic drug against the lung and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Sulfonated β-cyclodextrins: efficient supramolecular organocatalysts for diverse organic transformations

The present review summarizes various organic transformations carried out by using sulfonated β-cyclodextrins such as β-cyclodextrin sulfonic acid, β-cyclodextrin propyl sulfonic acid, and β-cyclodextrin butyl sulfonic acid as an efficient, supramolecular reusable catalyst under diverse reaction conditions.

A New Supported Manganese-Based Coordination Complex as a Nano-Catalyst for the Synthesis of Indazolophthalazinetriones and Investigation of Its Antibacterial Activity

A new magnetic supported manganese-based coordination complex (Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTMS@MBOL@ Mn) was prepared in consecutive stages and characterized via various techniques (VSM, SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, EDX, TG-DTA, and ICP). To evaluate its application, it was used for synthesis of divers Indazolophthalazinetriones in a simple procedure via the one-pot three-component condensation reaction of aldehydes, dimedone, and phthalhydrazide in ethanol under reflux conditions. The Mn catalyst can be recycled without any noticeable loss in catalytic activity. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the nano-catalyst were studied against some bacterial strains.

[TBP]2SO4 ionic liquid catalyst for 4MCR of pyridazinoindazole, indazolophthalazine and pyrazolophthalazine derivatives

Tetrabutyl phosphonium sulfate ([TBP]₂SO₄), as novel room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), was synthesized by a simple cost-effective method, characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P NMR and FT-IR spectrophotometry. The newly prepared catalyst was used as an efficient catalyst in some four multicomponent reactions (4MCRs) e. g., to synthesis pyridazino[1,2-a]indazole, indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine and pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine. This green method has several advantages such as short reaction time, using simple methods to prepare catalysts and products, easy operation and high efficiency of products. In addition, the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused several times with reduced average activity.

Ag NPs on chitosan-alginate coated magnetite for synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and human lung protective effects against α-Guttiferin

Biocomposite nanomaterials have been evolved as the new generation catalysts and therapeutic supplement in these days. Magnetically isolation has added new features to this category. This has encouraged us to synthesize a novel Ag NP adorned chitosan-alginate dual bio-polysaccharide (two of the more versatile polysaccharides) modified core-shell magnetic nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄/CS-Alg/Ag NPs). The material was meticulously characterized following different physicochemical techniques, such as, FT-IR, ICP-OES, FESEM, EDX, atomic mapping, TEM, VSM, XRD and XPS studies. The as synthesized material was catalytically explored in the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of biologically potent 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives involving a wide range of substrates. The reactions were ended up with excellent yields under solvent-free heating conditions. The catalyst recyclability, heterogeneity and leaching tests were performed to ensure its high stability and robustness. It could be reused as much as 10 times in succession with almost unchanged catalytic performances. In the lung protective part of the present research, the human lung toxicity was induced by α-Guttiferin. The cell viability of lung MRC-5, CCD19Lu, WI-38, and BEAS-2B cell lines was measured by trypan blue assay. Caspase-3 activity was assessed by the caspase activity colorimetric assay kit and mitochondrial membrane potential of lung cells was studied by Rhodamine123 fluorescence dye. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test was used to show DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of lung cells. Also, the Rat inflammatory cytokine assay kit was used to measure the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. The catalyst-treated cell cutlers significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations, and raised the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability in the high concentration of α-Guttiferin-treated lung MRC-5, CCD19Lu, WI-38, and BEAS-2B cells. The best result of lung protective properties of catalyst against α-Guttiferin was seen in the high dose of catalyst i.e., 4 μg. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for catalyst and butylated hydroxytoluene. The catalyst inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 171 μg/mL. According to the above results, catalyst can be administrated as a lung protective drug for the treatment of lung diseases after approving in the clinical trial studies in humans.

Greener Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles in Water, PEG, and Bio-Based Solvents

The solvents used in chemistry are a fundamental element of the environmental performance of processes in corporate and academic laboratories. Their influence on costs, health safety, and nature cannot be neglected. Quantitatively, solvents are the most abundant constituents of chemical transformations; therefore, acting on solvents and replacing standard solvents with safer products can have a great ecological impact. However, not all green solvents are suitable for the wide scope of organic chemistry reactions. A second point to consider is that 50% of pharmaceutical drugs are nitrogen heterocycles compounds. It therefore appeared important to provide an overview of the more ecological methodologies for synthesizing this class of compounds. In this review, all publications since 2000 that describe green reactions leading to the formation of nitrogen heterocycles using safe solvents were considered. We chose water, PEG, and bio-based solvents for their negligible toxicity. The synthesis of five-, six-, and seven-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles using green reactions reported in the literature to date is described.

Preparation, characterization, and use of novel Cu@Fe3O4 MNPs in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-1(2H)-ones and 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones under solvent-free conditions

Cu@Fe₃O₄ MNPs as novel nanomagnetic reagents were prepared to investigate their catalytic behavior in the preparation of tetrahydrobenzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-1(2H)-ones, as important biologically active compounds. Then, characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was performed using different methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All reactions were performed with small amounts of the Cu@Fe₃O₄ MNPs under solvent-free conditions. After completion of the reaction, because of the magnetic nature of the nanocatalyst, they could be simply separated with an external magnet and easily reused with no considerable decrease in the catalytic behavior even after seven runs.

A new efficient domino approach for the synthesis of pyrazolyl-phthalazine-diones. Antiradical activity of novel phenolic products

Pyrazolyl-phthalazine-dione derivatives (PPDs) were synthetized in the ionic liquid catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reaction of acetylacetone, 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, and different aldehydes in moderate to good yields. Six new PPDs were obtained, and the crystal structure of 2-acetyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione (PPD-4) was determined. The most interesting structural features of the novel PPD-4 is the formation of a rather short intermolecular distance between the F atom of one molecule and the midpoint of the neighbouring six-membered heterocyclic ring. This interaction arranges all molecules into parallel supramolecular chains. UV-Vis spectra of all PPDs were acquired and compared to the simulated ones obtained with TD-DFT. All synthetized compounds were subjected to evaluation of their in vitro antioxidative activity using a stable DPPH radical. It was shown that PPD-7, with a catechol motive, is the most active antioxidant, while PPD-9, with two neighbouring methoxy groups to the phenolic OH, exerted a somewhat lower, but significant antioxidative potential. The results of DFT thermodynamical study are in agreement with experimental findings that PPD-7 and PPD-9 should be considered as powerful radical scavengers. In addition, the obtained theoretical results (bond dissociation and proton abstraction energies) specify SPLET as a prevailing radical scavenging mechanism in polar solvents, and HAT in solvents with lower polarity. On the other hand, the obtained reaction enthalpies for inactivation of free radicals suggest competition between HAT and SPLET mechanisms, except in the case of the ˙OH radical in polar solvents, where HAT is labeled as prefered.

An efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of pyrazolyl-phthalazine-diones was developed. New phenolic compounds exerted good to excellent antioxidative activity.

Introduction of Fe3O4@SiO2–ZrCl2-MNPs for the efficient promotion of some multi-component reactions under solvent-free conditions

In the work, the preparation, characterization and use of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–ZrCl₂-MNPs as nano magnetic reagents in the promotion of some multi-component reactions is reported.

Introduction of O-sulfonated poly(vinylpyrrolidonium) hydrogen sulfate as an efficient, and reusable solid acid catalyst for some solvent-free multicomponent reactions

In this work, O-sulfonated poly(vinylpyrrolidonium) hydrogen sulphate has been prepared as a powerful recyclable solid acid catalyst and characterized using a variety of techniques including elemental analysis, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, XRD, pH analysis and Hammett acidity function.

SO3H-functionalized mesoporous silica materials as solid acid catalyst for facile and solvent-free synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11-trione derivatives

SO₃H-functionalized mesoporous silica materials were used to synthesize 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11-trione derivatives in a one-pot three-component condensation reaction.

A new inorganic–organic hybrid material Al-SBA-15-TPI/H6P2W18O62 catalyzed one-pot, three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones

Al-SBA-15-TPI/H₆P₂W₁₈O₆₂ is introduced as an effective catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of indazolo-phthalazine-triones. The catalyst could be easily separated without noticeable reduction in activity.

A highly efficient and recyclable cobalt ferrite chitosan sulfonic acid magnetic nanoparticle for one-pot, four-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones

A novel magnetical cobalt ferrite chitosan sulfonic acid (CoFe₂O₄-CS-SO₃H) was prepared and identified as an efficient catalyst for synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones by one-pot, four-component reaction.

A Simple and Green Protocol for 2H-Indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Using Grinding Method

A robust, facile, and solvent-free route for the three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones in the presence of a catalytic amount ofp-toluene sulfonic acid utilizing grinding has been developed. Short reaction time, simple operation, and high yields are the advantages of this protocol.