1
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Cataldo I, Casonato E, Levari E, Negri A, Simonato P, Tomasi G, Branz G, Coppola A, Gianfranceschi P, Leoni E, Mistretta P, Stefani M, Vanzetta M, Franceschini A, Esposito G, Corazza O. Gambling at the time of COVID-19: Results from interviews in an Italian sample of gamblers. EMERGING TRENDS IN DRUGS, ADDICTIONS, AND HEALTH 2022; 2:100032. [PMID: 35128510 PMCID: PMC8806400 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2022.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic affected the life of those suffering from addictive behaviors often confined to prolonged periods of self-isolation. To explore the variation of symptoms related to gambling, 46 outpatients of the mental health services in the Trento Province were invited to take part in a phone interview at the start of the national lockdown. Although only 2.17% increased gambling activity during this period, half of the sample (50.00%) experienced irritability, mood fluctuation (43.48%) and anxiety (39.13%). Follow-up studies should assess modifications in their behaviors that occurred after the reopening of gambling venues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casonato
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Levari
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Attilio Negri
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Pierluigi Simonato
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Clinic "Parco dei Tigli", Padova, Teolo, Italy
| | - Giulia Tomasi
- Self-help mutual aid association "AMA", Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanna Branz
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Aurora Coppola
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | | | - Eva Leoni
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Pietro Mistretta
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Martina Stefani
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | | | - Anna Franceschini
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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2
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Russell AMT, Browne M, Hing N, Visintin T, Begg S, Rawat V, Rockloff M. Stressful Life Events Precede Gambling Problems, and Continued Gambling Problems Exacerbate Stressful Life Events; A Life Course Calendar Study. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1405-1430. [PMID: 34802086 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Do stressful life events cause gambling problems, or do gambling problems cause stressful life events? This study used a retrospective design to examine the temporal order of these associations. Specifically, the study employed a life course calendar in a self-directed online survey to minimise memory biases common in retrospective designs. A total of 1564 US respondents who had gambled at any point in their life (51.0% female, median age 46) were asked whether, for each year of their adult life, they had experienced each of eight stressful life events, and whether they had engaged in casual or heavy gambling, drinking or drug use, with heavy gambling defined in line with a problem gambling definition. We found that five stressful life events were associated with the onset of heavy gambling: work issues, financial issues, legal issues, relationship issues and the death of a loved one. The same five stressful life events predict the cessation of an episode of heavy gambling, indicating a possible tendency for gambling problems to self-resolve in the presence of stress. Insights are also gained into comorbidities with alcohol and drug use, and the course of stressful life events and gambling and substance use throughout the life course, albeit with a non-representative sample. The methodology allows tentative conclusions in terms of possible causation pathways, indicating that stressful life events may play a role both in the onset and the maintenance (or cessation) of gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M T Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Level 6, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Tess Visintin
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Vijay Rawat
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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3
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Gorenko JA, Konnert CA, O’Neill TA, Hodgins DC. Psychometric properties of the Problem Gambling Severity Index Among Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1985582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Gorenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - David C. Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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4
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Sharman S, Roberts A, Bowden-Jones H, Strang J. Gambling in COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK: Depression, Stress, and Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:621497. [PMID: 33569018 PMCID: PMC7868396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.621497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the spread of COVID-19, the UK Government implemented a range of "lockdown" measures. Lockdown has necessarily changed the gambling habits of gamblers in the UK, and the impact of these measures on the mental health of gamblers is unknown. To understand the impact of lockdown on gamblers, in April 2020, after ~6 weeks of lockdown, participants (N = 1,028, 72% female) completed an online questionnaire. Gambling engagement data was collected for pre-lockdown via the Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS) allowing participants to be classified as Non-Gamblers (NG), Non-Problem Gamblers (NPG) or Potential Problem Gamblers (PPG). The Depression, Stress, and Anxiety Scale (DASS21) was used to measure depression, stress, and anxiety scores both pre- and during-lockdown. Results indicate that depression, stress and anxiety has increased across the whole sample. Participants classified in the PPG group reported higher scores on each sub scale at both baseline and during lockdown. Increases were observed on each DASS21 subscale, for each gambler group, however despite variable significance and effect sizes, the magnitude of increases did not differ between groups. Lockdown has had a significant impact on mental health of participants; whilst depression stress and anxiety remain highest in potential problem gamblers, pre-lockdown gambler status did not affect changes in DASS21 scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sharman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Stressful life events and gambling: The roles of coping and impulsivity among college students. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106386. [PMID: 32272355 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research has found a robust relationship between stressful life events and increased negative health outcomes and a greater predisposition to various forms of substance use and gambling behavior; however, less is known about the individual factors that explain this relationship. The present study examines the moderating factors of gambling to cope and individual impulsivity factors (e.g., perseverance, premeditation, and negative urgency) on the relationship between stressful life events over the past year and gambling problems among a sample of college students. Participants included 653 total students (48.57% female; M = 26.31 years old; SD = 8.35 years) enrolled in universities across the United States who scored three or higher on the South Oaks Gambling Screen, an indicator of risk for problematic gambling. We found a positive relationship between stressful life events and gambling problems. Gambling to cope moderated the link between stressful life events and gambling problems such that for those higher in gambling to cope, stressful life events had little impact on gambling problems while those at lower to moderate levels of gambling to cope saw a positive relationship between stressful life events and gambling problems. Moreover, we found two significant three-way interactions between stressful life events, gambling to cope, and impulsivity factors of perseverance and premeditation in predicting problems. These findings suggest that prevention and/or treatment strategies should consider how gambling to cope and impulsivity factors in conjunction with an individual's report of stressful life events relate to problematic gambling and associated consequences.
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6
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Milton AC, La Monica H, Dowling M, Yee H, Davenport T, Braunstein K, Flego A, Burns JM, Hickie IB. Gambling and the Role of Resilience in an International Online Sample of Current and Ex-serving Military Personnel as Compared to the General Population. J Gambl Stud 2019; 36:477-498. [PMID: 31620927 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the general population, military personnel are particularly vulnerable to developing gambling problems. The present study examined the presentation of gambling-including gambling frequency, personal thoughts on reducing gambling and recommendations from others to reduce gambling-across these populations. Additionally, the study measured the association between gambling and various psychosocial risk and protective factors-including psychological distress, suicidal ideation, external encouragement to reduce substance use, days out of role, personal wellbeing, resilience, social support and intimate bonds. Data was extracted from the Global Health & Wellbeing Survey, an online self-report survey conducted in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Of the 10,765 eligible respondents, 394 were military veterans and 337 were active military personnel. Consistent with previous research, a higher proportion of gambling behaviours were observed in both current and ex-serving military samples, compared to the general population. To varying degrees, significant associations were found between the different gambling items and all psychosocial risk and protective factors in the general population sample. However, the military sample yielded only one significant association between gambling frequency and the protective factor 'resilience'. A post hoc stepwise linear regression analysis demonstrated the possible mediating role resilience plays between gambling frequency and other psychosocial risk (psychological distress, and suicidal thoughts and behaviour) and protective factors (personal wellbeing) for the military sample. Given the findings, it is recommended that routine screening tools identifying problem gambling are used within the military, and subsequent resilience focused interventions are offered to at risk personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Milton
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - H La Monica
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Dowling
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Yee
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Davenport
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Braunstein
- Project Synergy, InnoWell Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Flego
- The Movember Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J M Burns
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - I B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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7
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Chen JH, Tong KK, Wu AMS, Lau JTF, Zhang MX. The Comorbidity of Gambling Disorder among Macao Adult Residents and the Moderating Role of Resilience and Life Purpose. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122774. [PMID: 30544506 PMCID: PMC6313308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macao, China’s only city with legalized casinos, has maintained a high prevalence of gambling participation and gambling disorder (GD) over the past decade. The mental health risks associated with such high levels have been overlooked. In order to estimate the comorbid prevalence of GD with depression, anxiety, and Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and to explore the potential buffering effect of psychological resilience and purpose in life, this study obtained a representative adult Chinese sample (N = 1000, 44% male, aged 18–97 years) from a telephone survey conducted between October and November of 2016. As hypothesized, the highest psychiatric comorbid prevalence was observed in the GD subgroup (n = 19, 21.1% probable IGD, 26.3% probable depression, and 37.0% probable anxiety). All these mental health problems could increase one’s proclivity to GD, and vice versa. Psychological resilience was found to buffer the association between anxiety symptoms and probable GD (χ2(1) = 4.30, p = 0.04/GD symptoms, Fchange (1,162) = 6.29, p = 0.01), whereas purpose in life did not display any hypothesized moderating effect. These results indicate the usefulness of mental health screening for GD, taking into consideration its associated risks, and of fostering psychological resilience in prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Honglei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Kwok Kit Tong
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Meng Xuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
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8
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Godinho A, Kushnir V, Hodgins DC, Hendershot CS, Cunningham JA. Betting on Life: Associations Between Significant Life Events and Gambling Trajectories Among Gamblers with the Intent to Quit. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:1391-1406. [PMID: 29574611 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has suggested that problem gambling may be transitory and episodic, with gamblers routinely moving in and out of clinical thresholds. Findings in qualitative and quantitative studies have converged on identifying preliminary evidence for the role of life events as motivators and contributing factors for gambling changes over time. The aim of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis of the relationship between life events, their respective experience as positive or negative, and gambling trajectories among problem gamblers intending to quit. Life event occurrence and ratings as positive or negative, and changes in gambling severity were analyzed over a 12-month period for 204 adult problem gamblers intending to reduce or quit their gambling. Overall, mixed effects models revealed several relationships between life events and both the magnitude and direction of gambling change over time. In particular, gamblers who experienced a greater number of positive events or specific events such as legal events, the adoption/loss of a child, or negative changes to their social relationships, finances, work environments or social/health activities were more likely to exhibit greater gambling reductions over time. Conversely, gamblers who experienced a greater number of negative events, such as family bereavement, the dissolution of a marriage, or negative changes to their residence exhibited smaller gambling reductions or increases in gambling severity. Possible mechanisms which may explain the findings and the importance of examining the subjective experience of life events are discussed. Recommendations for future studies examining associations between life events and gambling trajectories are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Godinho
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vladyslav Kushnir
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David C Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John A Cunningham
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,National Institute for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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9
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Yakovenko I, Hodgins DC. A scoping review of co-morbidity in individuals with disordered gambling. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2017.1364400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakovenko
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David C. Hodgins
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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10
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Hing N, Russell AMT, Gainsbury SM, Nuske E. The Public Stigma of Problem Gambling: Its Nature and Relative Intensity Compared to Other Health Conditions. J Gambl Stud 2016; 32:847-64. [PMID: 26487344 PMCID: PMC4993796 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling attracts considerable public stigma, with deleterious effects on mental health and use of healthcare services amongst those affected. However, no research has examined the extent of stigma towards problem gambling within the general population. This study aimed to examine the stigma-related dimensions of problem gambling as perceived by the general public compared to other health conditions, and determine whether the publicly perceived dimensions of problem gambling predict its stigmatisation. A sample of 2000 Australian adults was surveyed, weighted to be representative of the state population by gender, age and location. Based on vignettes, the online survey measured perceived origin, peril, concealability, course and disruptiveness of problem gambling and four other health conditions, and desired social distance from each. Problem gambling was perceived as caused mainly by stressful life circumstances, and highly disruptive, recoverable and noticeable, but not particularly perilous. Respondents stigmatised problem gambling more than sub-clinical distress and recreational gambling, but less than alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia. Predictors of stronger stigma towards problem gambling were perceptions it is caused by bad character, is perilous, non-recoverable, disruptive and noticeable, but not due to stressful life circumstances, genetic/inherited problem, or chemical imbalance in the brain. This new foundational knowledge can advance understanding and reduction of problem gambling stigma through countering inaccurate perceptions that problem gambling is caused by bad character, that people with gambling problems are likely to be violent to other people, and that people cannot recover from problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Alex M T Russell
- Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Sally M Gainsbury
- Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Elaine Nuske
- Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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11
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Pattinson J, Parke A. The experience of high-frequency gambling behavior of older adult females in the United Kingdom: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. J Women Aging 2016; 29:243-253. [PMID: 27716021 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2015.1138047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of older adult female gambling participation and gambling disorder is increasing in the UK, and there is a paucity of published research available to understand possible risk factors for frequent gambling in this demographic. The aim of the current study was to identify and explore motivations and patterns of gambling behavior in high-frequency older adult female gamblers in the UK, from the perspective of the individual and in the context of their experience of aging. Ten UK older adult female high-frequency gamblers were recruited via stratified purposive sampling, with a mean age of 70.4 years. Data was collected via semistructured interviews and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three core themes representative of the experience of this phenomenon emerged from the transcripts, including: Filling voids, emotional escape, and overspending. The present study has provided a contextualized understanding of motivating factors and several age-related vulnerabilities that may account for high gambling frequency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pattinson
- a Forensic and Clinical Research Group, School of Psychology , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Parke
- a Forensic and Clinical Research Group, School of Psychology , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , United Kingdom
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