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Pouralijan Z, Bőthe B, Farnam F. Pornography use, demographic and sexual health characteristics among university students: a gender-based comparative study of non-users, non-problematic users, and problematic users. Reprod Health 2024; 21:103. [PMID: 38987845 PMCID: PMC11234758 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited gender-based research has compared sexual health among pornography users (PUs) and non-users, including non-problematic pornography users (non-PPUs) and problematic pornography users (PPUs), particularly in non-Western cultures. METHODS A 2022 cross-sectional study involving 450 Iranian university students categorized participants as PUs or non-users based on 12 months of use. PUs were further classified as non-PPUs or PPUs using the 'Problematic Pornography Use Scale' cutoff point, with comparisons of demographic and sexual variables made between these groups. RESULTS Pornography use was reported among 39.6% of students, including 51.7% of men and 33.6% of women. In general, 9.5% of participants were PPUs, including 17.4% of men and 5.6% of women. PUs were mainly men, had fewer children, shorter marriages, lower religiosity, and lower levels of education. Compared with non-users, PUs reported earlier sexual relationships, lower satisfaction with sex frequency and communication, and greater rates of extramarital relationships, masturbation, sexual desire, and sexual distress. PPUs reported more sexual desire, pornography use, masturbation, and extramarital affairs than non-PPUs. Similar patterns in demographics, sexual history, and health were observed in pornography use across genders. The regression indicated being male (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.44-4.06), having lower education (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81-0.97), fewer children (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.48-0.86), higher masturbation (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.14-1.49), more extramarital relationship (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07-2.67), less religiosity (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82-0.93), more sexual excitement (OR: 0.79, 95% CI:0.62-1), and more sexual distress (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.32) were associated with pornography use. Two-way ANOVA found no significant effects of gender or pornography use on sexual satisfaction. Women had worse sexual function regardless of usage. Pornography users, regardless of gender, experienced higher sexual distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Pouralijan
- Reproductive Health and Midwifery Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tohid Square, Tehran, Iran
- Education Development Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Sur Les Problèmes Conjugaux Et Les Agressions Sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Farnaz Farnam
- Reproductive Health and Midwifery Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tohid Square, Tehran, Iran.
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Sanz-Barbero B, Pérez-Martínez V, Estévez-García JF, Vives-Cases C. Is sexual attraction and place of origin a moderator of sex in pornography consumption? Cross-sectional study on a representative sample of young adults. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1347. [PMID: 37442986 PMCID: PMC10339620 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pornography consumption is higher in men, but we do not know if this association can be modified by different variables, such as sexual attraction and place of origin. Given the impact pornography has on minors, there are limited studies that analyze the use of pornography in representative samples of the adult population. The aim was analyze the prevalence and factors associated with using pornography in young adult men and women, living in Spain, with different sexual attractions and different places of birth. METHODS Cross-sectional study with an online survey conducted with 2515 men and women aged between 18 and 35 years of age. The prevalence of pornography consumption is described and analyzed in the total sample and stratified by sex, according to socio-demographic and sexual attraction variables. The association between covariates and pornography consumption at some point in life was estimated with prevalence ratios (PR) obtained with the Poisson models of robust variance. DEPENDENT VARIABLE voluntarily using pornography at some point in life. Socio-demographic variables were included in the analysis: age, sex, level of education, place of birth. Sexual attraction was also analyzed. RESULTS In Spain, 94.7% of men between 18 and 34 years and 74.6% of women have voluntarily used pornography at some point in their life. The mean age to start using it is earlier in men [Mean:14.2; Standard Deviation (SD):2.3]. Bisexual/homosexual attraction (reference: heterosexual) increases the probability of using pornography in women [(PR (95%CI): 1.30 (1.22; 1.38)]. Yet this is not observed in men. In both sexes, the probability of using pornography increases with age [(PR (95%CI): 1.01(1.00; 1.01)] and coming from abroad (reference: native), being the effect of country of birth significantly higher in women [(PR (95%CI): 1.17 (1.09; 1.26)] than in men [(PR (95%CI): 1.04 (1.01; 1.07). CONCLUSIONS Public health programmes aimed at improving affective-sexual health should consider the high use of pornography among young adults in Spain, as well as those variables that increase its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sanz-Barbero
- National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Srivastava S, Chauhan S, Patel R, Marbaniang SP, Kumar P, Dhillon P, Pandey N. Exposure to Pornographic Content Among Indian Adolescents and Young Adults and Its Associated Risks: Evidence from UDAYA Survey in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:361-372. [PMID: 36109450 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is period characterized by sexual development, increasing romantic relationships, and the initiation of sexual activity. To enhance the exploration of their sexuality, adolescents may look into sexual resources such as pornography. There has been little research in India to understand how much adolescents are exposed to Internet pornography and what are the associated risk factors. This study examined the level of exposure to pornography among adolescents and the associated factors which determine the exposure to pornography in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) survey data collected in 2015-2016 was used for this study. The study was based on 3885 adolescent boys and 7766 adolescent girls aged 15-19 years. The mean age for adolescent boys was 16.66 years (SD: 1.3), and for girls it was 16.67 years (SD: 1.3). About 47% of adolescent boys but only 6% of girls were exposed to pornography. The likelihood of exposure to pornography was 1.69 times and 2.27 times more likely among adolescents and girls who had their own personal mobile phones, respectively, compared to those who did not have their own personal mobile phones. The odds of exposure to pornography were significantly higher among adolescent boys who had frequent media exposure than those who had no/rare exposure. Programs on life skills and comprehensive sexuality education need to be prioritize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Survey Research & Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shekhar Chauhan
- Department of Family and Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ratna Patel
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Research & Data Analyst, Population Council, New Delhi, India.
| | - Preeti Dhillon
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Hossain MT, Ahammed B, Jahan N, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Khan B, Sarker MJA, Nibir MMAM, Hasan M, Hasib M, Rahman R, Islam MN. Prevalence and predictors of pornography exposure during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional study on students in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1046813. [PMID: 36605242 PMCID: PMC9807871 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1046813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pornography exposure, particularly among students, in Bangladesh, has increased in the twenty-first century. However, pornography exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic, when people were compelled to "stay at home" and relied extensively on the internet for all forms of activities, including academia, socializing, and communication, has remained unexplored. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of pornography exposure among students during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the associated predictors. Methods A web-based cross-sectional study was carried out among students with certain specifications, i.e., current students at high school/college/university with access to the internet and valid social media accounts. By administering a semi-structured e-questionnaire using Google Forms, a total of 646 valid responses were retained for this study. The data were analyzed in two phases by Pearson's Chi-square and multiple logistic regression model, using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 25. The results were expressed as an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results The findings suggest that 75.9% of students were exposed to pornography during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and preferred to watch the amateur/professional genre of pornography. Pornography exposure was significantly associated with age and relationship status, as students aged 22-24 years (95% CI: 1.01-2.41; p = 0.045) and over 25 years (95% CI: 1.61-10.03; p = 0.003) were more likely to watch pornography, while married students and those in relationships (95% CI: 1.24-3.49; p = 0.006) also watched pornography during the pandemic. In contrast, students who were living alone (95% CI: 0.38-0.92; p = 0.021), were living in the Khulna division (95% CI: 0.16-0.52; p < 0.001) or had a negative attitude toward pornography (95% CI: 0.94-0.99; p = 0.002) were less likely to be exposed to pornography. Conclusion Pornography exposure was higher among students in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic, and religiosity and disapproving attitudes toward pornography negatively influenced the pornography exposure. For a better understanding of the complex dynamics of socio-demographic issues with pornography exposure among students, extensive research is required for policymakers to devise appropriate strategies and interventions to ensure healthy and safe sex life for the younger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Hossain
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh,*Correspondence: Md. Tanvir Hossain
| | - Benojir Ahammed
- Statistics Discipline, Science, Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Akhtarul Islam
- Statistics Discipline, Science, Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Disaster Management and Resilience, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bayezid Khan
- Development Studies Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Juwel Ahmed Sarker
- Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mahamudul Hasan
- Statistics Discipline, Science, Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Hasib
- Mass Communication and Journalism Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Rahman
- English Discipline, Arts and Humanities School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazrul Islam
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Mamun MA, Ullah I, Usman N, Griffiths MD. PUBG-related suicides during the COVID-19 pandemic: Three cases from Pakistan. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:877-879. [PMID: 33236770 PMCID: PMC7753770 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present case report presents the most extreme negative aspects of gaming, namely PUBG-related suicide during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic in Pakistan. CASE PRESENTATION Three suicide cases of extreme gamers occurred within a few days of each other in Lahore, Pakistan. All three were young males aged 16-20 years and their suicides appear to be related to PUBG addiction. It is likely that all three individuals experienced other predisposing factors relating to psychological instability. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS For vulnerable groups such as adolescents and emerging adults who have psychological predispositions and/or other comorbidities, engrossing videogames which take up many hours a day such as PUBG may pose a risk which in the most extreme cases may be fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Mamun
- Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Norina Usman
- Centre for Health Innovation, Networking, Training, Action and Research-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Genetics, VA Hospital Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Eljawad MA, Se'eda H, Ghozy S, El-Qushayri AE, Elsherif A, Elkassar AH, Atta-Allah MH, Ibrahim W, Elmahdy MA, Islam SMS. Pornography Use Prevalence and Associated Factors in Arab Countries: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study of 15,027 Individuals. J Sex Med 2021; 18:539-548. [PMID: 33526399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a tangible increase in pornography consumption during the past decade, with the absence of a large-scale study of Arab countries. AIM The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of pornography viewing and its associated risk factors in Arab countries. METHODS A large cross-sectional online survey was carried out recruiting participants without restrictions on the age, socioeconomic level, job, or educational level. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors for viewing porn and results were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). OUTCOMES Main outcomes were pornography viewing (first exposure and frequency), the perceptions of this act, use of spare time, physical activity (exercising), and frequency of psychiatrist visits. RESULTS The final number of participants included in the study was 15027 participants with a mean age ± standard deviation of 23.82 years ± 24.99. Most of the participants were men (84.56%), living with parents (81.71%), and 60.51% university graduates. There were statistically significant differences (P < .001) in the attitude and practice of men compared with women throughout all tested variables. Frequent pornography viewing was associated with male gender (OR [95% CI] = 7.08 [6.43 to 7.81]; P < .001) and age group ≤15 years (OR [95% CI] = 1.33 [1.01 to 1.75]; P = .044). By contrast, higher education was inversely associated with viewing rates reaching the lowest level in PhD awardees (OR [95% CI] = 0.36 [0.26 to 0.51]; P = .003). It was also noted that regular exercising (OR [95% CI] = 0.66 [0.58 to 0.74]; P < .001) was associated with a reduction in pornography viewing rates. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Young age, male gender, and lower educational level are all predictors for higher pornography viewing and should be considered when designing public health intervention in a related context. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This is the first large-scale multi-national survey to be conducted in Arab countries to investigate pornography viewing. The main limitations were the cross-sectional design (cannot indicate causality) and the self-report nature (liable to social desirability and recall bias). CONCLUSION Pornography viewing is common in Arab countries and associated with some personal and behavioral factors. Eljawad MA, Se'eda H, Ghozy S, et al. Pornography Use Prevalence and Associated Factors in Arab Countries: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study of 15,027 Individuals. J Sex Med 2021;18:539-548.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd Eljawad
- Internal Medicine Department, Jazan Armed Forces Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussien Se'eda
- Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Sherief Ghozy
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | | | - Ahmed Elsherif
- Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein Elkassar
- Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Atta-Allah
- Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael Ibrahim
- Academic Research Division, The Aware Academy, Cairo, Egypt; Student Counselor, Australian Islamic College, Kewdale, Australia
| | - Mohamed A Elmahdy
- Psychiatry Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar- University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Mamun MA, Hossain MS, Moonajilin MS, Masud MT, Misti JM, Griffiths MD. Does loneliness, self-esteem and psychological distress correlate with problematic internet use? A Bangladeshi survey study. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2020; 12:e12386. [PMID: 32243089 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have claimed that problematic internet use (PIU) and internet addiction (IA) is a global mental health problem. However, little research has addressed this issue in Bangladesh and no previous study has examined the relationship between PIU and potential psychological risk factors. AIM The present study examined the prevalence of PIU and its associated risk factors including socio-demographic variables, internet use behaviors, and other psychological variables including loneliness, self-esteem, and psychological distress. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among Bangladeshi students (N = 605). Measures included the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS Using a cut-off score of ≤60 (out of 100) on the IAT, the prevalence of PIU was 16.5% (n = 100). Regression analysis showed that sleep disturbance (more or less than 6-7 hours sleeping time), not using internet for academic purposes, and online chatting were risk factors for PIU. Loneliness and psychological distress were positively correlated with PIU, whereas self-esteem was negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights that PIU among Bangladeshi university students is an issue of concern and that targeted prevention is needed among emerging adults to help overcome the potentially negative effects of problematic internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Undergraduate Research Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sharif Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Undergraduate Research Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Sabrina Moonajilin
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Tanvir Masud
- Undergraduate Research Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: The role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 44:48-54. [PMID: 31323534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Problematic Internet Use (PIU) has become a concern for public mental health across the globe. However, there are few studies assessing PIU in Bangladesh. The present cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence rate of PIU and its associated risk factors among 405 university students in Bangladesh between June and July 2018. The measures included sociodemographic questions, internet and health-related variables, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The prevalence of PIU was 32.6% among the respondents (cut-off score of ≥50 on the IAT). The prevalence of PIU was higher in males in comparison to females, although the difference was not statistically significant. Internet-related variables and psychiatric comorbidities were positively associated with PIU. From the unadjusted model, more frequent use of the internet and more time spent on the internet were identified as strong predictors of PIU, whereas the adjusted model showed depressive symptoms and stress only as strong predictors of PIU. It is hoped this preliminary study will facilitate further study on PIU along with other psychiatric disorders in Bangladesh.
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Fernandez DP, Griffiths MD. Psychometric Instruments for Problematic Pornography Use: A Systematic Review. Eval Health Prof 2019; 44:111-141. [PMID: 31284745 DOI: 10.1177/0163278719861688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite a lack of consensus in the field about how best to conceptualize problematic pornography use, psychometric instruments have nonetheless been developed to assess the construct. The present systematic review aimed to (i) identify psychometric tools that have been developed to assess problematic pornography use; (ii) summarize key characteristics, psychometric properties, and strengths and limitations of instruments for problematic pornography use; (iii) compare the instruments' theoretical conceptualizations of problematic pornography use; and (iv) evaluate each instrument on their ability to assess various core components of addiction. In this article, 22 instruments assessing problematic pornography use were reviewed. Results indicated that while the instruments had different conceptualizations of problematic pornography use, addiction still emerged as the most common theoretical framework used by the instruments. Five of the most commonly assessed addiction components across the different instruments were (1) impaired control, (2) salience, (3) mood modification, (4) interpersonal conflict, and (5) general life conflict. Contextual factors that may potentially affect the assessment of problematic pornography use and recommendations for researchers and clinicians are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Fernandez
- Psychology Department, 6122Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, 6122Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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