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de Lima TM, Nery LEM, Maciel FE, Ngo-Vu H, Kozma MT, Derby CD. Oxygen sensing in crustaceans: functions and mechanisms. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:1-15. [PMID: 33392718 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals that live in changing environments need to adjust their metabolism to maintain body functions, and sensing these changing conditions is essential for mediating the short- and long-term physiological and behavioral responses that make these adjustments. Previous research on nematodes and insects facing changing oxygen levels has shown that these animals rapidly respond using atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases (sGCs) as oxygen sensors connected to downstream cGMP pathways, and they respond more slowly using hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) that are further modulated by oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases (PHs). Crustaceans are known to respond in different ways to hypoxia, but the mechanisms responsible for sensing oxygen levels are more poorly understood than in nematodes and insects. Our paper reviews the functions of and mechanisms underlying oxygen sensing in crustaceans. Furthermore, using the oxygen sensing abilities of nematodes and insects as guides in analyzing available crustacean transcriptomes, we identified orthologues of atypical sGCs, HIFs, and PHs in crustaceans, including in their chemosensory organs and neurons. These molecules include atypical sGCs activated by hypoxia (Gyc-88E/GCY-31 and Gyc-89D/GCY-33) but not those activated by hyperoxia (GCY-35, GCY-36), as well as orthologues of HIF-α, HIF-β, and PH. We offer possible directions for future research on oxygen sensing by crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Martins de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-300, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-300, Brazil
| | - Fábio Everton Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96201-300, Brazil
| | - Hanh Ngo-Vu
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mihika T Kozma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charles D Derby
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rossillo M, Ringstad N. Development of specialized sensory neurons engages a nuclear receptor required for functional plasticity. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1666-1679. [PMID: 33184226 PMCID: PMC7706712 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342212.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Rossillo and Ringstad sought to determine mechanisms that support the physiology and plasticity of BAG neurons, which are specialized neurons that sense the respiratory gas carbon dioxide (CO2) and, in a context-dependent manner, switch from mediating avoidance of CO2 to supporting CO2 attraction in C. elegans. They used tandem ChIP-seq and cell targeted RNA-seq to identify gene targets of the transcription factor ETS-5, which is required for BAG development, and their functional screen of ETS-5 targets revealed that NHR-6, the sole C. elegans NR4A-type nuclear receptor, is required for BAG-mediated avoidance of CO2 and regulates expression of a subset of BAG-specific genes. During development, the nervous system generates neurons that serve highly specialized roles and, accordingly, possess unique functional attributes. The chemosensory BAG neurons of C. elegans are striking exemplars of this. BAGs sense the respiratory gas carbon dioxide (CO2) and, in a context-dependent manner, switch from mediating avoidance of CO2 to supporting CO2 attraction. To determine mechanisms that support the physiology and plasticity of BAG neurons, we used tandem ChIP-seq and cell targeted RNA-seq to identify gene targets of the transcription factor ETS-5, which is required for BAG development. A functional screen of ETS-5 targets revealed that NHR-6, the sole C. elegans NR4A-type nuclear receptor, is required for BAG-mediated avoidance of CO2 and regulates expression of a subset of BAG-specific genes. Unlike ets-5 mutants, which are defective for both attraction to and avoidance of CO2, nhr-6 mutants are fully competent for attraction. These data indicate that the remarkable ability of BAGs to adaptively assign positive or negative valence to a chemosensory stimulus requires a gene-regulatory program supported by an evolutionarily conserved type of nuclear receptor. We suggest that NHR-6 might be an example of a developmental mechanism for modular encoding of functional plasticity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rossillo
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Guillermin ML, Carrillo MA, Hallem EA. A Single Set of Interneurons Drives Opposite Behaviors in C. elegans. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2630-2639.e6. [PMID: 28823678 PMCID: PMC6193758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many chemosensory stimuli evoke innate behavioral responses that can be either appetitive or aversive, depending on an animal's age, prior experience, nutritional status, and environment [1-9]. However, the circuit mechanisms that enable these valence changes are poorly understood. Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans can alternate between attractive or aversive responses to carbon dioxide (CO2), depending on its recently experienced CO2 environment. Both responses are mediated by a single pathway of interneurons. The CO2-evoked activity of these interneurons is subject to extreme experience-dependent modulation, enabling them to drive opposite behavioral responses to CO2. Other interneurons in the circuit regulate behavioral sensitivity to CO2 independent of valence. A combinatorial code of neuropeptides acts on the circuit to regulate both valence and sensitivity. Chemosensory valence-encoding interneurons exist across phyla, and valence is typically determined by whether appetitive or aversive interneuron populations are activated. Our results reveal an alternative mechanism of valence determination in which the same interneurons contribute to both attractive and aversive responses through modulation of sensory neuron to interneuron synapses. This circuit design represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for generating rapid changes in innate chemosensory valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Guillermin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mayra A Carrillo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Maruyama IN. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases in Sensory Processing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 28123378 PMCID: PMC5225109 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate models have generated many new insights into transmembrane signaling by cell-surface receptors. This review focuses on receptor guanylyl cyclases (rGCs) and describes recent advances in understanding their roles in sensory processing in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. A complete analysis of the C. elegans genome elucidated 27 rGCs, an unusually large number compared with mammalian genomes, which encode 7 rGCs. Most C. elegans rGCs are expressed in sensory neurons and play roles in sensory processing, including gustation, thermosensation, olfaction, and phototransduction, among others. Recent studies have found that by producing a second messenger, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, some rGCs act as direct sensor molecules for ions and temperatures, while others relay signals from G protein-coupled receptors. Interestingly, genetic and biochemical analyses of rGCs provide the first example of an obligate heterodimeric rGC. Based on recent structural studies of rGCs in mammals and other organisms, molecular mechanisms underlying activation of rGCs are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro N. Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ichiro N. Maruyama,
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Wang L, Cui S, Ma L, Kong L, Geng X. Current advances in the novel functions of hypoxia-inducible factor and prolyl hydroxylase in invertebrates. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:634-648. [PMID: 26387499 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for aerobic life, and hypoxia has very severe consequences. Organisms need to overcome low oxygen levels to maintain biological functions during normal development and in disease states. The mechanism underlying the hypoxic response has been widely investigated in model animals such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a key gene product in the response to oxygen deprivation, is primarily regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs). However, recent findings have uncovered novel HIF-independent functions of PHDs. This review provides an overview of how invertebrates are able to sustain hypoxic damages, and highlights some recent discoveries in the regulation of cellular signalling by PHDs. Given that some core genes and major pathways are evolutionarily conserved, these research findings could provide insight into oxygen-sensitive signalling in mammals, and have biomedical implications for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - S Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - L Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - L Kong
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - X Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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CYP-13A12 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a PUFA-epoxygenase involved in behavioural response to reoxygenation. Biochem J 2014; 464:61-71. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CYP-13A12 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was characterized after heterologous expression in insect cells as a PUFA epoxygenase producing eicosanoids. These metabolites function as signalling molecules in the regulation of the O2-ON response, a rapid increase of locomotion in response to anoxia/reoxygenation.
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Gramstrup Petersen J, Pocock R. Neuronal cell fate decisions: O2 and CO2 sensing neurons require egl-13/Sox5. WORM 2013; 2:e27284. [PMID: 24744985 DOI: 10.4161/worm.27284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently conducted a study that aimed to describe the differentiation mechanisms used to generate O2 and CO2 sensing neurons in C. elegans. We identified egl-13/Sox5 to be required for the differentiation of both O2 and CO2 sensing neurons. We found that egl-13 functions cell autonomously to drive O2 and CO2 sensing neuron fate and is therefore essential for O2 and CO2 sensing-induced behaviors. Through systematic dissection of the egl-13 promoter we identified upstream regulators of egl-13 and proposed a model of how differentiation of O2 and CO2 sensing neurons is regulated. In this commentary we discuss our findings and open questions we wish to address in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gramstrup Petersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre; University of Copenhagen; Ole Maaløes Vej 5; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Pocock
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre; University of Copenhagen; Ole Maaløes Vej 5; Copenhagen, Denmark
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Smith ESJ, Martinez-Velazquez L, Ringstad N. A chemoreceptor that detects molecular carbon dioxide. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37071-81. [PMID: 24240097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals from diverse phyla possess neurons that are activated by the product of aerobic respiration, CO2. It has long been thought that such neurons primarily detect the CO2 metabolites protons and bicarbonate. We have determined the chemical tuning of isolated CO2 chemosensory BAG neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that BAG neurons are principally tuned to detect molecular CO2, although they can be activated by acid stimuli. One component of the BAG transduction pathway, the receptor-type guanylate cyclase GCY-9, suffices to confer cellular sensitivity to both molecular CO2 and acid, indicating that it is a bifunctional chemoreceptor. We speculate that in other animals, receptors similarly capable of detecting molecular CO2 might mediate effects of CO2 on neural circuits and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan St John Smith
- From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Molecular Neurobiology Program and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016 and
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Ma DK, Rothe M, Zheng S, Bhatla N, Pender CL, Menzel R, Horvitz HR. Cytochrome P450 drives a HIF-regulated behavioral response to reoxygenation by C. elegans. Science 2013; 341:554-8. [PMID: 23811225 PMCID: PMC3969381 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation followed by reoxygenation causes pathological responses in many disorders, including ischemic stroke, heart attacks, and reperfusion injury. Key aspects of ischemia-reperfusion can be modeled by a Caenorhabditis elegans behavior, the O2-ON response, which is suppressed by hypoxic preconditioning or inactivation of the O2-sensing HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) hydroxylase EGL-9. From a genetic screen, we found that the cytochrome P450 oxygenase CYP-13A12 acts in response to the EGL-9-HIF-1 pathway to facilitate the O2-ON response. CYP-13A12 promotes oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into eicosanoids, signaling molecules that can strongly affect inflammatory pain and ischemia-reperfusion injury responses in mammals. We propose that roles of the EGL-9-HIF-1 pathway and cytochrome P450 in controlling responses to reoxygenation after anoxia are evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke K. Ma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipidomix GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shu Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikhil Bhatla
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Corinne L. Pender
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralph Menzel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Spaethstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Robert Horvitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Hirohashi N, Alvarez L, Shiba K, Fujiwara E, Iwata Y, Mohri T, Inaba K, Chiba K, Ochi H, Supuran CT, Kotzur N, Kakiuchi Y, Kaupp UB, Baba SA. Sperm from sneaker male squids exhibit chemotactic swarming to CO₂. Curr Biol 2013; 23:775-81. [PMID: 23583548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral traits of sperm are adapted to the reproductive strategy that each species employs. In polyandrous species, spermatozoa often form motile clusters, which might be advantageous for competing with sperm from other males. Despite this presumed advantage for reproductive success, little is known about how sperm form such functional assemblies. Previously, we reported that males of the coastal squid Loligo bleekeri produce two morphologically different euspermatozoa that are linked to distinctly different mating behaviors. Consort and sneaker males use two distinct insemination sites, one inside and one outside the female's body, respectively. Here, we show that sperm release a self-attracting molecule that causes only sneaker sperm to swarm. We identified CO2 as the sperm chemoattractant and membrane-bound flagellar carbonic anhydrase as its sensor. Downstream signaling results from the generation of extracellular H(+), intracellular acidosis, and recovery from acidosis. These signaling events elicit Ca(2+)-dependent turning behavior, resulting in chemotactic swarming. These results illuminate the bifurcating evolution of sperm underlying the distinct fertilization strategies of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hirohashi
- Oki Marine Biological Station, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Shimane University, 194 Kamo, Okinoshima-cho, Oki, Shimane 685-0024, Japan.
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