1
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Levitz TS, Drennan CL. Starting a new chapter on class Ia ribonucleotide reductases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102489. [PMID: 36272229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) use radical-based chemistry to convert ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, an essential step in DNA biosynthesis and repair. There are multiple RNR classes, the best studied of which is the class Ia RNR that is found in Escherichia coli, eukaryotes including humans, and many pathogenic and nonpathogenic prokaryotes. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of class Ia RNRs, including a recent reporting of a structure of the active state of the E. coli enzyme and the impacts that the structure has had on spurring research into the mechanism of long-range radical transfer. Additionally, the review considers other recent structural and biochemical research on class Ia RNRs and the potential of that work for the development of anticancer and antibiotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya S Levitz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. https://twitter.com/@TalyaLevitz
| | - Catherine L Drennan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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2
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Islam MA, Barshetty MM, Srinivasan S, Dudekula DB, Rallabandi VPS, Mohammed S, Natarajan S, Park J. Identification of Novel Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors for Therapeutic Application in Bile Tract Cancer: An Advanced Pharmacoinformatics Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091279. [PMID: 36139117 PMCID: PMC9496582 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is constituted by a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that may develop in the biliary tract, and it is the second most common liver cancer. Human ribonucleotide reductase M1 (hRRM1) has already been proven to be a potential BTC target. In the current study, a de novo design approach was used to generate novel and effective chemical therapeutics for BTC. A set of comprehensive pharmacoinformatics approaches was implemented and, finally, seventeen potential molecules were found to be effective for the modulation of hRRM1 activity. Molecular docking, negative image-based ShaEP scoring, absolute binding free energy, in silico pharmacokinetics, and toxicity assessments corroborated the potentiality of the selected molecules. Almost all molecules showed higher affinity in comparison to gemcitabine and naphthyl salicylic acyl hydrazone (NSAH). On binding interaction analysis, a number of critical amino acids was found to hold the molecules at the active site cavity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study also indicated the stability between protein and ligands. High negative MM-GBSA (molecular mechanics generalized Born and surface area) binding free energy indicated the potentiality of the molecules. Therefore, the proposed molecules might have the potential to be effective therapeutics for the management of BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataul Islam
- 3BIGS Omicscore Private Limited, 909 Lavelle Building, Richmond Circle, Bangalore 560025, India
| | | | - Sridhar Srinivasan
- 3BIGS Omicscore Private Limited, 909 Lavelle Building, Richmond Circle, Bangalore 560025, India
| | - Dawood Babu Dudekula
- 3BIGS Omicscore Private Limited, 909 Lavelle Building, Richmond Circle, Bangalore 560025, India
| | | | - Sameer Mohammed
- 3BIGS Omicscore Private Limited, 909 Lavelle Building, Richmond Circle, Bangalore 560025, India
| | | | - Junhyung Park
- 3BIGS Co., Ltd., B-831, Geumgang Penterium IX Tower, Hwaseong 18469, Korea
- Correspondence:
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3
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Attenuation of tryptophan metabolism by Fe chelators: A hypothesis regarding inhibiting tumor suppressive microenvironments in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Hisyam Bin Ismail CMK, Raihan Mohammad Shabani N, Chuah C, Hassan Z, Bakar Abdul Majeed A, Herng Leow C, Kaur Banga Singh K, Yee Leow C. Shigella iron-binding proteins: An insight into molecular physiology, pathogenesis, and potential target vaccine development. Vaccine 2022; 40:3991-3998. [PMID: 35660036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shigella is a well-known etiological agent responsible for intestinal infection among children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people ranging from mild to severe cases. Shigellosis remains endemic in Malaysia and yet there is no commercial vaccine available to eradicate the disease. Iron is an essential element for the survival of Shigella within the host. Hence, it is required for regulating metabolic mechanisms and virulence determinants. Alteration of iron status in the extracellular environment directly triggers the signal in enteropathogenic bacterial, providing information that they are in a hostile environment. To survive in an iron-limited environment, molecular regulation of iron-binding proteins plays a vital role in facilitating the transportation and utilization of sufficient iron sources. Given the importance of iron molecules for bacterial survival and pathogenicity, this review summarizes the physiological role of iron-binding proteins in bacterial survival and their potential use in vaccine and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Raihan Mohammad Shabani
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Candy Chuah
- Department of Medical and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kirnpal Kaur Banga Singh
- Department of Medical and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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5
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Wu M, Deng C, Lo TH, Chan KY, Li X, Wong CM. Peroxiredoxin, Senescence, and Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111772. [PMID: 35681467 PMCID: PMC9179887 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are multifunctional enzymes that play a key role in protecting cells from stresses and maintaining the homeostasis of many cellular processes. Peroxiredoxins were firstly identified as antioxidant enzymes that can be found in all living organisms. Later studies demonstrated that peroxiredoxins also act as redox signaling regulators, chaperones, and proinflammatory factors and play important roles in oxidative defense, redox signaling, protein folding, cycle cell progression, DNA integrity, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The versatility of peroxiredoxins is mainly based on their unique active center cysteine with a wide range of redox states and the ability to switch between low- and high-molecular-weight species for regulating their peroxidase and chaperone activities. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of peroxiredoxin in these processes will allow the development of new approaches to enhance longevity and to treat various cancers. In this article, we briefly review the history of peroxiredoxins, summarize recent advances in our understanding of peroxiredoxins in aging- and cancer-related biological processes, and discuss the future perspectives of using peroxiredoxins in disease diagnostics and treatments.
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Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea-Induced Cellular Senescence: An Oxidative Stress Connection? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7753857. [PMID: 34707779 PMCID: PMC8545575 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7753857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is a water-soluble antiproliferative agent used for decades in neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. HU is considered an essential medicine because of its cytoreduction functions. HU is an antimetabolite that inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, which causes a depletion of the deoxyribonucleotide pool and dramatically reduces cell proliferation. The proliferation arrest, depending on drug concentration and exposure, may promote a cellular senescence phenotype associated with cancer cell therapy resistance and inflammation, influencing neighboring cell functions, immunosuppression, and potential cancer relapse. HU can induce cellular senescence in both healthy and transformed cells in vitro, in part, because of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we analyze the main molecular mechanisms involved in cytotoxic/genotoxic HU function, the potential to increase intracellular ROS levels, and the principal features of cellular senescence induction. Understanding the mechanisms involved in HU's ability to induce cellular senescence may help to improve current chemotherapy strategies and control undesirable treatment effects in cancer patients and other diseases.
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Gaur K, Pérez Otero SC, Benjamín-Rivera JA, Rodríguez I, Loza-Rosas SA, Vázquez Salgado AM, Akam EA, Hernández-Matias L, Sharma RK, Alicea N, Kowaleff M, Washington AV, Astashkin AV, Tomat E, Tinoco AD. Iron Chelator Transmetalative Approach to Inhibit Human Ribonucleotide Reductase. JACS AU 2021; 1:865-878. [PMID: 34240081 PMCID: PMC8243325 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Efforts directed at curtailing the bioavailability of intracellular iron could lead to the development of broad-spectrum anticancer drugs given the metal's role in cancer proliferation and metastasis. Human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the key enzyme responsible for synthesizing the building blocks of DNA replication and repair, depends on Fe binding at its R2 subunit to activate the catalytic R1 subunit. This work explores an intracellular iron chelator transmetalative approach to inhibit RNR using the titanium(IV) chemical transferrin mimetic (cTfm) compounds Ti(HBED) and Ti(Deferasirox)2. Whole-cell EPR studies reveal that the compounds can effectively attenuate RNR activity though seemingly causing different changes to the labile iron pool that may account for differences in their potency against cells. Studies of Ti(IV) interactions with the adenosine nucleotide family at pH 7.4 reveal strong metal binding and extensive phosphate hydrolysis, which suggest the capacity of the metal to disturb the nucleotide substrate pool of the RNR enzyme. By decreasing intracellular Fe bioavailability and altering the nucleotide substrate pool, the Ti cTfm compounds could inhibit the activity of the R1 and R2 subunits of RNR. The compounds arrest the cell cycle in the S phase, indicating suppressed DNA replication, and induce apoptotic cell death. Cotreatment cell viability studies with cisplatin and Ti(Deferasirox)2 reveal a promising synergism between the compounds that is likely owed to their distinct but complementary effect on DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gaur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Sofia C. Pérez Otero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Israel Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | | | - Eman A. Akam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Liz Hernández-Matias
- Department
of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Río
Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Rohit K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Nahiara Alicea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Martin Kowaleff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Anthony V. Washington
- Department
of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Río
Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Andrei V. Astashkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico
Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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8
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Willaume S, Rass E, Fontanilla-Ramirez P, Moussa A, Wanschoor P, Bertrand P. A Link between Replicative Stress, Lamin Proteins, and Inflammation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040552. [PMID: 33918867 PMCID: PMC8070205 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded breaks (DSB), the most toxic DNA lesions, are either a consequence of cellular metabolism, programmed as in during V(D)J recombination, or induced by anti-tumoral therapies or accidental genotoxic exposure. One origin of DSB sources is replicative stress, a major source of genome instability, especially when the integrity of the replication forks is not properly guaranteed. To complete stalled replication, restarting the fork requires complex molecular mechanisms, such as protection, remodeling, and processing. Recently, a link has been made between DNA damage accumulation and inflammation. Indeed, defects in DNA repair or in replication can lead to the release of DNA fragments in the cytosol. The recognition of this self-DNA by DNA sensors leads to the production of inflammatory factors. This beneficial response activating an innate immune response and destruction of cells bearing DNA damage may be considered as a novel part of DNA damage response. However, upon accumulation of DNA damage, a chronic inflammatory cellular microenvironment may lead to inflammatory pathologies, aging, and progression of tumor cells. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage repair, replication stress, and cytosolic DNA production would allow to propose new therapeutical strategies against cancer or inflammatory diseases associated with aging. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in DSB repair, the replicative stress management, and its consequences. We also focus on new emerging links between key components of the nuclear envelope, the lamins, and DNA repair, management of replicative stress, and inflammation.
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Rodríguez I, Gautam R, Tinoco AD. Using X-ray Diffraction Techniques for Biomimetic Drug Development, Formulation, and Polymorphic Characterization. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 6:1. [PMID: 33396786 PMCID: PMC7838816 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is a decades-long, multibillion dollar investment that often limits itself. To decrease the time to drug approval, efforts are focused on drug targets and drug formulation for optimal biocompatibility and efficacy. X-ray structural characterization approaches have catalyzed the drug discovery and design process. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) reveals important structural details and molecular interactions for the manifestation of a disease or for therapeutic effect. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) has provided a method to determine the different phases, purity, and stability of biological drug compounds that possess crystallinity. Recently, synchrotron sources have enabled wider access to the study of noncrystalline or amorphous solids. One valuable technique employed to determine atomic arrangements and local atom ordering of amorphous materials is the pair distribution function (PDF). PDF has been used in the study of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). ASDs are made up of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within a drug dispersed at the molecular level in an amorphous polymeric carrier. This information is vital for appropriate formulation of a drug for stability, administration, and efficacy purposes. Natural or biomimetic products are often used as the API or the formulation agent. This review profiles the deep insights that X-ray structural techniques and associated analytical methods can offer in the development of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
| | - Ritika Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
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Shakya B, Yadav PN. Thiosemicarbazones as Potent Anticancer Agents and their Modes of Action. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:638-661. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191029130310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are a class of Schiff bases usually obtained by the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with a suitable aldehyde or ketone. TSCs have been the focus of chemists and biologists due to their wide range of pharmacological effects. One of the promising areas in which these excellent metal chelators are being developed is their use against cancer. TSCs have a wide clinical antitumor spectrum with efficacy in various tumor types such as leukemia, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer. To obtain better activity, different series of TSCs have been developed by modifying the heteroaromatic system in their molecules. These compounds possessed significant antineoplastic activity when the carbonyl attachment of the side chain was located at a position α to the ring nitrogen atom, whereas attachment of the side chain β or γ to the heterocyclic N atom resulted in inactive antitumor agents. In addition, replacement of the heterocyclic ring N with C also resulted in a biologically inactive compound suggesting that a conjugated N,N,S-tridentate donor set is essential for the biological activities of thiosemicarbazones. Several possible mechanisms have been implemented for the anticancer activity of thiosemicarbazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Shakya
- Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Paras Nath Yadav
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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11
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Fernandes HS, Teixeira CSS, Sousa SF, Cerqueira NMFSA. Formation of Unstable and very Reactive Chemical Species Catalyzed by Metalloenzymes: A Mechanistic Overview. Molecules 2019; 24:E2462. [PMID: 31277490 PMCID: PMC6651669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has tailored a wide range of metalloenzymes that play a vast array of functions in all living organisms and from which their survival and evolution depends on. These enzymes catalyze some of the most important biological processes in nature, such as photosynthesis, respiration, water oxidation, molecular oxygen reduction, and nitrogen fixation. They are also among the most proficient catalysts in terms of their activity, selectivity, and ability to operate at mild conditions of temperature, pH, and pressure. In the absence of these enzymes, these reactions would proceed very slowly, if at all, suggesting that these enzymes made the way for the emergence of life as we know today. In this review, the structure and catalytic mechanism of a selection of diverse metalloenzymes that are involved in the production of highly reactive and unstable species, such as hydroxide anions, hydrides, radical species, and superoxide molecules are analyzed. The formation of such reaction intermediates is very difficult to occur under biological conditions and only a rationalized selection of a particular metal ion, coordinated to a very specific group of ligands, and immersed in specific proteins allows these reactions to proceed. Interestingly, different metal coordination spheres can be used to produce the same reactive and unstable species, although through a different chemistry. A selection of hand-picked examples of different metalloenzymes illustrating this diversity is provided and the participation of different metal ions in similar reactions (but involving different mechanism) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique S Fernandes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla S Silva Teixeira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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Saxena M, Loza-Rosas SA, Gaur K, Sharma S, Pérez Otero SC, Tinoco AD. Exploring titanium(IV) chemical proximity to iron(III) to elucidate a function for Ti(IV) in the human body. Coord Chem Rev 2018; 363:109-125. [PMID: 30270932 PMCID: PMC6159949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its natural abundance and widespread use as food, paint additive, and in bone implants, no specific biological function of titanium is known in the human body. High concentrations of Ti(IV) could result in cellular toxicity, however, the absence of Ti toxicity in the blood of patients with titanium bone implants indicates the presence of one or more biological mechanisms to mitigate toxicity. Similar to Fe(III), Ti(IV) in blood binds to the iron transport protein serum transferrin (sTf), which gives credence to the possibility of its cellular uptake mechanism by transferrin-directed endocytosis. However, once inside the cell, how sTf bound Ti(IV) is released into the cytoplasm, utilized, or stored remain largely unknown. To explain the molecular mechanisms involved in Ti use in cells we have drawn parallels with those for Fe(III). Based on its chemical similarities with Fe(III), we compare the biological coordination chemistry of Fe(III) and Ti(IV) and hypothesize that Ti(IV) can bind to similar intracellular biomolecules. The comparable ligand affinity profiles suggest that at high Ti(IV) concentrations, Ti(IV) could compete with Fe(III) to bind to biomolecules and would inhibit Fe bioavailability. At the typical Ti concentrations in the body, Ti might exist as a labile pool of Ti(IV) in cells, similar to Fe. Ti could exhibit different types of properties that would determine its cellular functions. We predict some of these functions to mimic those of Fe in the cell and others to be specific to Ti. Bone and cellular speciation and localization studies hint toward various intracellular targets of Ti like phosphoproteins, DNA, ribonucleotide reductase, and ferritin. However, to decipher the exact mechanisms of how Ti might mediate these roles, development of innovative and more sensitive methods are required to track this difficult to trace metal in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Kavita Gaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sofia C. Pérez Otero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
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13
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Somyajit K, Gupta R, Sedlackova H, Neelsen KJ, Ochs F, Rask MB, Choudhary C, Lukas J. Redox-sensitive alteration of replisome architecture safeguards genome integrity. Science 2018; 358:797-802. [PMID: 29123070 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication requires coordination between replication fork progression and deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP)-generating metabolic pathways. We find that perturbation of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) in humans elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are detected by peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2). In the oligomeric state, PRDX2 forms a replisome-associated ROS sensor, which binds the fork accelerator TIMELESS when exposed to low levels of ROS. Elevated ROS levels generated by RNR attenuation disrupt oligomerized PRDX2 to smaller subunits, whose dissociation from chromatin enforces the displacement of TIMELESS from the replisome. This process instantly slows replication fork progression, which mitigates pathological consequences of replication stress. Thus, redox signaling couples fluctuations of dNTP biogenesis with replisome activity to reduce stress during genome duplication. We propose that cancer cells exploit this pathway to increase their adaptability to adverse metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Somyajit
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hana Sedlackova
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kai John Neelsen
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fena Ochs
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj-Britt Rask
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiri Lukas
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Clb6-Cdc28 Promotes Ribonucleotide Reductase Subcellular Redistribution during S Phase. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00497-17. [PMID: 29263158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00497-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tightly controlled cellular deoxyribonucleotide (deoxynucleoside triphosphate [dNTP]) pool is critical for maintenance of genome integrity. One mode of dNTP pool regulation is through subcellular localization of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of dNTP biosynthesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the RNR small subunit, Rnr2-Rnr4, is localized to the nucleus, whereas the large subunit, Rnr1, is cytoplasmic. As cells enter S phase or encounter DNA damage, Rnr2-Rnr4 relocalizes to the cytoplasm to form an active holoenzyme complex with Rnr1. Although the DNA damage-induced relocalization requires the checkpoint kinases Mec1-Rad53-Dun1, the S-phase-specific redistribution does not. Here, we report that the S-phase cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex Clb6-Cdc28 controls Rnr2-Rnr4 relocalization in S phase. Rnr2 contains a consensus CDK site and exhibits Clb6-dependent phosphorylation in S phase. Deletion of CLB6 or removal of the CDK site results in an increased association of Rnr2 with its nuclear anchor Wtm1, nuclear retention of Rnr2-Rnr4, and an enhanced sensitivity to the RNR inhibitor hydroxyurea. Thus, we propose that Rnr2-Rnr4 redistribution in S phase is triggered by Clb6-Cdc28-mediated phosphorylation of Rnr2, which disrupts the Rnr2-Wtm1 interaction and promotes the release of Rnr2-Rnr4 from the nucleus.
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15
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Li Q, Li H, Zhao X, Wang B, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhang F. DNA Methylation Mediated Downregulation of miR-449c Controls Osteosarcoma Cell Cycle Progression by Directly Targeting Oncogene c-Myc. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1038-1050. [PMID: 28924385 PMCID: PMC5599909 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression, and they have broad roles in the pathogenesis of different diseases including cancer. Limited studies and expression profiles of miRNAs are available in human osteosarcoma cells. By applying a miRNA microarray analysis, we observed a number of miRNAs with abnormal expression in cancerous tissues from osteosarcoma patients. Of particular interest in this study was miR-449c, which was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma cells and patients, and its expression was negatively correlated with tumor size and tumor MSTS stages. Ectopic expression of miR-449c significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Further analysis identified that miR-449c was able to directly target the oncogene c-Myc and negatively regulated its expression. Overexpression of c-Myc partially reversed miR-449c-mimic-inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, DNA hypermethylation was observed in two CpG islands adjacent to the genomic locus of miR-449c in osteosarcoma cells. Conversely, treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor AZA caused induction of miR-449c. In conclusion, our results support a model that DNA methylation mediates downregulation of miR-449c, diminishing miR-449c mediated inhibition of c-Myc and thus leading to the activation of downstream targets, eventually contributing to osteosarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
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Chen R, Chen G. Tumor-induced disorder of iron metabolism in major organs: a new insight from chemical speciation of iron. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:70-78. [PMID: 28718696 PMCID: PMC6011321 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517718711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the evolution of iron speciation in major organs of tumor-bearing mice and its role in cancer formation and cancer-associated complications. Methods The concentration and chemical speciation of iron in the spleen, liver, lung, kidney, heart, blood, muscle, and tumor tissue of healthy mice and tumor-bearing mice were studied by synchrotron radiation-based total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SR-TXRF) coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Results The TXRF and XAS results showed that the iron content, especially the ferritin content, significantly decreased in the blood and spleen but significantly increased in the liver, lung, and muscle of mice after tumor implantation. The chemical speciation of iron in the tumor mainly comprised ferrous-sulfide-like iron and ferritin. Conclusion The tumors disturbed the iron metabolism in major organs, and the evolution of iron may be involved in iron deficiency anemia, cancer growth, and immunity. Additionally, iron speciation-based markers may be further developed as clinical indicators for cancer and cancer-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujie Chen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangcun Chen
- 2 Division of Nanobionics, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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17
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Zhang F, Zhao X, Shen H, Zhang C. Molecular mechanisms of cell death in intervertebral disc degeneration (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1439-48. [PMID: 27121482 PMCID: PMC4866972 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are complex structures that consist of three parts, namely, nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and cartilage endplates. With aging, IVDs gradually degenerate as a consequence of many factors, such as microenvironment changes and cell death. Human clinical trial and animal model studies have documented that cell death, particularly apoptosis and autophagy, significantly contribute to IVD degeneration. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon include the activation of apoptotic pathways and the regulation of autophagy in response to nutrient deprivation and multiple stresses. In this review, we briefly summarize recent progress in understanding the function and regulation of apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways. In particular, we focus on studies that reveal the functional mechanisms of these pathways in IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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Chen X, Duan N, Zhang C, Zhang W. Survivin and Tumorigenesis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. J Cancer 2016; 7:314-23. [PMID: 26918045 PMCID: PMC4747886 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is the smallest member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, which has key roles in regulating cell division and inhibiting apoptosis by blocking caspase activation. Survivin is highly expressed in most human cancers, such as lung, pancreatic and breast cancers, relative to normal tissues. Aberrant survivin expression is associated with tumor cell proliferation, progression, angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. Studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms indicate that survivin is involved in the regulation of cytokinesis and cell cycle progression, as well as participates in a variety of signaling pathways such as the p53, Wnt, hypoxia, transforming growth factor, and Notch signaling pathways. In this review, recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of survivin is discussed. Therapeutic strategies targeting survivin in preclinical studies are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
| | - Ning Duan
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
| | - Caiguo Zhang
- 2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA, 80045
| | - Wentao Zhang
- 1. Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710054
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19
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Figueroa-Angulo EE, Calla-Choque JS, Mancilla-Olea MI, Arroyo R. RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3354-95. [PMID: 26703754 PMCID: PMC4693282 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is highly regulated in vertebrates through a regulatory system mediated by RNA-protein interactions between the iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) that interact with an iron responsive element (IRE) located in certain mRNAs, dubbed the IRE-IRP regulatory system. Trichomonas vaginalis, the causal agent of trichomoniasis, presents high iron dependency to regulate its growth, metabolism, and virulence properties. Although T. vaginalis lacks IRPs or proteins with aconitase activity, possesses gene expression mechanisms of iron regulation at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. However, only one gene with iron regulation at the transcriptional level has been described. Recently, our research group described an iron posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in the T. vaginalis tvcp4 and tvcp12 cysteine proteinase mRNAs. The tvcp4 and tvcp12 mRNAs have a stem-loop structure in the 5'-coding region or in the 3'-UTR, respectively that interacts with T. vaginalis multifunctional proteins HSP70, α-Actinin, and Actin under iron starvation condition, causing translation inhibition or mRNA stabilization similar to the previously characterized IRE-IRP system in eukaryotes. Herein, we summarize recent progress and shed some light on atypical RNA-binding proteins that may participate in the iron posttranscriptional regulation in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Figueroa-Angulo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jaeson S Calla-Choque
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología en Neurocisticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería, S.M.P., Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Maria Inocente Mancilla-Olea
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 México, D.F., Mexico.
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20
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Skoneczna A, Kaniak A, Skoneczny M. Genetic instability in budding and fission yeast-sources and mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:917-67. [PMID: 26109598 PMCID: PMC4608483 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly confronted with endogenous and exogenous factors that affect their genomes. Eons of evolution have allowed the cellular mechanisms responsible for preserving the genome to adjust for achieving contradictory objectives: to maintain the genome unchanged and to acquire mutations that allow adaptation to environmental changes. One evolutionary mechanism that has been refined for survival is genetic variation. In this review, we describe the mechanisms responsible for two biological processes: genome maintenance and mutation tolerance involved in generations of genetic variations in mitotic cells of both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. These processes encompass mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of replication, DNA lesion sensing and DNA damage response pathways, as well as mechanisms that ensure precision in chromosome segregation during cell division. We discuss various factors that may influence genome stability, such as cellular ploidy, the phase of the cell cycle, transcriptional activity of a particular region of DNA, the proficiency of DNA quality control systems, the metabolic stage of the cell and its respiratory potential, and finally potential exposure to endogenous or environmental stress. The stability of budding and fission yeast genomes is influenced by two contradictory factors: (1) the need to be fully functional, which is ensured through the replication fidelity pathways of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes through sensing and repairing DNA damage, through precise chromosome segregation during cell division; and (2) the need to acquire changes for adaptation to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Skoneczna
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Kaniak
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Skoneczny
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Kaniak-Golik A, Skoneczna A. Mitochondria-nucleus network for genome stability. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 82:73-104. [PMID: 25640729 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The proper functioning of the cell depends on preserving the cellular genome. In yeast cells, a limited number of genes are located on mitochondrial DNA. Although the mechanisms underlying nuclear genome maintenance are well understood, much less is known about the mechanisms that ensure mitochondrial genome stability. Mitochondria influence the stability of the nuclear genome and vice versa. Little is known about the two-way communication and mutual influence of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Although the mitochondrial genome replicates independent of the nuclear genome and is organized by a distinct set of mitochondrial nucleoid proteins, nearly all genome stability mechanisms responsible for maintaining the nuclear genome, such as mismatch repair, base excision repair, and double-strand break repair via homologous recombination or the nonhomologous end-joining pathway, also act to protect mitochondrial DNA. In addition to mitochondria-specific DNA polymerase γ, the polymerases α, η, ζ, and Rev1 have been found in this organelle. A nuclear genome instability phenotype results from a failure of various mitochondrial functions, such as an electron transport chain activity breakdown leading to a decrease in ATP production, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), and a block in nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis. The loss of ΔΨ inhibits the production of iron-sulfur prosthetic groups, which impairs the assembly of Fe-S proteins, including those that mediate DNA transactions; disturbs iron homeostasis; leads to oxidative stress; and perturbs wobble tRNA modification and ribosome assembly, thereby affecting translation and leading to proteotoxic stress. In this review, we present the current knowledge of the mechanisms that govern mitochondrial genome maintenance and demonstrate ways in which the impairment of mitochondrial function can affect nuclear genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kaniak-Golik
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Skoneczna
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and DNA Repair, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhang C, Zhang F. Iron homeostasis and tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Protein Cell 2014; 6:88-100. [PMID: 25476483 PMCID: PMC4312762 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess iron is tightly associated with tumorigenesis in multiple human cancer types through a variety of mechanisms including catalyzing the formation of mutagenic hydroxyl radicals, regulating DNA replication, repair and cell cycle progression, affecting signal transduction in cancer cells, and acting as an essential nutrient for proliferating tumor cells. Thus, multiple therapeutic strategies based on iron deprivation have been developed in cancer therapy. During the past few years, our understanding of genetic association and molecular mechanisms between iron and tumorigenesis has expanded enormously. In this review, we briefly summarize iron homeostasis in mammals, and discuss recent progresses in understanding the aberrant iron metabolism in numerous cancer types, with a focus on studies revealing altered signal transduction in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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23
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Zhang C. Essential functions of iron-requiring proteins in DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control. Protein Cell 2014; 5:750-60. [PMID: 25000876 PMCID: PMC4180463 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous iron-requiring proteins such as iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins, hemoproteins and ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs). These proteins utilize iron as a cofactor and perform key roles in DNA replication, DNA repair, metabolic catalysis, iron regulation and cell cycle progression. Disruption of iron homeostasis always impairs the functions of these iron-requiring proteins and is genetically associated with diseases characterized by DNA repair defects in mammals. Organisms have evolved multi-layered mechanisms to regulate iron balance to ensure genome stability and cell development. This review briefly provides current perspectives on iron homeostasis in yeast and mammals, and mainly summarizes the most recent understandings on iron-requiring protein functions involved in DNA stability maintenance and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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