1
|
The Neuroprotection Effects of Exosome in Central Nervous System Injuries: a New Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7152-7169. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Akindona FA, Frederico SC, Hancock JC, Gilbert MR. Exploring the origin of the cancer stem cell niche and its role in anti-angiogenic treatment for glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947634. [PMID: 36091174 PMCID: PMC9454306 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are thought to be the main drivers of tumorigenesis for malignancies such as glioblastoma (GBM). They are maintained through a close relationship with the tumor vasculature. Previous literature has well-characterized the components and signaling pathways for maintenance of this stem cell niche, but details on how the niche initially forms are limited. This review discusses development of the nonmalignant neural and hematopoietic stem cell niches in order to draw important parallels to the malignant environment. We then discuss what is known about the cancer stem cell niche, its relationship with angiogenesis, and provide a hypothesis for its development in GBM. A better understanding of the mechanisms of development of the tumor stem cell niche may provide new insights to potentially therapeutically exploit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Funto A. Akindona
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stephen C. Frederico
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John C. Hancock
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark R. Gilbert,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aazmi A, Zhou H, Lv W, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Zhang YS, Ma L. Vascularizing the brain in vitro. iScience 2022; 25:104110. [PMID: 35378862 PMCID: PMC8976127 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is arguably the most fascinating and complex organ in the human body. Recreating the brain in vitro is an ambition restricted by our limited understanding of its structure and interacting elements. One of these interacting parts, the brain microvasculature, is distinguished by a highly selective barrier known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limiting the transport of substances between the blood and the nervous system. Numerous in vitro models have been used to mimic the BBB and constructed by implementing a variety of microfabrication and microfluidic techniques. However, currently available models still cannot accurately imitate the in vivo characteristics of BBB. In this article, we review recent BBB models by analyzing each parameter affecting the accuracy of these models. Furthermore, we propose an investigation of the synergy between BBB models and neuronal tissue biofabrication, which results in more advanced models, including neurovascular unit microfluidic models and vascularized brain organoid-based models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weikang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist into adulthood in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, where they generate new neurons and glia cells that contribute to neural plasticity. A better understanding of the developmental process that enables NSCs to persist beyond development will provide insight into factors that determine the size and properties of the adult NSC pool and thus the capacity for life-long neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. We review current knowledge regarding the developmental origins of adult NSCs and the developmental process by which embryonic NSCs transition into their adult form. We also discuss potential mechanisms that might regulate proper establishment of the adult NSC pool, and propose future directions of research that will be key to unraveling how NSCs transform to establish the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCarty JH. αvβ8 integrin adhesion and signaling pathways in development, physiology and disease. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/12/jcs239434. [PMID: 32540905 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must interpret a complex milieu of extracellular cues to modulate intracellular signaling events linked to proliferation, differentiation, migration and other cellular processes. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton and control intracellular signaling events. A great deal is known about the structural and functional properties for most integrins; however, the adhesion and signaling pathways controlled by αvβ8 integrin, which was discovered nearly 30 years ago, have only recently been characterized. αvβ8 integrin is a receptor for ECM-bound forms of latent transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) proteins and promotes the activation of TGFβ signaling pathways. Studies of the brain, lung and immune system reveal that the αvβ8 integrin-TGFβ axis mediates cell-cell contact and communication within complex multicellular structures. Perturbing components of this axis results in aberrant cell-cell adhesion and signaling leading to the initiation of various pathologies, including neurodegeneration, fibrosis and cancer. As discussed in this Review, understanding the functions for αvβ8 integrin, its ECM ligands and intracellular effector proteins is not only an important topic in cell biology, but may lead to new therapeutic strategies to treat human pathologies related to integrin dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H McCarty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Unit 1004, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Kim B, Zhu X, Gui X, Wang Y, Lan Z, Prabhu P, Fond K, Wang A, Guo F. Glial type specific regulation of CNS angiogenesis by HIFα-activated different signaling pathways. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2027. [PMID: 32332719 PMCID: PMC7181614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which oligodendroglia modulate CNS angiogenesis remain elusive. Previous in vitro data suggest that oligodendroglia regulate CNS endothelial cell proliferation and blood vessel formation through hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIFα)-activated Wnt (but not VEGF) signaling. Using in vivo genetic models, we show that HIFα in oligodendroglia is necessary and sufficient for angiogenesis independent of CNS regions. At the molecular level, HIFα stabilization in oligodendroglia does not perturb Wnt signaling but rather activates VEGF. At the functional level, genetically blocking oligodendroglia-derived VEGF but not Wnt significantly decreases oligodendroglial HIFα-regulated CNS angiogenesis. Blocking astroglia-derived Wnt signaling reduces astroglial HIFα-regulated CNS angiogenesis. Together, our in vivo data demonstrate that oligodendroglial HIFα regulates CNS angiogenesis through Wnt-independent and VEGF-dependent signaling. These findings suggest an alternative mechanistic understanding of CNS angiogenesis by postnatal glial cells and unveil a glial cell type-dependent HIFα-Wnt axis in regulating CNS vessel formation. In the central nervous system, the maturation of glial cells is temporally and functionally coupled with that of the vascular network during postnatal development. Here the authors show that oligodendroglial HIFα regulates CNS angiogenesis through Wnt-independent and VEGF-dependent signaling, while astroglial HIFα participates through Wnt-dependent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehong Gui
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Zhaohui Lan
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Preeti Prabhu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kenneth Fond
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
PRDM16 orchestrates angiogenesis via neural differentiation in the developing brain. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2313-2329. [PMID: 32015502 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays crucial roles in maintaining the complex operation of central nervous system (CNS) development. The architecture of communication between neurogenesis and angiogenesis is essential to maintain normal brain development and function. Hence, any disruption of neuron-vascular communications may lead to the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Here we demonstrate that neural differentiation and communication are required for vascular development. Regarding the cellular and molecular mechanism, our results show that PRDM16 activity determines the production of mature neurons and their specific positions in the neocortex. In the cortical plate (CP), aberrant neurons fail to secrete modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1), an important neuronal signal that participates in neurovascular communication to regulate CNS angiogenesis. Neuronal SMOC1 interacts with TGFBR1 by activating the transcription factors phospho-Smad2/3 to convey intercellular signals to endothelial cells (ECs) in the TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway. Together, our results highlight a crucial coordinated neurovascular development process orchestrated by PRDM16 and reveal the importance of intimate communication for building the neurovascular network during brain development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Santhosh D, Sherman J, Chowdhury S, Huang Z. Harnessing region-specific neurovascular signaling to promote germinal matrix vessel maturation and hemorrhage prevention. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.041228. [PMID: 31601549 PMCID: PMC6899033 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), affecting about 1 in 300 births, is a major perinatal disease with lifelong neurological consequences. Yet despite advances in neonatal medicine, there is no effective intervention. GMH is characterized by localized bleeding in the germinal matrix (GM), due to inherent vessel fragility unique to this developing brain region. Studies have shown that reduced TGFβ signaling contributes to this vascular immaturity. We have previously shown that a region-specific G-protein-coupled receptor pathway in GM neural progenitor cells regulates integrin β8, a limiting activator of pro-TGFβ. In this study, we use mice to test whether this regional pathway can be harnessed for GMH intervention. We first examined the endogenous dynamics of this pathway and found that it displays specific patterns of activation. We then investigated the functional effects of altering these dynamics by chemogenetics and found that there is a narrow developmental window during which this pathway is amenable to manipulation. Although high-level activity in this time window interferes with vessel growth, moderate enhancement promotes vessel maturation without compromising growth. Furthermore, we found that enhancing the activity of this pathway in a mouse model rescues all GMH phenotypes. Altogether, these results demonstrate that enhancing neurovascular signaling through pharmacological targeting of this pathway may be a viable approach for tissue-specific GMH intervention. They also demonstrate that timing and level are likely two major factors crucial for success. These findings thus provide critical new insights into both brain neurovascular biology and the intervention of GMH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Santhosh
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Program in Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joe Sherman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shafi Chowdhury
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA .,Program in Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Estirado A, Martinez S. Vascular pattern of the dentate gyrus is regulated by neural progenitors. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1971-1987. [PMID: 29306978 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a vital process that begins during early embryonic development and continues until adulthood, though in the latter case, it is restricted to the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). In particular, the DG's neurogenic properties are structurally and functionally unique, which may be related to its singular vascular pattern. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis share molecular signals and act synergistically, supporting the concept of a neurogenic niche as a functional unit between neural precursors cells and their environment, in which the blood vessels play an important role. Whereas it is well known that vascular development controls neural proliferation in the embryonary and in the adult brain, by releasing neurotrophic factors; the potential influence of neural cells on vascular components during angiogenesis is largely unknown. We have demonstrated that the reduction of neural progenitors leads to a significant impairment of vascular development. Since VEGF is a potential regulator in the neurogenesis-angiogenesis crosstalk, we were interested in assessing the possible role of this molecule in the hippocampal neurovascular development. Our results showed that VEGF is the molecule involved in the regulation of vascular development by neural progenitor cells in the DG.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- CD13 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Dentate Gyrus/anatomy & histology
- Dentate Gyrus/embryology
- Dentate Gyrus/growth & development
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Neural Stem Cells/physiology
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Estirado
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gelfo F, Mandolesi L, Serra L, Sorrentino G, Caltagirone C. The Neuroprotective Effects of Experience on Cognitive Functions: Evidence from Animal Studies on the Neurobiological Bases of Brain Reserve. Neuroscience 2017; 370:218-235. [PMID: 28827089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change structurally and functionally in response to experience. By shaping brain structure and function, experience leads to the creation of a protective reserve that accounts for differences among individuals in susceptibility to age-related brain modifications and pathology. This review is aimed to address the biological bases of the experience-dependent "brain reserve" by describing the results of animal studies that focused on the neuroanatomical and molecular effects of environmental enrichment. More specifically, the effects at the cellular level are considered in terms of changes in neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Moreover, the effects at the molecular level are described, highlighting gene- and protein-level changes in neurotransmitter and neurotrophin expression. The experimental evidence for the basic biological consequences of environmental enrichment is described for healthy animals. Subsequently, by discussing the findings for animal models that mimic age-related diseases, the involvement of such plastic changes in supporting an organism as it copes with normal and pathological age-related cognitive decline is considered. On the whole, studies of the structural and molecular effects of environmental enrichment strongly support the neuroprotective action of a particularly stimulating lifestyle on cognitive functions. Our current level of understanding of these effects and mechanisms is such that additional and novel studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses are necessary to investigate the specific effects of the different components of environmental enrichment in both healthy and pathological models. Only in this way can comprehensive recommendations for proper life habits be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Istituto di diagnosi e cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Long HQ, Li GS, Cheng X, Xu JH, Li FB. Role of hypoxia-induced VEGF in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in chronic spinal cord injury. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 18:293-5. [PMID: 26777714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord lesions (CSCL) which result in irreversible neurologic deficits remain one of the most devastating clinical problems. Its pathophysiological mechanism has not been fully clarified. As a crucial factor in the outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is considered as an important pathogenic factor contributing to the neurologic impairment in SCI. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a multirole element in the spinal cord vascular event. On one hand, VEGF administrations can result in rise of BSCB permeability in acute or sub-acute periods and even last for chronic process. On the other hand, VEGF is regarded to be correlated with angiogenesis, neurogenesis and improvement of locomotor ability. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a primary regulator of VEGF during hypoxic conditions. Therefore, hypoxia-mediated up-regulation of VEGF may play multiple roles in the BSCB disruption and react on functional restoration of CSCL. The purpose of this article is to further explore the relationship among HIF-1, hypoxia-mediated VEGF and BSCB dysfunction, and investigate the roles of these elements on CSCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Qing Long
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|