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Gogna Y, Tiwari S, Singla R. Evaluating the performance of the cognitive workload model with subjective endorsement in addition to EEG. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:2019-2036. [PMID: 38433179 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The aptitude-oriented exercises from almost all domains impose cognitive load on their operators. Evaluating such load poses several challenges owing to many factors like measurement mode and complexity, nature of the load, overloading conditions, etc. Nevertheless, the physiological measurement of a specific genre of cognitive load and subjective measurement have not been reported along with each other. In this study, the electroencephalography (EEG)-driven machine learning (Support Vector Machine (SVM)) model is sought along with the support of NASA's Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) rating scale for a novel purpose in workload exploration of operators. The Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) was used as the foundation to design the intrinsic stimulus (Spot the Difference task), as most workloads operators are exposed to are notably intrinsic. The SVM-based three-level classification accuracy ranged from 85.4 to 97.4% (p < 0.05), and the NASA-TLX-based three-level classification accuracy ranged from 88.33 to 97.33%. The t-test results show that the neurometric indices contributing to the classification significantly differed (p < 0.05) for every level. The NASA-TLX scale was utilised for validation in its basic form after the validity (Pearson correlation coefficients 0.338 to 0.805 (p < 0.05)) and reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.753) test. This modeling is beneficial to phase out particular-level cognitive exercises from the curriculum during under or overload workload (critical) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Gogna
- ICE Department, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, GT Road Bye-Pass, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India.
| | - Sheela Tiwari
- ICE Department, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, GT Road Bye-Pass, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
| | - Rajesh Singla
- ICE Department, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, GT Road Bye-Pass, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
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2
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Silva RB, Ribeiro P, Silva SG, Martins CL. Pre-task Intrinsic Cortical Activity in Novice and Experienced Military Specialists: A Cross-sectional Study. Mil Med 2023; 188:e3514-e3521. [PMID: 37464920 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroscience studies brain dynamics through the analysis of electrical signals. Cortical activity estimated by electroencephalography brings accurate information about perceptions of human behavior. The examination of resting states in relation to subsequent behaviors indicates that intrinsic cortical activity (ICA) has implications for decision-making processes, especially when inserted in the context of military activities and associated with stress. The objective of this study was to compare the absolute alpha power (AAP) in the ICA in the pre-task moment of novice specialized military (NG) with experienced (ExpG), associating with the level of stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional, observational study with 19 military personnel (32.1 years old), divided into NG (10) and ExpG (9). The ICA was the outcome variable, with the level of stress and the time of specialization in military tasks as the exposure variables. ICA analysis were carried out based on the cortical areas to compare the ICA of the NG with that of the ExpG. The association of stress level with ICA was estimated by linear regression via linear models. RESULTS There was a significant difference in almost all cortical areas, and the averages were always higher in Exp. The high stress level was associated with greater AAP both for the NG and for the ExpG, and at the medium level, the AAP was obtained, varying according to each cortical area. CONCLUSION The AAP in ExpG was significantly higher than that in NG, indicating a lower level of cortical activity and greater efficiency in sensory, motor, and visual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Silva
- Military Operations Support Division, Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Training, João Luiz Alves Street (without number), Rio de Janeiro 22291090, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory-Motor Integration Laboratory (LabMCISM), Rio de Janeiro 22290140, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Mental Health (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 22290140, Brazil
| | - Siqueira Grace Silva
- Health and Quality of life division, Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Training, João Luiz Alves Street, Rio de Janeiro 22011090, Brazil
| | - Cx Lilian Martins
- Brain Mapping and Sensory-Motor Integration Laboratory (LabMCISM), Rio de Janeiro 22290140, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Mental Health (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 22290140, Brazil
- Research Support Division, Brazilian Army Research Institute of Physical Training, Rio de Janeiro 22091090, Brazil
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Staffa M, D'Errico L, Sansalone S, Alimardani M. Classifying human emotions in HRI: applying global optimization model to EEG brain signals. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1191127. [PMID: 37881515 PMCID: PMC10595007 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1191127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made in the past decade to humanize both the form and function of social robots to increase their acceptance among humans. To this end, social robots have recently been combined with brain-computer interface (BCI) systems in an attempt to give them an understanding of human mental states, particularly emotions. However, emotion recognition using BCIs poses several challenges, such as subjectivity of emotions, contextual dependency, and a lack of reliable neuro-metrics for real-time processing of emotions. Furthermore, the use of BCI systems introduces its own set of limitations, such as the bias-variance trade-off, dimensionality, and noise in the input data space. In this study, we sought to address some of these challenges by detecting human emotional states from EEG brain activity during human-robot interaction (HRI). EEG signals were collected from 10 participants who interacted with a Pepper robot that demonstrated either a positive or negative personality. Using emotion valence and arousal measures derived from frontal brain asymmetry (FBA), several machine learning models were trained to classify human's mental states in response to the robot personality. To improve classification accuracy, all proposed classifiers were subjected to a Global Optimization Model (GOM) based on feature selection and hyperparameter optimization techniques. The results showed that it is possible to classify a user's emotional responses to the robot's behavior from the EEG signals with an accuracy of up to 92%. The outcome of the current study contributes to the first level of the Theory of Mind (ToM) in Human-Robot Interaction, enabling robots to comprehend users' emotional responses and attribute mental states to them. Our work advances the field of social and assistive robotics by paving the way for the development of more empathetic and responsive HRI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarla Staffa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D'Errico
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Sansalone
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maryam Alimardani
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Hag A, Al-Shargie F, Handayani D, Asadi H. Mental Stress Classification Based on Selected Electroencephalography Channels Using Correlation Coefficient of Hjorth Parameters. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1340. [PMID: 37759941 PMCID: PMC10527440 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) signals offer invaluable insights into diverse activities of the human brain, including the intricate physiological and psychological responses associated with mental stress. A major challenge, however, is accurately identifying mental stress while mitigating the limitations associated with a large number of EEG channels. Such limitations encompass computational complexity, potential overfitting, and the prolonged setup time for electrode placement, all of which can hinder practical applications. To address these challenges, this study presents the novel CCHP method, aimed at identifying and ranking commonly optimal EEG channels based on their sensitivity to the mental stress state. This method's uniqueness lies in its ability not only to find common channels, but also to prioritize them according to their responsiveness to stress, ensuring consistency across subjects and making it potentially transformative for real-world applications. From our rigorous examinations, eight channels emerged as universally optimal in detecting stress variances across participants. Leveraging features from the time, frequency, and time-frequency domains of these channels, and employing machine learning algorithms, notably RLDA, SVM, and KNN, our approach achieved a remarkable accuracy of 81.56% with the SVM algorithm outperforming existing methodologies. The implications of this research are profound, offering a stepping stone toward the development of real-time stress detection devices, and consequently, enabling clinicians to make more informed therapeutic decisions based on comprehensive brain activity monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Hag
- School of Computer Science & Engineering, Taylor’s University, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Fares Al-Shargie
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Dini Handayani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Houshyar Asadi
- Computer Science Department, KICT, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hemakom A, Atiwiwat D, Israsena P. ECG and EEG based detection and multilevel classification of stress using machine learning for specified genders: A preliminary study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291070. [PMID: 37656750 PMCID: PMC10473514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health, especially stress, plays a crucial role in the quality of life. During different phases (luteal and follicular phases) of the menstrual cycle, women may exhibit different responses to stress from men. This, therefore, may have an impact on the stress detection and classification accuracy of machine learning models if genders are not taken into account. However, this has never been investigated before. In addition, only a handful of stress detection devices are scientifically validated. To this end, this work proposes stress detection and multilevel stress classification models for unspecified and specified genders through ECG and EEG signals. Models for stress detection are achieved through developing and evaluating multiple individual classifiers. On the other hand, the stacking technique is employed to obtain models for multilevel stress classification. ECG and EEG features extracted from 40 subjects (21 females and 19 males) were used to train and validate the models. In the low&high combined stress conditions, RBF-SVM and kNN yielded the highest average classification accuracy for females (79.81%) and males (73.77%), respectively. Combining ECG and EEG, the average classification accuracy increased to at least 87.58% (male, high stress) and up to 92.70% (female, high stress). For multilevel stress classification from ECG and EEG, the accuracy for females was 62.60% and for males was 71.57%. This study shows that the difference in genders influences the classification performance for both the detection and multilevel classification of stress. The developed models can be used for both personal (through ECG) and clinical (through ECG and EEG) stress monitoring, with and without taking genders into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apit Hemakom
- Neural Signal Processing Research Team, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Danita Atiwiwat
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pasin Israsena
- Neural Signal Processing Research Team, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Badr Y, Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Babiloni F, Al-Mughairbi F, Al-Nashash H. Mental Stress Detection and Mitigation using Machine Learning and Binaural Beat Stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083737 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an inevitable problem experienced by people worldwide. Continuous exposure to stress can greatly impact mental activity as well as physical health thereby leading to several diseases. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of audio binaural beat stimulation (BBs) in mitigating mental stress. We developed an experimental protocol to induce four mental states: rest, control, stress, and stress mitigation. The stress was induced by utilizing Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) with time constraints and mitigated, by listening to 16 Hz of BBs. The four mental states were assessed using behavioral responses (accuracy of target detection), a perceived stress state questionnaire (PSS-10), and electroencephalography (EEG). The mean spectral power of four frequency bands was estimated using Power Spectral Density (PSD), and five different machine learning classifiers were used to classify the four mental states. Our results show that SCWT reduced the detection accuracy by 59.58% while listening to 16-Hz BBs significantly increased the accuracy of detection by 27.08%, (p = .00392). Furthermore, the support vector machine (SVM) significantly outperformed other classifiers achieving the highest accuracy of 82.5 ± 2.0 % using the beta band information. Similarly, the PSD topographical maps showed different patterns between the four mental states, where the temporal region's PSD was mostly affected by stress. Nevertheless, under mitigation, there was a noticeable restoration in the temporal activity. Overall, our results demonstrate that BBs at 16 Hz can be used to mitigate stress levels.
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Ishaque S, Khan N, Krishnan S. Physiological Signal Analysis and Stress Classification from VR Simulations Using Decision Tree Methods. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:766. [PMID: 37508793 PMCID: PMC10376313 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is induced in response to any mental, physical or emotional change associated with our daily experiences. While short term stress can be quite beneficial, prolonged stress is detrimental to the heart, muscle tissues and immune system. In order to be proactive against these symptoms, it is important to assess the impact of stress due to various activities, which is initially determined through the change in the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous systems. After acquiring physiological data wirelessly through captive electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR) and respiration (RESP) sensors, 21 time, frequency, nonlinear, GSR and respiration features were manually extracted from 15 subjects ensuing a baseline phase, virtual reality (VR) roller coaster simulation, color Stroop task and VR Bubble Bloom game. This paper presents a comprehensive physiological analysis of stress from an experiment involving a VR video game Bubble Bloom to manage stress levels. A personalized classification and regression tree (CART) model was developed using a novel Gini index algorithm in order to effectively classify binary classes of stress. A novel K-means feature was derived from 11 other features and used as an input in the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm, strong learners Ensemble Gradient Boosting (EGB) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost (XGB)) embedded in a pipeline to classify 5 classes of stress. Results obtained indicate that heart rate (HR), approximate entropy (ApEN), low frequency and high frequency ratio (LF/HF), low frequency (LF), standard deviation (SD1), GSR and RESP all reduced and high frequency (HF) increased following the VR Bubble Bloom game phase. The personalized CART model was able to classify binary stress with 87.75% accuracy. It proved to be more effective than other related studies. EGB was able to classify binary stress with 100% accuracy, which outperformed every other related study. XGBoost and DT were able to classify five classes of stress with 72.22% using the novel K-means feature. This feature produced less error and better model performance in comparison to using all the features. Results substantiate that our proposed methods were more effective for stress classification than most related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syem Ishaque
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Naimul Khan
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Sridhar Krishnan
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Chauhan T, Jakovljev I, Thompson LN, Wuerger SM, Martinovic J. Decoding of EEG signals reveals non-uniformities in the neural geometry of colour. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119884. [PMID: 36657691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of colour opponency maintains that colour vision arises through the comparison of two chromatic mechanisms, red versus green and yellow versus blue. The four unique hues, red, green, blue, and yellow, are assumed to appear at the null points of these the two chromatic systems. Here we hypothesise that, if unique hues represent a tractable cortical state, they should elicit more robust activity compared to other, non-unique hues. We use a spatiotemporal decoding approach to report that electroencephalographic (EEG) responses carry robust information about the tested isoluminant unique hues within a 100-350 ms window from stimulus onset. Decoding is possible in both passive and active viewing tasks, but is compromised when concurrent high luminance contrast is added to the colour signals. For large hue-differences, the efficiency of hue decoding can be predicted by mutual distance in a nominally uniform perceptual colour space. However, for small perceptual neighbourhoods around unique hues, the encoding space shows pivotal non-uniformities which suggest that anisotropies in neurometric hue-spaces may reflect perceptual unique hues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Chauhan
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139 Cambridge MA, USA.
| | - Ivana Jakovljev
- Department of Psychology. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Sophie M Wuerger
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L697ZA, UK
| | - Jasna Martinovic
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK; Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Decoding Selective Attention and Cognitive Control Processing Through Stroop Interference Effect: An Event-Related Electroencephalography-Derived Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs-130337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The process of cognitive control and resultant selective attention construct the shared root of a continuum of neurocognitive functions. Efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information and unwanted attributes has been evaluated through various paradigms. Stroop tasks in different forms could provide a platform for detecting the state of this type of inhibition and selective attention. Computational modeling of electroencephalography (EEG) signals associated with attentional control could complement the investigations of this discipline. Methods: Ninety-six trials of a three-condition Color-Word Stroop task were performed while recording EEG. All subjects (9 participants) were right-handed (20 - 25 years), and half were male. Three-condition signal epochs were redefined as two conditions: (1) Differentiated incongruent epochs (DIe), which are incongruent epochs that their equivalent congruent epochs are subtracted from and (2) Neutral epochs, in which intervals of 150 - 300 ms and 350 - 500 ms post-stimulus were extracted. Preprocessed data were then analyzed, and the whole EEG epoch was considered the variable to be compared between conditions. An acceptably fitted support vector machine (SVM) algorithm classified the data. Results: For each individual, the comparison was made regarding DIe and neutral epochs for two intervals (150 - 300 and 350 - 500 ms). The SVM classification method provided acceptable accuracies at 59 - 65% for the 150 - 300 ms interval and 65 - 70% for the 350 - 500 ms interval within individuals. Regarding frequency domain assessments, the Delta frequency band for these two intervals showed no significant difference between the two conditions. Conclusions: The SVM models performed better for the late event-related epoch (350 - 500 ms) classification. Hence, selective attention-related features were more significant in this temporal interval.
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An Efficient AP-ANN-Based Multimethod Fusion Model to Detect Stress through EEG Signal Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:7672297. [PMID: 36544857 PMCID: PMC9763020 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7672297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a universal emotion that every human experiences daily. Psychologists say stress may lead to heart attack, depression, hypertension, strokes, or even sudden death. Many technical explorations like stress detection through facial expression, speech, text, physical behaviors, etc., were explored, but no consensus has been reached on the best method. The advancement in biomedical engineering yielded a rapid development of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis that has inspired the idea of a multimethod fusion approach for the first time which employs multiple techniques such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for de-noising, adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN) for class balancing, and affinity propagation (AP) as a stratified sampling model along with the artificial neural network (ANN) as the classifier model for human emotion classification. From the EEG recordings of the DEAP dataset, the artifacts are removed, the signal is decomposed using a DWT, and features are extracted and fused to form the feature vector. As the dataset is high-dimensional, feature selection is done and ADASYN is used to address the imbalance of classes resulting in large-scale data. The innovative idea of the proposed system is to perform sampling using affinity propagation as a stratified sampling-based clustering algorithm as it determines the number of representative samples automatically which makes it superior to the K-Means, K-Medoid, that requires the K-value. Those samples are used as inputs to various classification models, the comparison of the AP-ANN, AP-SVM, and AP-RF is done, and their most important five performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity were compared. From our experiment, the AP-ANN model provides better accuracy of 86.8% and greater precision of 85.7%, a higher F1 score of 84.9%, a recall rate of 84.1%, and a specificity value of 89.2% which altogether provides better results than the other existing algorithms.
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Anders C, Arnrich B. Wearable electroencephalography and multi-modal mental state classification: A systematic literature review. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106088. [PMID: 36137314 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable multi-modal time-series classification applications outperform their best uni-modal counterparts and hold great promise. A modality that directly measures electrical correlates from the brain is electroencephalography. Due to varying noise sources, different key brain regions, key frequency bands, and signal characteristics like non-stationarity, techniques for data pre-processing and classification algorithms are task-dependent. METHOD Here, a systematic literature review on mental state classification for wearable electroencephalography is presented. Four search terms in different combinations were used for an in-title search. The search was executed on the 29th of June 2022, across Google Scholar, PubMed, IEEEXplore, and ScienceDirect. 76 most relevant publications were set into context as the current state-of-the-art in mental state time-series classification. RESULTS Pre-processing techniques, features, and time-series classification models were analyzed. Across publications, a window length of one second was mainly chosen for classification and spectral features were utilized the most. The achieved performance per time-series classification model is analyzed, finding linear discriminant analysis, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbors models outperform support-vector machines by a factor of up to 1.5. A historical analysis depicts future trends while under-reported aspects relevant to practical applications are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Five main conclusions are given, covering utilization of available area for electrode placement on the head, most often or scarcely utilized features and time-series classification model architectures, baseline reporting practices, as well as explainability and interpretability of Deep Learning. The importance of a 'test battery' assessing the influence of data pre-processing and multi-modality on time-series classification performance is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Anders
- Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14482, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | - Bert Arnrich
- Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14482, Brandenburg, Germany.
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Zhang W. Analysis of the Influence of Innovative Teaching Management Mode in Universities on Students' One-to-One Training and Psychotherapy. Occup Ther Int 2022; 2022:8505257. [PMID: 36304080 PMCID: PMC9581683 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8505257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study expects to investigate and verify the intervention effect of the university's innovative teaching management model on college students' resilience by implementing the university's innovative teaching management model for college students with low psychological resilience. Method The scientific scale is used to investigate the current level of college students' psychological resilience, and the development characteristics of college students' psychological resilience are obtained through statistical analysis. Based on the theoretical analysis of the application of psychological resilience intervention, combined with the theory of one-to-one tutoring and operational techniques, the university's innovative teaching management mode scheme is designed. The design adopts a quasi-experimental pre-experimental test to investigate and explore the intervention effect system of the university's innovative teaching management mode on college students' psychological resilience. In the intervention, each unit of activity is carried out in strict accordance with the established plan, and records and reflections are made at the end. One-to-one and face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with the subjects, and qualitative data were collected for qualitative analysis. Results/Discussion. Compared with the control group that did not receive the intervention, the psychological resilience of the subjects in the experimental group was significantly improved after receiving the intervention of the university's innovative teaching management model. The university's innovative teaching management model has a good intervention effect on the resilience of college students. The university's innovative teaching management model scheme compiled in this study integrates a variety of psychotherapy methods and combines one-to-one psychological counseling frameworks and techniques. It is an effective and easy-to-implement intervention scheme for college students' psychological resilience intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
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13
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Jiang G, Chen H, Wang C, Xue P. Mental workload artificial intelligence assessment of pilots' EEG: based on multi-dimensional data fusion and LSTM with Attention mechanism model. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001422590352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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EEG-Based Emotion Classification Using Improved Cross-Connected Convolutional Neural Network. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080977. [PMID: 35892418 PMCID: PMC9394254 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of electroencephalography to recognize human emotions is a key technology for advancing human–computer interactions. This study proposes an improved deep convolutional neural network model for emotion classification using a non-end-to-end training method that combines bottom-, middle-, and top-layer convolution features. Four sets of experiments using 4500 samples were conducted to verify model performance. Simultaneously, feature visualization technology was used to extract the three-layer features obtained by the model, and a scatterplot analysis was performed. The proposed model achieved a very high accuracy of 93.7%, and the extracted features exhibited the best separability among the tested models. We found that adding redundant layers did not improve model performance, and removing the data of specific channels did not significantly reduce the classification effect of the model. These results indicate that the proposed model allows for emotion recognition with a higher accuracy and speed than the previously reported models. We believe that our approach can be implemented in various applications that require the quick and accurate identification of human emotions.
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EEG based stress analysis using rhythm specific spectral feature for video game play. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105849. [PMID: 35870317 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE For the emerging significance of mental stress, various research directives have been established over time to understand better the causes of stress and how to deal with it. In recent years, the rise of video gameplay has been unprecedented, further triggered by the lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Several researchers and organizations have contributed to the practical analysis of the impacts of such extended periods of gameplay, which lacks coordinated studies to underline the outcomes and reflect those in future game designing and public awareness about video gameplay. Investigations have mainly focused on the "gameplay stress" based on physical syndromes. Some studies have analyzed the effects of video gameplay with Electroencephalogram (EEG), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc., without concentrating on the relaxation procedure after video gameplay. METHODS This paper presents an end-to-end stress analysis for video gaming stimuli using EEG. The power spectral density (PSD) of the Alpha and Beta bands is computed to calculate the Beta-to-Alpha ratio (BAR). The Alpha and Beta band power is computed, and the Beta-to-Alpha band power ratio (BAR) has been determined. In this article, BAR is used to denote mental stress. Subjects are chosen based on various factors such as gender, gameplay experience, age, and Body mass index (BMI). EEG is recorded using Scan SynAmps2 Express equipment. There are three types of video gameplay: strategic, puzzle, and combinational. Relaxation is accomplished in this study by using music of various pitches. Two types of regression analysis are done to mathematically model stress and relaxation curve. Brain topography is rendered to indicate the stressed and relaxed region of the brain. RESULTS In the relaxed state, the subjects have BAR 0.701, which is considered the baseline value. Non-gamer subjects have an average BAR of 2.403 for 1 h of strategic video gameplay, whereas gamers have 2.218 BAR concurrently. After 12 minutes of listening to low-pitch music, gamers achieved 0.709 BAR, which is nearly the baseline value. In comparison to Quartic regression, the 4PL symmetrical sigmoid function performs regression analysis with fewer parameters and computational power. CONCLUSION Non-gamers experience more stress than gamers, whereas strategic games stress the human brain more. During gameplay, the beta band in the frontal region is mostly activated. For relaxation, low pitch music is the most useful medium. Residual stress is evident in the frontal lobe when the subjects have listened to high pitch music. Quartic regression and 4PL symmetrical sigmoid function have been employed to find the model parameters of the relaxation curve. Among them, quartic regression performs better in terms of Akaike information criterion (AIC) and R2 measure.
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Empirical study on virtual order of class labels in nominal classification. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-022-01592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Ali A, Afridi R, Soomro TA, Khan SA, Khan MYA, Chowdhry BS. A Single-Channel Wireless EEG Headset Enabled Neural Activities Analysis for Mental Healthcare Applications. WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 125:3699-3713. [PMID: 35669180 PMCID: PMC9150628 DOI: 10.1007/s11277-022-09731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique of Electrophysiology used in a wide variety of scientific studies and applications. Inadequately, many commercial devices that are available and used worldwide for EEG monitoring are expensive that costs up to thousands of dollars. Over the past few years, because of advancements in technology, different cost-effective EEG recording devices have been made. One such device is a non-invasive single electrode commercial EEG headset called MindWave 002 (MW2), created by NeuroSky Inc that cost less than 100 USD. This work contributes in four distinct ways, first, how mental states such as a focused and relaxed can be identified based on EEG signals recorded by inexpensive MW2 is demonstrated for accurate information extraction. Second, MW2 is considered because apart from cost, the user's comfort level is enhanced due to non-invasive operation, low power consumption, portable small size, and a minimal number of detecting locations of MW2. Third, 2 situations were created to stimulate focus and relaxation states. Prior to analysis, the acquired brain signals were pre-processed to discard artefacts and noise, and band-pass filtering was performed for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma wave extraction. Fourth, analysis of the shapes and nature of extracted waves was performed with power spectral density (PSD), mean amplitude values, and other parameters in LabVIEW. Finally, with comprehensive experiments, the mean values of the focused and relaxed signal EEG signals were found to be 30.23 µV and 15.330 µV respectively. Similarly, average PSD values showed an increase in theta wave value and a decrease in beta wave value related to the focus and relaxed state, respectively. We also analyzed the involuntary and intentional number of blinks recorded by the MW2 device. Our study can be used to check mental health wellness and could provide psychological treatment effects by training the mind to quickly enter a relaxed state and improve the person's ability to focus. In addition, this study can open new avenues for neurofeedback and brain control applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11277-022-09731-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Electrical Engineering Department Sukkur, IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Afridi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493 South Korea
| | - Toufique A. Soomro
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed Khan
- Electrical Engineering Department Sukkur, IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | | | - Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry
- Faculty of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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18
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Sadeghi M, McDonald AD, Sasangohar F. Posttraumatic stress disorder hyperarousal event detection using smartwatch physiological and activity data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267749. [PMID: 35584096 PMCID: PMC9116643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition affecting nearly a quarter of the United States war veterans who return from war zones. Treatment for PTSD typically consists of a combination of in-session therapy and medication. However; patients often experience their most severe PTSD symptoms outside of therapy sessions. Mobile health applications may address this gap, but their effectiveness is limited by the current gap in continuous monitoring and detection capabilities enabling timely intervention. The goal of this article is to develop a novel method to detect hyperarousal events using physiological and activity-based machine learning algorithms. Physiological data including heart rate and body acceleration as well as self-reported hyperarousal events were collected using a tool developed for commercial off-the-shelf wearable devices from 99 United States veterans diagnosed with PTSD over several days. The data were used to develop four machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression and XGBoost. The XGBoost model had the best performance in detecting onset of PTSD symptoms with over 83% accuracy and an AUC of 0.70. Post-hoc SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) additive explanation analysis showed that algorithm predictions were correlated with average heart rate, minimum heart rate and average body acceleration. Findings show promise in detecting onset of PTSD symptoms which could be the basis for developing remote and continuous monitoring systems for PTSD. Such systems may address a vital gap in just-in-time interventions for PTSD self-management outside of scheduled clinical appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoosh Sadeghi
- Department of Industrial and / Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. McDonald
- Department of Industrial and / Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Farzan Sasangohar
- Department of Industrial and / Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Impact of Music in Males and Females for Relief from Neurodegenerative Disorder Stress. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:3080437. [PMID: 35494208 PMCID: PMC9019444 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3080437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological imbalance sometimes resulted in stress, which is experienced by the number of people at some moment in their life. A considerable measurement scheme can quantify the stress level in an individual, in which music has always been considered as the best therapy for stress relief in healthy human being as well in severe medical conditions. In this work, the impact of four types of music interventions with the lyrics of Hindi music and varying spectral centroid has been studied for an analysis of stress relief in males and females. The self-reported data for stress using state-trait anxiety (STA) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals for 14 channels in response to music interventions have been considered. Features such as Hjorth (activity, mobility, and complexity), variance, standard deviation, skew, kurtosis, and mean have been extracted from five bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) of each channel of the recorded EEG signals from 9 males and 9 females of the age category between 18 and 25 years. The support vector machine classifier has been used to classify three subsets: (i) male and female, (ii) baseline and female, and (iii) baseline and male. The noteworthy accuracy of 100% was found at the delta band for the first subset, beta and gamma bands for the second subset, and beta, gamma, and delta bands for the third subset. STA score has shown more deviation in the male category than in female, which gives a clear insight into the impact of music intervention with varying spectral centroid that has a higher impact to relieve stress in the male category than the female category.
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Ahmed T, Qassem M, Kyriacou PA. Physiological monitoring of stress and major depression: A review of the current monitoring techniques and considerations for the future. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Ehrhardt NM, Fietz J, Kopf-Beck J, Kappelmann N, Brem AK. Separating EEG correlates of stress: Cognitive effort, time pressure, and social-evaluative threat. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2464-2473. [PMID: 33780086 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is a key player in stress response regulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses, such as a decrease in frontal alpha and an increase in frontal beta power, have been proposed to reflect stress-related brain activity. However, the stress response is likely composed of different parts such as cognitive effort, time pressure, and social-evaluative threat, which have not been distinguished in previous studies. This distinction, however, is crucial if we aim to establish reliable tools for early detection of stress-related conditions and monitoring of stress responses throughout treatment. This randomized cross-over study (N = 38) aimed to disentangle EEG correlates of stress. With linear mixed models accounting for missing values in some conditions, we found a decrease in frontal alpha and increase in beta power when performing the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; cognitive effort; n = 32) compared to resting state (n = 33). No change in EEG power was found when the PASAT was performed under time pressure (n = 29) or when adding social-evaluative threat (video camera; n = 29). These findings suggest that frontal EEG power can discriminate stress from resting state but not more fine-grained differences of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Ehrhardt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Fietz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nils Kappelmann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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A Novel Deep Learning Model for Analyzing Psychological Stress in College Students. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3244692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress refers to the load or oppression that people’s thoughts, feelings, and other inner processes bear, as well as the emotional shifts brought on by the school, work, society, everyday life, interpersonal connections, and other things. It can trigger people’s worry and other negative feelings, making them mentally dejected and frustrated, as well as raise people’s spirits to cheer up and meet stimuli and difficulties. College students are in their 20s, and they are energetic, have extreme mood swings, and are prone to mental problems. As a distinct group in the social development trend, college students are influenced by the learning and growth environment, and their understanding of the world, values, and outlook on life is maintained at the theoretical level, lacking practical thinking and experience, making it difficult to adapt in a short period of time. Excessive psychological strain is caused by new events and new contradicting conditions, which interfere with normal living and learning. This study employs a deep learning model to test and assess the psychological stress in college students, with the goal of addressing the varied psychological stresses that college students are prone to. The deep learning model employed in this paper is based on the classic ResNet50 network model, which compresses its network structure, lowering the computational cost of ResNet50 network model training and increasing the network’s efficiency. To boost processing performance and save storage and computational resources, we trained a network with few parameters, a small model, and high precision. The findings of the investigation can help college officials prevent and recognize problems in students early on. It actively builds a good home-school cooperation mechanism and enhances the students’ ability to cope with and solve stress through enhancing the students’ behavioral experience, so that students can form a good psychological stress coping thinking and behavior, while attaching importance to the cultivation of college students’ psychological quality.
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Vanhollebeke G, De Smet S, De Raedt R, Baeken C, van Mierlo P, Vanderhasselt MA. The neural correlates of psychosocial stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of spectral analysis EEG studies. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100452. [PMID: 35573807 PMCID: PMC9095895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Vanhollebeke
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. University Hospital Ghent Ghent, C. Heymanslaan 10, entrance 12 – floor 13, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie De Smet
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Maithri M, Raghavendra U, Gudigar A, Samanth J, Murugappan M, Chakole Y, Acharya UR. Automated emotion recognition: Current trends and future perspectives. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 215:106646. [PMID: 35093645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human emotions greatly affect the actions of a person. The automated emotion recognition has applications in multiple domains such as health care, e-learning, surveillance, etc. The development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools has led to the automated recognition of human emotions. OBJECTIVE This review paper provides an insight into various methods employed using electroencephalogram (EEG), facial, and speech signals coupled with multi-modal emotion recognition techniques. In this work, we have reviewed most of the state-of-the-art papers published on this topic. METHOD This study was carried out by considering the various emotion recognition (ER) models proposed between 2016 and 2021. The papers were analysed based on methods employed, classifier used and performance obtained. RESULTS There is a significant rise in the application of deep learning techniques for ER. They have been widely applied for EEG, speech, facial expression, and multimodal features to develop an accurate ER model. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that most of the proposed machine and deep learning-based systems have yielded good performances for automated ER in a controlled environment. However, there is a need to obtain high performance for ER even in an uncontrolled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maithri
- Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - U Raghavendra
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Anjan Gudigar
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Jyothi Samanth
- Department of Cardiovascular Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Murugappan Murugappan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kuwait College of Science and Technology, 13133, Kuwait
| | - Yashas Chakole
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Clementi 599489, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SUSS University, Singapore
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25
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Afebu KO, Liu Y, Papatheou E. Feature-based intelligent models for optimisation of percussive drilling. Neural Netw 2022; 148:266-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Enhancing EEG-Based Mental Stress State Recognition Using an Improved Hybrid Feature Selection Algorithm. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248370. [PMID: 34960469 PMCID: PMC8703860 DOI: 10.3390/s21248370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In real-life applications, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for mental stress recognition require a conventional wearable device. This, in turn, requires an efficient number of EEG channels and an optimal feature set. This study aims to identify an optimal feature subset that can discriminate mental stress states while enhancing the overall classification performance. We extracted multi-domain features within the time domain, frequency domain, time-frequency domain, and network connectivity features to form a prominent feature vector space for stress. We then proposed a hybrid feature selection (FS) method using minimum redundancy maximum relevance with particle swarm optimization and support vector machines (mRMR-PSO-SVM) to select the optimal feature subset. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and verified using four datasets, namely EDMSS, DEAP, SEED, and EDPMSC. To further consolidate, the effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with that of the state-of-the-art metaheuristic methods. The proposed model significantly reduced the features vector space by an average of 70% compared with the state-of-the-art methods while significantly increasing overall detection performance.
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27
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Raghazli R, Othman AH, Kaka U, Abubakar AA, Imlan JC, Hamzah H, Sazili AQ, Goh YM. Physiological and electroencephalogram responses in goats subjected to pre-and during slaughter stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6396-6407. [PMID: 34764757 PMCID: PMC8568806 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive stress assessment is vital in understanding the impact of the pre-slaughter procedure on animal welfare. The transportation and handling process was commonly reported to cause stress in animals. This research utilises electroencephalography (EEG) as an alternative stress indicator to non-painful acute stress measurement. EEG has been proved to be instantaneous and sensitive with specific results. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the stress level of goats subjected to two different transportation duration and the effect of lairage based on their EEG activities and blood parameters changes. Eighteen adult male goats were divided into two transportation stress groups based on the transport duration: the two-hour (TS2) and six-hour (TS6) groups. Then, each group was then again divided into three smaller groups according to the lairage duration, which was three-hour (L3), six-hour (L6), and overnight (L12) groups. Blood was sampled before transport, after transport, and during slaughter while EEG was recorded before transport, after transport, after lairage, and during slaughter. Results revealed that there was a significant decrease in beta wave activity compared to baseline in TS2 goats (P < 0.05) after transportation, whereas no significant difference was detected in the TS6 goats. At the same time, goats from the TS2 group showed increase in creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared to that in TS6 goats. Together with the observed cortisol concentration, these findings showed that the TS6 goats were fully adapted to the transportation stress while the TS2 goats were still under stress. As for the lairage duration, it was observed that the TS2L3 goats showed lower EEG activities than the values obtained after two-hour transportation, while lower EEG activities were found from the TS6L6 goats after six-hour transportation. Therefore, it can be concluded that three-hour lairage was adequate to lower the impact of two hours transportation stress, whereas six-hour lairage was required to reduce the impact of six hours transportation stress. Finally, it was also found that the TS6L3, TS6L6, and TS6L12 groups took a long time to die after slaughter than the TS2L3, TS2L6, and TS2L12 goats based on the time their EEG activity reached isoelectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razlina Raghazli
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Presint 4, 62630 Putrajaya, Malaysia.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Services, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azalea-Hani Othman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jurhamid C Imlan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan 9407, North Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Q Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Services, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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EEG Mental Stress Assessment Using Hybrid Multi-Domain Feature Sets of Functional Connectivity Network and Time-Frequency Features. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186300. [PMID: 34577505 PMCID: PMC8473213 DOI: 10.3390/s21186300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mental stress for long period leads to serious accidents and health problems. To avoid negative consequences on health and safety, it is very important to detect mental stress at its early stages, i.e., when it is still limited to acute or episodic stress. In this study, we developed an experimental protocol to induce two different levels of stress by utilizing a mental arithmetic task with time pressure and negative feedback as the stressors. We assessed the levels of stress on 22 healthy subjects using frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, salivary alpha-amylase level (AAL), and multiple machine learning (ML) classifiers. The EEG signals were analyzed using a fusion of functional connectivity networks estimated by the Phase Locking Value (PLV) and temporal and spectral domain features. A total of 210 different features were extracted from all domains. Only the optimum multi-domain features were used for classification. We then quantified stress levels using statistical analysis and seven ML classifiers. Our result showed that the AAL level was significantly increased (p < 0.01) under stress condition in all subjects. Likewise, the functional connectivity network demonstrated a significant decrease under stress, p < 0.05. Moreover, we achieved the highest stress classification accuracy of 93.2% using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Other classifiers produced relatively similar results.
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Stress Classification by Multimodal Physiological Signals Using Variational Mode Decomposition and Machine Learning. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:2146369. [PMID: 34484651 PMCID: PMC8413068 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2146369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this pandemic situation, importance and awareness about mental health are getting more attention. Stress recognition from multimodal sensor based physiological signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) signals is a very cost-effective way due to its noninvasive nature. A dataset, recorded during the mental arithmetic task, consisting of EEG + ECG signals of 36 participants is used. It contains two categories of performance, namely, “Good” (nonstressed) and “Bad” (stressed) (Gupta et al. 2018 and Eraldeír et al. 2018). This paper presents an effective approach for the recognition of stress marker at frontal, temporal, central, and occipital lobes. It processes the multimodality physiological signals. The variational mode decomposition (VMD) strategy is used for data preprocessing and for the decomposition of signals into various oscillatory mode functions. Poincare plots (PP) are derived from the first eight variational modes and features from these plots have been extracted such as mean, area, and central tendency measure of the elliptical region. The statistical significance of the extracted features with p < 0.5 has been performed using the Wilcoxson test. The multilayer perceptron (MPLN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms are used for the classification of stress and nonstress categories. MLPN has achieved the maximum accuracies of 100% for frontal and temporal lobes. The suggested method can be incorporated in noninvasive EEG signal processing based automated stress identification systems.
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Katmah R, Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Babiloni F, Al-Mughairbi F, Al-Nashash H. A Review on Mental Stress Assessment Methods Using EEG Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5043. [PMID: 34372280 PMCID: PMC8347831 DOI: 10.3390/s21155043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mental stress is one of the serious factors that lead to many health problems. Scientists and physicians have developed various tools to assess the level of mental stress in its early stages. Several neuroimaging tools have been proposed in the literature to assess mental stress in the workplace. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is one important candidate because it contains rich information about mental states and condition. In this paper, we review the existing EEG signal analysis methods on the assessment of mental stress. The review highlights the critical differences between the research findings and argues that variations of the data analysis methods contribute to several contradictory results. The variations in results could be due to various factors including lack of standardized protocol, the brain region of interest, stressor type, experiment duration, proper EEG processing, feature extraction mechanism, and type of classifier. Therefore, the significant part related to mental stress recognition is choosing the most appropriate features. In particular, a complex and diverse range of EEG features, including time-varying, functional, and dynamic brain connections, requires integration of various methods to understand their associations with mental stress. Accordingly, the review suggests fusing the cortical activations with the connectivity network measures and deep learning approaches to improve the accuracy of mental stress level assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rateb Katmah
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Fares Al-Shargie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (U.T.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Usman Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (U.T.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Sapienza Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- College Computer Science and Technology, University Hangzhou Dianzi, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fadwa Al-Mughairbi
- College of Medicines and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates; (U.T.); (H.A.-N.)
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31
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Abu Hasan R, Sulaiman S, Ashykin NN, Abdullah MN, Hafeez Y, Ali SSA. Workplace Mental State Monitoring during VR-Based Training for Offshore Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4885. [PMID: 34300624 PMCID: PMC8309835 DOI: 10.3390/s21144885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Adults are constantly exposed to stressful conditions at their workplace, and this can lead to decreased job performance followed by detrimental clinical health problems. Advancement of sensor technologies has allowed the electroencephalography (EEG) devices to be portable and used in real-time to monitor mental health. However, real-time monitoring is not often practical in workplace environments with complex operations such as kindergarten, firefighting and offshore facilities. Integrating the EEG with virtual reality (VR) that emulates workplace conditions can be a tool to assess and monitor mental health of adults within their working environment. This paper evaluates the mental states induced when performing a stressful task in a VR-based offshore environment. The theta, alpha and beta frequency bands are analysed to assess changes in mental states due to physical discomfort, stress and concentration. During the VR trials, mental states of discomfort and disorientation are observed with the drop of theta activity, whilst the stress induced from the conditional tasks is reflected in the changes of low-alpha and high-beta activities. The deflection of frontal alpha asymmetry from negative to positive direction reflects the learning effects from emotion-focus to problem-solving strategies adopted to accomplish the VR task. This study highlights the need for an integrated VR-EEG system in workplace settings as a tool to monitor and assess mental health of working adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumaisa Abu Hasan
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (R.A.H.); (S.S.); (N.N.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shahida Sulaiman
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (R.A.H.); (S.S.); (N.N.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Nur Nabila Ashykin
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (R.A.H.); (S.S.); (N.N.A.); (Y.H.)
| | | | - Yasir Hafeez
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (R.A.H.); (S.S.); (N.N.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Syed Saad Azhar Ali
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (R.A.H.); (S.S.); (N.N.A.); (Y.H.)
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32
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Sundaresan A, Penchina B, Cheong S, Grace V, Valero-Cabré A, Martel A. Evaluating deep learning EEG-based mental stress classification in adolescents with autism for breathing entrainment BCI. Brain Inform 2021; 8:13. [PMID: 34255197 PMCID: PMC8276906 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-021-00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental stress is a major individual and societal burden and one of the main contributing factors that lead to pathologies such as depression, anxiety disorders, heart attacks, and strokes. Given that anxiety disorders are one of the most common comorbidities in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this population is particularly vulnerable to mental stress, severely limiting overall quality of life. To prevent this, early stress quantification with machine learning (ML) and effective anxiety mitigation with non-pharmacological interventions are essential. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of exploiting electroencephalography (EEG) signals for stress assessment by comparing several ML classifiers, namely support vector machine (SVM) and deep learning methods. We trained a total of eleven subject-dependent models-four with conventional brain-computer interface (BCI) methods and seven with deep learning approaches-on the EEG of neurotypical (n=5) and ASD (n=8) participants performing alternating blocks of mental arithmetic stress induction, guided and unguided breathing. Our results show that a multiclass two-layer LSTM RNN deep learning classifier is capable of identifying mental stress from ongoing EEG with an overall accuracy of 93.27%. Our study is the first to successfully apply an LSTM RNN classifier to identify stress states from EEG in both ASD and neurotypical adolescents, and offers promise for an EEG-based BCI for the real-time assessment and mitigation of mental stress through a closed-loop adaptation of respiration entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avirath Sundaresan
- The Nueva School, San Mateo, CA, 94033, USA.,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France
| | - Brian Penchina
- The Nueva School, San Mateo, CA, 94033, USA.,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France
| | - Sean Cheong
- The Nueva School, San Mateo, CA, 94033, USA.,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France
| | - Victoria Grace
- Muvik Labs, LLC, Locust Valley, NY, 11560, USA.,Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Cerebral Dynamics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France
| | - Adrien Martel
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Information Technology Research Program, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain. .,Causal Brain Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, CNRS UMR, Paris, 7225, France.
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33
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A Transfer Learning Architecture Based on a Support Vector Machine for Histopathology Image Classification. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, digital pathology is an essential application for clinical practice and medical research. Due to the lack of large annotated datasets, the deep transfer learning technique is often used to classify histopathology images. A softmax classifier is often used to perform classification tasks. Besides, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is also popularly employed, especially for binary classification problems. Accurately determining the category of the histopathology images is vital for the diagnosis of diseases. In this paper, the conventional softmax classifier and the SVM classifier-based transfer learning approach are evaluated to classify histopathology cancer images in a binary breast cancer dataset and a multiclass lung and colon cancer dataset. In order to achieve better classification accuracy, a methodology that attaches SVM classifier to the fully-connected (FC) layer of the softmax-based transfer learning model is proposed. The proposed architecture involves a first step training the newly added FC layer on the target dataset using the softmax-based model and a second step training the SVM classifier with the newly trained FC layer. Cross-validation is used to ensure no bias for the evaluation of the performance of the models. Experimental results reveal that the conventional SVM classifier-based model is the least accurate on either binary or multiclass cancer datasets. The conventional softmax-based model shows moderate classification accuracy, while the proposed synthetic architecture achieves the best classification accuracy.
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34
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Wong YJ, Shimizu Y, Kamiya A, Maneechot L, Bharambe KP, Fong CS, Nik Sulaiman NM. Application of artificial intelligence methods for monsoonal river classification in Selangor river basin, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:438. [PMID: 34159431 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rivers in Malaysia are classified based on water quality index (WQI) that comprises of six parameters, namely, ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and suspended solids (SS). Due to its tropical climate, the impact of seasonal monsoons on river quality is significant, with the increased occurrence of extreme precipitation events; however, there has been little discussion on the application of artificial intelligence models for monsoonal river classification. In light of these, this study had applied artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models for monsoonal (dry and wet seasons) river classification using three of the water quality parameters to minimise the cost of river monitoring and associated errors in WQI computation. A structured trial-and-error approach was applied on input parameter selection and hyperparameter optimisation for both models. Accuracy, sensitivity, and precision were selected as the performance criteria. For dry season, BOD-DO-pH was selected as the optimum input combination by both ANN and SVM models, with testing accuracy of 88.7% and 82.1%, respectively. As for wet season, the optimum input combinations of ANN and SVM models were BOD-pH-SS and BOD-DO-pH with testing accuracy of 89.5% and 88.0%, respectively. As a result, both optimised ANN and SVM models have proven their prediction capacities for river classification, which may be deployed as effective and reliable tools in tropical regions. Notably, better learning and higher capacity of the ANN model for dataset characteristics extraction generated better predictability and generalisability than SVM model under imbalanced dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jie Wong
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Shimizu
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Akinori Kamiya
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
- International Environment Department, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Luksanaree Maneechot
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Khagendra Pralhad Bharambe
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Chng Saun Fong
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Meriam Nik Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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35
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Poumeaud F, Mircher C, Smith PJ, Faye PA, Sturtz FG. Deciphering the links between psychological stress, depression, and neurocognitive decline in patients with Down syndrome. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100305. [PMID: 33614867 PMCID: PMC7879042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between psychological stress and cognitive functions are still to be defined despite some recent progress. Clinically, we noticed that patients with Down syndrome (DS) may develop rapid neurocognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD) earlier than expected, often shortly after a traumatic life event (bereavement over the leave of a primary caregiver, an assault, modification of lifestyle, or the loss of parents). Of course, individuals with DS are naturally prone to develop AD, given the triplication of chromosome 21. However, the relatively weak intensity of the stressful event and the rapid pace of cognitive decline after stress in these patients have to be noticed. It seems DS patients react to stress in a similar manner normal persons react to a very intense stress, and thereafter develop a state very much alike post-traumatic stress disorders. Unfortunately, only a few studies have studied stress-induced regression in patients with DS. Thus, we reviewed the biochemical events involved in psychological stress and found some possible links with cognitive impairment and AD. Interestingly, these links could probably be also applied to non-DS persons submitted to an intense stress. We believe these links should be further explored as a better understanding of the relationships between stress and cognition could help in many situations including individuals of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Poumeaud
- Univ. Limoges, Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Clotilde Mircher
- Institut Jérôme Lejeune, 37 Rue des Volontaires, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Peter J. Smith
- University of Chicago, 950 E. 61st Street, SSC Suite 207, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Pierre-Antoine Faye
- Univ. Limoges, Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, F-87000, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Franck G. Sturtz
- Univ. Limoges, Peripheral Neuropathies, EA6309, F-87000, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F-87000, Limoges, France
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36
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König A, Riviere K, Linz N, Lindsay H, Elbaum J, Fabre R, Derreumaux A, Robert P. Measuring Stress in Health Professionals Over the Phone Using Automatic Speech Analysis During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Pilot Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e24191. [PMID: 33739930 PMCID: PMC8057197 DOI: 10.2196/24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals have been directly confronted with the suffering of patients and their families. By making them main actors in the management of this health crisis, they have been exposed to various psychosocial risks (stress, trauma, fatigue, etc). Paradoxically, stress-related symptoms are often underreported in this vulnerable population but are potentially detectable through passive monitoring of changes in speech behavior. Objective This study aims to investigate the use of rapid and remote measures of stress levels in health professionals working during the COVID-19 outbreak. This was done through the analysis of participants’ speech behavior during a short phone call conversation and, in particular, via positive, negative, and neutral storytelling tasks. Methods Speech samples from 89 health care professionals were collected over the phone during positive, negative, and neutral storytelling tasks; various voice features were extracted and compared with classical stress measures via standard questionnaires. Additionally, a regression analysis was performed. Results Certain speech characteristics correlated with stress levels in both genders; mainly, spectral (ie, formant) features, such as the mel-frequency cepstral coefficient, and prosodic characteristics, such as the fundamental frequency, appeared to be sensitive to stress. Overall, for both male and female participants, using vocal features from the positive tasks for regression yielded the most accurate prediction results of stress scores (mean absolute error 5.31). Conclusions Automatic speech analysis could help with early detection of subtle signs of stress in vulnerable populations over the phone. By combining the use of this technology with timely intervention strategies, it could contribute to the prevention of burnout and the development of comorbidities, such as depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra König
- Stars Team, Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, Valbonne, France
| | - Kevin Riviere
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Hali Lindsay
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia Elbaum
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Roxane Fabre
- Département de Santé Publique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Alexandre Derreumaux
- CoBteK (Cognition-Behaviour-Technology) Lab, La Fédération de Recherche Interventions en Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- CoBteK (Cognition-Behaviour-Technology) Lab, La Fédération de Recherche Interventions en Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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37
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Rosanne O, Albuquerque I, Cassani R, Gagnon JF, Tremblay S, Falk TH. Adaptive Filtering for Improved EEG-Based Mental Workload Assessment of Ambulant Users. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:611962. [PMID: 33897342 PMCID: PMC8058356 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.611962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, due to the emergence of mobile electroencephalography (EEG) devices, assessment of mental workload in highly ecological settings has gained popularity. In such settings, however, motion and other common artifacts have been shown to severely hamper signal quality and to degrade mental workload assessment performance. Here, we show that classical EEG enhancement algorithms, conventionally developed to remove ocular and muscle artifacts, are not optimal in settings where participant movement (e.g., walking or running) is expected. As such, an adaptive filter is proposed that relies on an accelerometer-based referential signal. We show that when combined with classical algorithms, accurate mental workload assessment is achieved. To test the proposed algorithm, data from 48 participants was collected as they performed the Revised Multi-Attribute Task Battery-II (MATB-II) under a low and a high workload setting, either while walking/jogging on a treadmill, or using a stationary exercise bicycle. Accuracy as high as 95% could be achieved with a random forest based mental workload classifier with ambulant users. Moreover, an increase in gamma activity was found in the parietal cortex, suggesting a connection between sensorimotor integration, attention, and workload in ambulant users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rosanne
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécomunication, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabela Albuquerque
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécomunication, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raymundo Cassani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécomunication, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Tiago H Falk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécomunication, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
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38
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Morais P, Quaresma C, Vigário R, Quintão C. Electrophysiological effects of mindfulness meditation in a concentration test. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:759-773. [PMID: 33728595 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate the effects of mindfulness meditation training in electrophysiological signals, recorded during a concentration task. Longitudinal experiments have been limited to the analysis of psychological scores through depression, anxiety, and stress state (DASS) surveys. Here, we present a longitudinal study, confronting DASS survey data with electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), and electrodermal activity (EDA) signals. Twenty-five university student volunteers (mean age = 26, SD = 7, 9 male) attended a 25-h mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course, over a period of 8 weeks. There were four evaluation periods: pre/peri/post-course and a fourth follow-up, after 2 months. All three recorded biosignals presented congruent results, in line with the expected benefits of regular meditation practice. In average, EDA activity decreased throughout the course, -64.5%, whereas the mean heart rate displayed a small reduction, -5.8%, possibly as a result of an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity. Prefrontal (AF3) cortical alpha activity, often associated with calm conditions, saw a very significant increase, 148.1%. Also, the number of stressed and anxious subjects showed a significant decrease, -92.9% and -85.7%, respectively. Easy to practice and within everyone's reach, this mindfulness meditation can be used proactively to prevent or enhance better quality of life. 25 volunteers attended a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course in 4 evaluation periods: Pre/Peri/Post-course and a fourth follow-up after two months. A Depression, Anxiety and Stress State (DASS) survey is completed in each period. Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Electrocardiography (ECG) and Electroencephalography (EEG) are also recorded and processed. By integrating self-reported surveys and electrophysiological recordings there is strong evidence of evolution in wellbeing. Mindfulness meditation can be used proactively to prevent or enhance better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Morais
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics - Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Claúdia Quaresma
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics - Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Vigário
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics - Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintão
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics - Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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39
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Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Asymmetry during Mental Stress Related to Workplace Noise. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21061968. [PMID: 33799722 PMCID: PMC7999627 DOI: 10.3390/s21061968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of workplace noise on neural activity and alpha asymmetries of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during mental stress conditions. Workplace noise exposure is a pervasive environmental pollutant and is negatively linked to cognitive effects and selective attention. Generally, the stress theory is assumed to underlie the impact of noise on health. Evidence for the impacts of workplace noise on mental stress is lacking. Fifteen healthy volunteer subjects performed the Montreal imaging stress task in quiet and noisy workplaces while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. The salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) was measured before and immediately after each tested workplace to evaluate the stress level. The results showed a decrease in alpha rhythms, or an increase in cortical activity, of the PFC for all participants at the noisy workplace. Further analysis of alpha asymmetry revealed a greater significant relative right frontal activation of the noisy workplace group at electrode pairs F4-F3 but not F8-F7. Furthermore, a significant increase in sAA activity was observed in all participants at the noisy workplace, demonstrating the presence of stress. The findings provide critical information on the effects of workplace noise-related stress that might be neglected during mental stress evaluations.
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40
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Keshmiri S. Conditional Entropy: A Potential Digital Marker for Stress. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:286. [PMID: 33652891 PMCID: PMC7996836 DOI: 10.3390/e23030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed a substantial progress in the utilization of brain activity for the identification of stress digital markers. In particular, the success of entropic measures for this purpose is very appealing, considering (1) their suitability for capturing both linear and non-linear characteristics of brain activity recordings and (2) their direct association with the brain signal variability. These findings rely on external stimuli to induce the brain stress response. On the other hand, research suggests that the use of different types of experimentally induced psychological and physical stressors could potentially yield differential impacts on the brain response to stress and therefore should be dissociated from more general patterns. The present study takes a step toward addressing this issue by introducing conditional entropy (CE) as a potential electroencephalography (EEG)-based resting-state digital marker of stress. For this purpose, we use the resting-state multi-channel EEG recordings of 20 individuals whose responses to stress-related questionnaires show significantly higher and lower level of stress. Through the application of representational similarity analysis (RSA) and K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classification, we verify the potential that the use of CE can offer to the solution concept of finding an effective digital marker for stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Keshmiri
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
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41
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Pernice R, Antonacci Y, Zanetti M, Busacca A, Marinazzo D, Faes L, Nollo G. Multivariate Correlation Measures Reveal Structure and Strength of Brain-Body Physiological Networks at Rest and During Mental Stress. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:602584. [PMID: 33613173 PMCID: PMC7890264 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we extend to the multivariate case the classical correlation analysis used in the field of network physiology to probe dynamic interactions between organ systems in the human body. To this end, we define different correlation-based measures of the multivariate interaction (MI) within and between the brain and body subnetworks of the human physiological network, represented, respectively, by the time series of δ, θ, α, and β electroencephalographic (EEG) wave amplitudes, and of heart rate, respiration amplitude, and pulse arrival time (PAT) variability (η, ρ, π). MI is computed: (i) considering all variables in the two subnetworks to evaluate overall brain-body interactions; (ii) focusing on a single target variable and dissecting its global interaction with all other variables into contributions arising from the same subnetwork and from the other subnetwork; and (iii) considering two variables conditioned to all the others to infer the network topology. The framework is applied to the time series measured from the EEG, electrocardiographic (ECG), respiration, and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals recorded synchronously via wearable sensors in a group of healthy subjects monitored at rest and during mental arithmetic and sustained attention tasks. We find that the human physiological network is highly connected, with predominance of the links internal of each subnetwork (mainly η-ρ and δ-θ, θ-α, α-β), but also statistically significant interactions between the two subnetworks (mainly η-β and η-δ). MI values are often spatially heterogeneous across the scalp and are modulated by the physiological state, as indicated by the decrease of cardiorespiratory interactions during sustained attention and by the increase of brain-heart interactions and of brain-brain interactions at the frontal scalp regions during mental arithmetic. These findings illustrate the complex and multi-faceted structure of interactions manifested within and between different physiological systems and subsystems across different levels of mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pernice
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Yuri Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “Emilio Segrè,” University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Faes
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Nollo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Browarska N, Kawala-Sterniuk A, Zygarlicki J, Podpora M, Pelc M, Martinek R, Gorzelańczyk EJ. Comparison of Smoothing Filters' Influence on Quality of Data Recorded with the Emotiv EPOC Flex Brain-Computer Interface Headset during Audio Stimulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:98. [PMID: 33451080 PMCID: PMC7828570 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-the-shelf, consumer-grade EEG equipment is nowadays becoming the first-choice equipment for many scientists when it comes to recording brain waves for research purposes. On one hand, this is perfectly understandable due to its availability and relatively low cost (especially in comparison to some clinical-level EEG devices), but, on the other hand, quality of the recorded signals is gradually increasing and reaching levels that were offered just a few years ago by much more expensive devices used in medicine for diagnostic purposes. In many cases, a well-designed filter and/or a well-thought signal acquisition method improve the signal quality to the level that it becomes good enough to become subject of further analysis allowing to formulate some valid scientific theories and draw far-fetched conclusions related to human brain operation. In this paper, we propose a smoothing filter based upon the Savitzky-Golay filter for the purpose of EEG signal filtering. Additionally, we provide a summary and comparison of the applied filter to some other approaches to EEG data filtering. All the analyzed signals were acquired from subjects performing visually involving high-concentration tasks with audio stimuli using Emotiv EPOC Flex equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Browarska
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (N.B.); (J.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (N.B.); (J.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Jaroslaw Zygarlicki
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (N.B.); (J.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Podpora
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (N.B.); (J.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariusz Pelc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland; (N.B.); (J.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Radek Martinek
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, FEECS, VSB-Technical University Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic;
| | - Edward Jacek Gorzelańczyk
- Department of Theoretical Basis of BioMedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Institute of Philosophy, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Outpatient Addiction Treatment, Babinski Specialist Psychiatric Healthcare Center, 91-229 Lodz, Poland
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Feature Selection Model based on EEG Signals for Assessing the Cognitive Workload in Drivers. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205881. [PMID: 33080866 PMCID: PMC7589097 DOI: 10.3390/s20205881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on generating mechanisms to assess the levels of subjects’ cognitive workload when performing various activities that demand high concentration levels, such as driving a vehicle. These mechanisms have implemented several tools for analyzing the cognitive workload, and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals have been most frequently used due to their high precision. However, one of the main challenges in implementing the EEG signals is finding appropriate information for identifying cognitive states. Here, we present a new feature selection model for pattern recognition using information from EEG signals based on machine learning techniques called GALoRIS. GALoRIS combines Genetic Algorithms and Logistic Regression to create a new fitness function that identifies and selects the critical EEG features that contribute to recognizing high and low cognitive workloads and structures a new dataset capable of optimizing the model’s predictive process. We found that GALoRIS identifies data related to high and low cognitive workloads of subjects while driving a vehicle using information extracted from multiple EEG signals, reducing the original dataset by more than 50% and maximizing the model’s predictive capacity, achieving a precision rate greater than 90%.
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Bagheri M, Power SD. EEG-based detection of mental workload level and stress: the effect of variation in each state on classification of the other. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056015. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abbc27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Ishaque S, Rueda A, Nguyen B, Khan N, Krishnan S. Physiological Signal Analysis and Classification of Stress from Virtual Reality Video Game. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:867-870. [PMID: 33018122 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stress can affect a person's performance and health positively and negatively. A lot of the relaxation methods have been suggested to reduce the amount of stress. This study used virtual reality (VR) video games to alleviate stress. Physiological signals captured from Electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and respiration (RESP) were used to determine if the subject was stressed or relaxed. Time and frequency domain features were then extracted to evaluate stress levels. Frequency domain methods such as low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), LF-HF ratio (LF/HF) are considered the most effective for HRV analysis, Poincare plots are moré discerning visually and shares a 81% correlation with LF/HF ratio. GSR is associated with EDA activity, which only increases due to stress. Stress and relax were classified using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Decision Tree, Support Vector machine (SVM), Gradient Boost (GB), and Naive Bayes. GB performed the best with an accuracy of 85% after 5 fold cross validation with 100 iterations, which is admirable from a small dataset with 50 samples.
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Deep-Learning-Based Stress-Ratio Prediction Model Using Virtual Reality with Electroencephalography Data. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12176716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Reich Chancellery, built by Albert Speer, was designed with an overwhelming ambience to represent the worldview of Hitler. The interior of the Reich Chancellery comprised high-ceiling and low-ceiling spaces. In this study, the change in a person’s emotions according to the ceiling height while moving was examined through brain wave experiments to understand the stress index for each building space. The Reich Chancellery was recreated through VR, and brain wave data collected per space were processed through a first and second analysis. In the first analysis, beta wave changes related to the stress index were calculated, and the space with the highest fluctuation was analyzed. In the second analysis, the correlation between 10 different types of brain waves and waveforms was analyzed; deep-learning algorithms were used to verify the accuracy and analyze spaces with a high stress index. Subsequently, a deep-learning platform for calculating such a value was developed. The results showed that the change in stress index scores was the highest when entering from the Mosaic Hall (15 m floor height) to the Führerbunker (3 m floor height), which had the largest floor height difference. Accordingly, a stress-ratio prediction model for selecting a space with a high stress level was established by monitoring the architectural space based on brain wave information in a VR space. In the architectural design process, the ratio can be used to reflect user sensibility in the design and improve the efficiency of the design process.
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Modified Support Vector Machine for Detecting Stress Level Using EEG Signals. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 2020:8860841. [PMID: 32802030 PMCID: PMC7416233 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8860841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress is categorized as a condition of mental strain or pressure approaches because of upsetting or requesting conditions. There are various sources of stress initiation. Researchers consider human cerebrum as the primary wellspring of stress. To study how each individual encounters stress in different forms, researchers conduct surveys and monitor it. The paper presents the fusion of 5 algorithms to enhance the accuracy for detection of mental stress using EEG signals. The Whale Optimization Algorithm has been modified to select the optimal kernel in the SVM classifier for stress detection. An integrated set of algorithms (NLM, DCT, and MBPSO) has been used for preprocessing, feature extraction, and selection. The proposed algorithm has been tested on EEG signals collected from 14 subjects to identify the stress level. The proposed approach was validated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score with values of 96.36%, 96.84%, 90.8%, and 97.96% and was found to be better than the existing ones. The algorithm may be useful to psychiatrists and health consultants for diagnosing the stress level.
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Das Chakladar D, Dey S, Roy PP, Dogra DP. EEG-based mental workload estimation using deep BLSTM-LSTM network and evolutionary algorithm. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Attallah O. An Effective Mental Stress State Detection and Evaluation System Using Minimum Number of Frontal Brain Electrodes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E292. [PMID: 32397517 PMCID: PMC7278014 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, mental stress is a common social problem affecting people. Stress reduces human functionality during routine work and may lead to severe health defects. Detecting stress is important in education and industry to determine the efficiency of teaching, to improve education, and to reduce risks from human errors that might occur due to workers' stressful situations. Therefore, the early detection of mental stress using machine learning (ML) techniques is essential to prevent illness and health problems, improve quality of education, and improve industrial safety. The human brain is the main target of mental stress. For this reason, an ML system is proposed which investigates electroencephalogram (EEG) signal for thirty-six participants. Extracting useful features is essential for an efficient mental stress detection (MSD) system. Thus, this framework introduces a hybrid feature-set that feeds five ML classifiers to detect stress and non-stress states, and classify stress levels. To produce a reliable, practical, and efficient MSD system with a reduced number of electrodes, the proposed MSD scheme investigates the electrodes placements on different sites on the scalp and selects that site which has the higher impact on the accuracy of the system. Principal Component analysis is employed also, to reduce the features extracted from such electrodes to lower model complexity, where the optimal number of principal components is examined using sequential forward procedure. Furthermore, it examines the minimum number of electrodes placed on the site which has greater impact on stress detection and evaluation. To test the effectiveness of the proposed system, the results are compared with other feature extraction methods shown in literature. They are also compared with state-of-the-art techniques recorded for stress detection. The highest accuracies achieved in this study are 99.9%(sd = 0.015) and 99.26% (sd = 0.08) for identifying stress and non-stress states, and distinguishing between stress levels, respectively, using only two frontal brain electrodes for detecting stress and non-stress, and three frontal electrodes for evaluating stress levels respectively. The results show that the proposed system is reliable as the sensitivity is 99.9(0.064), 98.35(0.27), specificity is 99.94(0.02), 99.6(0.05), precision is 99.94(0.06), 98.9(0.23), and the diagnostics odd ratio (DOR) is ≥ 100 for detecting stress and non-stress, and evaluating stress levels respectively. This shows that the proposed framework has compelling performance and can be employed for stress detection and evaluation in medical, educational and industrial fields. Finally, the results verified the efficiency and reliability of the proposed system in predicting stress and non-stress on new patients, as the accuracy achieved 98.48% (sd = 1.12), sensitivity = 97.78% (sd = 1.84), specificity = 97.75% (sd = 2.05), precision = 99.26% (sd = 0.67), and DOR ≥ 100 using only two frontal electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omneya Attallah
- Department of Electronics and Communications, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
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EEG based Classification of Long-term Stress Using Psychological Labeling. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071886. [PMID: 32235295 PMCID: PMC7180785 DOI: 10.3390/s20071886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress research is a rapidly emerging area in the field of electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing. The use of EEG as an objective measure for cost effective and personalized stress management becomes important in situations like the nonavailability of mental health facilities. In this study, long-term stress was classified with machine learning algorithms using resting state EEG signal recordings. The labeling for the stress and control groups was performed using two currently accepted clinical practices: (i) the perceived stress scale score and (ii) expert evaluation. The frequency domain features were extracted from five-channel EEG recordings in addition to the frontal and temporal alpha and beta asymmetries. The alpha asymmetry was computed from four channels and used as a feature. Feature selection was also performed to identify statistically significant features for both stress and control groups (via t-test). We found that support vector machine was best suited to classify long-term human stress when used with alpha asymmetry as a feature. It was observed that the expert evaluation-based labeling method had improved the classification accuracy by up to 85.20%. Based on these results, it is concluded that alpha asymmetry may be used as a potential bio-marker for stress classification, when labels are assigned using expert evaluation.
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