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Li J, Che NJ, Cui YY. Three new species of Laccaria (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Southwest China (Yunnan) based on morphological and multi-gene sequence data. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1411488. [PMID: 39171265 PMCID: PMC11335674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1411488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The genus Laccaria has been reported from temperate and tropical areas and is an important constituent in forest ecosystems. However, the species diversity of Laccaria in Southwest China (Yunnan) has been underestimated. Methods In this paper, descriptions based on morphological and multi-gene sequence data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α) and the polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) of three new Laccaria species from Southwest China (Yunnan) are reported. Results Two of these were characterized by orange pileus and globose to subglobose basidiospores: L. cinnabarina and L. spinulosa. While L. cinnabarina has orange red colored basidiocarps with conspicuously pellucid-striate pattern, and a fibrillose stipe with longitudinally striations, L. spinulosa has a brownish orange to brown fruiting body with light white pruinae and 2-spored basidia. Laccaria longistriata is characterized by brown to flesh-colored basidioma, prominently striate to sulcate pileus and globose to subglobose basidiospores. Discussion The three new species were described, illustrated and compared with closely related species in morphology and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Nian-Jie Che
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Yang-Yang Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, China
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Tang SM, Vadthanarat S, Raghoonundon B, Luo ZL, Zhu XY, Yu FM, He J, Li SH. New species and new records of Laccaria (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Northern Thailand. MycoKeys 2024; 107:189-217. [PMID: 39169989 PMCID: PMC11336393 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.107.127907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Two new species Laccariapseudoalba and L.subroseoalbescens are described and illustrated, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Two new records, Laccariaumbilicata and L.yunnanensis from Thailand, are also reported. Laccariasubroseoalbescens is characterized by small basidiomata, stipe equal with an enlarged base, and nearly subclavate, pale pink to light orange. Laccariapseudoalba is characterized by pale orange to orange white pileus, has umbo when young on the pileus, and fistulose stipe of the pale to pastel red color. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) are provided as further evidence. Molecular analysis confirms the phylogenetic positions of the two new species and two new records. The differences in characteristics of these two new species and closely related species are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Tang
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, ChinaBiotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, ChinaDali UniversityDaliChina
| | - Santhiti Vadthanarat
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, ThailandUbon Ratchathani UniversityUbon RatchathaniThailand
| | - Bhavesh Raghoonundon
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, ThailandMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
| | - Zong-Long Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, ChinaBiotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Xin-Yu Zhu
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, ThailandMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, ChinaKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Jun He
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan 677000, ChinaWest Yunnan UniversityLincangChina
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, ChinaDali UniversityDaliChina
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Thapa A, Tamang J, Acharya K. Three New Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae) from India (Darjeeling Hills) Based on Molecular and Morphological Evidence. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:79. [PMID: 38281219 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Three new species of Laccaria infundibuliformis, L. pallidus, and L. darjeelingensis, collected from Darjeeling, India, are described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Laccaria infundibuliformis is characterized by its small infundibuliform basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.36 µm long. Laccaria pallidus is characterized by medium-sized greyish-red basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.9 µm long. Laccaria darjeelingensis is characterized by dull red basidiocarps, and echinulate basidiospores with spines up to 1.27 µm long. Altogether, the study shows that these three Laccaria species are previously unknown to science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Thapa
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Juna Tamang
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700 019, India.
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4
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Zhang M, Gao XL, Mu LQ, Deng WQ. Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny Reveal Five New Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) from Southern China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1179. [PMID: 38132780 PMCID: PMC10744585 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Laccaria is a type of cosmopolitan and ecologically important fungal group. Members can form ectomycorrhizal associations with numerous trees, and some species are common edible fungi in local markets. Although some new species from China are recently published, the species diversity of Laccaria is still unclear in China. In this study, some samples of Laccaria were collected from southern China, and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on the multilocus dataset of ITS-LSU-tef1-rpb2 confirmed five new species. Laccaria miniata, L. nanlingensis and L. neovinaceoavellanea were collected from subtropical broad-leaved forests, and L. rufobrunnea and L. umbilicata were collected from subtropical mixed forests of southwest China. Full descriptions, illustrations, comparisons with similar species and phylogenetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
| | - Xue-Lian Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
| | - Li-Qin Mu
- Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Forestry and Grassland Science Research Institute, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Wang-Qiu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
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5
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Cui YY, Cai Q, Li J, Yang ZL. Two new Laccaria species from China based on molecular and morphological evidence. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Corrales A, Wilson AW, Mueller GM, Ovrebo C. Novel Laccaria Species From Juglandaceae Forest in Panama With Notes on Their Ecology. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1597. [PMID: 32765456 PMCID: PMC7380087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013 there have been 22 new species of Laccaria described worldwide. Only three of these represent species from the neotropics. In Panama, Laccaria is abundant in monodominant Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae) forests based on sporocarps and environmental sequencing of roots. This study uses a combination of morphological and phylogenetic evidence to document up to seven species of Laccaria from these forests, one previously described, three described as new, and three requiring more data before being formally described. Molecular data used for phylogenetic analysis include the nuclear ribosomal ITS and 28S regions, along with TEF1 and RPB2. Laccaria stellata, has previously been reported from O. mexicana cloud forests of Panama. Laccaria dallingii sp. nov., L. nitrophila sp. nov., and L. fortunensis sp. nov. are described as new based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of multiple collections. A taxon referred to as “PAN sp3” is resolved sister to L. stellata. Phylogenetic analysis also resolved two separate clades of Panamanian Laccaria as sister to L. roseoalbescens, a species previously described from Mexico. These three taxa are not described in this paper as there is too little material from which to make effective morphological descriptions even though their placement in phylogenetic analysis identify them as being unique. Ecologically, all described species except for L. fortunensis were amplified from O. mexicana ectomycorrhizal root tips. L. nitrophila was one of the most recovered species from the roots of O. mexicana in a previous study, and it has been shown to respond positively to long term nitrogen addition. Our results expand the knowledge of Laccaria diversity for Central America and highlight that at least some species of Laccaria are nitrophilic in neotropical Juglandaceae forests as well as in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Corrales
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrew W Wilson
- Research and Conservation, Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Gregory M Mueller
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, United States
| | - Clark Ovrebo
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, United States
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Cho HJ, Lee H, Park MS, Park KH, Park JH, Cho Y, Kim C, Lim YW. Two New Species of Laccaria (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:288-295. [PMID: 32952411 PMCID: PMC7476507 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1786961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales, and Basidiomycota) are well-known ectomycorrhizal symbionts of a broad range of hosts. Laccaria species are characterized by brown, orange, or purple colored basidiocarps, and globose or oblong, echinulate and multinucleate basidiospores. While some Laccaria species are easily identified at the species level using only the morphological characteristics, others are hard to distinguish at the species level due to small differences in morphology. Heretofore, ten Laccaria species have been reported in Korea. While studying the fungal diversity in the National Parks of Korea, two new Laccaria species were discovered. Species identification was done based on molecular analyses (ITS, 28S rDNA, rpb2, and tef1), then were confirmed by their corresponding morphologies. The two newly discovered Laccaria species are proposed here as Laccaria macrobasidia and Laccaria griseolilacina. The unique morphological characters of L. macrobasidia that distinguish it from its closely related species are orange-brown colored basidiocarp, long basidia and the absence of cheilocystidia. L. griseolilacina is characterized by a light grayish lavender-colored pileus and the absence of cheilocystidia. Two new species are described and illustrated in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- Wild Plant Industrialization Research
Division, Wild Plants and Seed Conversation Department, Baekdudaegan National
Arboretum, Bonghwa, Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- Taxonomy Research Lab, Forest Biodiversity
Division, Korea National Arboretum, Gyeonggi-do,
Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ki Hyeong Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yoonhee Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Changmu Kim
- Microorganism Resources Division, National
Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of
Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
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9
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Cho HJ, Park MS, Lee H, Oh SY, Wilson AW, Mueller GM, Lim YW. A systematic revision of the ectomycorrhizal genus Laccaria from Korea. Mycologia 2018; 110:948-961. [PMID: 30240340 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1507542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Basidiomycota) are important in forest ecosystems as ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nine of the 75 described Laccaria species worldwide been reported from Korea. Most of these have European and North American names, and their identities are based solely on morphological features. To evaluate the taxonomy of Korean Laccaria, we used 443 specimens collected between 1981 and 2016 in a phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS) region, nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). Ten Laccaria species were identified. Three of these were previously reported from Korea: L. bicolor, L. tortilis, and L. vinaceoavellanea. Laccaria alba, L. japonica, and L. murina are confirmed as new reports from Korea. Lastly, four new Laccaria species are described: L. araneosa, L. parva, L. torosa, and L. versiforma. This study supports the general contention that Asian species of ectomycorrhizal fungi may not be conspecific with morphologically similar species from Europe and North America. Furthermore, identification based on morphology alone is often unreliable in Laccaria due to considerable overlap of characters among species. Thus, use of molecular methods is necessary for effective identification. Illustrations of the four newly described species and a taxonomic key to species of Laccaria in Korea are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Cho
- a School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- a School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- a School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Oh
- a School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew W Wilson
- b Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi, Denver Botanic Gardens , 909 York Street, Denver , Colorado 80206
| | - Gregory M Mueller
- c Plant Science and Conservation , Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe , Illinois 60022
| | - Young Woon Lim
- a School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Ramos A, Bandala VM, Montoya L. A new species and a new record of Laccaria (Fungi, Basidiomycota) found in a relict forest of the endangered Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana. MycoKeys 2017:77-94. [PMID: 29559819 PMCID: PMC5804296 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.27.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of Laccaria discovered in relicts of Fagusgrandifoliavar.mexicana forests in eastern Mexico are described based on the macro- and micromorphological features, and their identity supported by molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) of the ribosomal RNA gene. The phylogeny obtained here showed that one of the Mexican species is nested in an exclusive clade which in combination with its striking morphological features, infers that it represents a new species, while the other species is placed as a member in the Laccariatrichodermophora clade. This is the first report in Mexico of Laccaria with Fagusgrandifoliavar.mexicana trees, with which the reported species may form ectomycorrhizal association. Descriptions are accompanied with illustrations of macro- and micromorphological characters and a discussion of related taxa are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Ramos
- Red Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., P.O. Box 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
| | - Victor M Bandala
- Red Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., P.O. Box 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
| | - Leticia Montoya
- Red Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., P.O. Box 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
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Wilson AW, Hosaka K, Mueller GM. Evolution of ectomycorrhizas as a driver of diversification and biogeographic patterns in the model mycorrhizal mushroom genus Laccaria. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1862-1873. [PMID: 28164331 PMCID: PMC5324586 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A systematic and evolutionary ecology study of the model ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genus Laccaria was performed using herbarium material and field collections from over 30 countries covering its known geographic range. A four-gene (nrITS, 28S, RPB2, EF1α) nucleotide sequence dataset consisting of 232 Laccaria specimens was analyzed phylogenetically. The resulting Global Laccaria dataset was used for molecular dating and estimating diversification rates in the genus. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was used to evaluate the origin of Laccaria's ECM ecology. In all, 116 Laccaria molecular species were identified, resulting in a near 50% increase in its known diversity, including the new species described herein: Laccaria ambigua. Molecular dating indicates that the most recent common ancestor to Laccaria existed in the early Paleocene (56-66 million yr ago), probably in Australasia. At this time, Laccaria split into two lineages: one represented by the new species L. ambigua, and the other reflecting a large shift in diversification that resulted in the remainder of Laccaria. L. ambigua shows a different isotopic profile than all other Laccaria species. Isotopes and diversification results suggest that the evolution of the ECM ecology was a key innovation in the evolution of Laccaria. Diversification shifts associated with Laccaria's dispersal to the northern hemisphere are attributed to adaptations to new ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Wilson
- Chicago Botanic GardenPlant Science and Conservation1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022USA
- Sam Mitchel Herbarium of FungiDenver Botanic Gardens909 York StreetDenverCO80206USA
| | - Kentaro Hosaka
- Department of BotanyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaIbaraki305‐0005Japan
| | - Gregory M. Mueller
- Chicago Botanic GardenPlant Science and Conservation1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIL60022USA
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