1
|
Yun C, Zhao Z, Gu L, Zhang Z, Wang S, Shi Y, Miao N, Ri I, Wang W, Wang H. In vitro production of atractylon and β-eudesmol from Atractylodes chinensis by adventitious root culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7027-7037. [PMID: 36171502 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodes chinensis is a medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of gastric disorders, and its main bioactive compounds are atractylon and β-eudesmol. This study was purposed to establish the adventitious root culture system of A. chinensis for in vitro production of atractylon and β-eudesmol. The main parameters in the adventitious root induction and suspension cultures were optimized to maximize the culture efficiency. Adventitious roots were induced most efficiently from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium containing 1.5 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 30 g/L sucrose with the highest root induction rate of approximately 92% and 12.9 roots per explant. During the adventitious root suspension culture, the root biomass and the accumulated content of the target compounds simultaneously increased to reach the maximum values after 8 weeks of culture. The maximum yield of the target compounds (total concentration 3.38 mg/g DW, total yield 2.66 mg) was achieved in the roots cultured in ½ MS liquid medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L IBA, 3.2 mg/L NAA, and 40 g/L sucrose with the inoculum density of 8 g/L. Through the central composite design experiment, it was found that the combined use of different types of auxins in the suspension culture could further improve root growth and metabolite accumulation than the application of only one type of auxin. This work provides a new possibility to have a promising candidate for the industrial production of A. chinensis pharmaceuticals without relying on wild resources or field cultivation. KEY POINTS: • The induction culture was optimized for efficient root induction. • Suspension culture was optimized for the atractylon and β-eudesmol production. • Combined use of different auxins improves root growth and metabolite accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cholil Yun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,College of Forest Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuowen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shengfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yutong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Na Miao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ilbong Ri
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,College of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang CB, Jiang N, Xue H, Piao CG, Li Y. Colletotrichumchinense sp. nov. from Yuccagloriosa and C.quercicola sp. nov. from Quercusvariabilis in China. MycoKeys 2022; 93:1-21. [PMID: 36761910 PMCID: PMC9849078 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.93.89209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is an important plant pathogenic genus causing anthracnose on a wide range of host plants. During 2019 and 2021, Colletotrichum isolates were obtained during surveys of anthracnose on garden plants in China. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), chitin synthase 1 (chs-1), actin (act) and beta-tubulin (tub2) sequences coupled with morphological evidence support the introduction of two novel species namely Colletotrichumchinense sp. nov. from Yuccagloriosa in Beijing and C.quercicola sp. nov. from Quercusvariabilis in Shaanxi Province. Phylogenetic inference revealed that two isolates of C.chinense belonged to the agaves species complex and were closely related to C.agaves, and differed from the other species within this species complex by shorter conidia and the host association. Molecular identification showed that two isolates of C.quercicola formed a highly supported lineage close to C.tanaceti in the destructivum species complex, which could be distinguished from C.tanaceti by straighter conidia. In pathogenicity tests, yellow spots and orange conidial masses displayed on the inoculated Y.gloriosa leaves and brown spots appeared on the inoculated Q.variabilis leaves. In addition, C.chinense and C.quercicola were re-isolated from spots of the tested leaves of Y.gloriosa and Q.variabilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaEcology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaEcology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Han Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaEcology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Chun-Gen Piao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaEcology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaEcology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
4
|
Zhao J, Sun C, Shi F, Ma S, Zheng J, Du X, Zhang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis among 1-, 2- and 3-year old Atractylodes chinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:354. [PMID: 34315414 PMCID: PMC8314494 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz is a well-known medicinal plant containing the major bioactive compound, atractylodin, a sesquiterpenoid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that atractylodin was most abundant in 3-year old A. chinensis rhizome, compared with those from 1- and 2-year old rhizomes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying accumulation of atractylodin in rhizomes are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the transcriptomes from rhizomes of 1-, 2- and 3-year old (Y1, Y2 and Y3, respectively) A. chinensis, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We identified 240, 169 and 131 unigenes encoding the enzyme genes in the mevalonate (MVA), methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. To confirm the reliability of the RNA sequencing analysis, eleven key gene encoding factors involved in the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as in pigment, amino acid, hormone and transcription factor functions, were selected for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results demonstrated similar expression patterns to those determined by RNA sequencing, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.9 between qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data. Differential gene expression analysis of rhizomes from different ages revealed 52 genes related to sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Among these, seven DEGs were identified in Y1 vs Y2, Y1 vs Y3 and Y2 vs Y3, of which five encoded four key enzymes, squalene/phytoene synthase (SS), squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), squalene epoxidase (SE) and dammarenediol II synthase (DS). These four enzymes directly related to squalene biosynthesis and subsequent catalytic action. To validate the result of these seven DEGs, qRT-PCR was performed and indicated most of them displayed lower relative expression in 3-year old rhizome, similar to transcriptomic analysis. CONCLUSION The enzymes SS, SHC, SE and DS down-regulated expression in 3-year old rhizome. This data corresponded to the higher content of sesquiterpenoid in 3-year old rhizome, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. The results of comparative transcriptome analysis and identified key enzyme genes laid a solid foundation for investigation of production sesquiterpenoid in A. chinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Fengyu Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Jinshuang Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Xin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu LP, Wang Y, Qiu PL, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wang N, Li Y, Gao J, Hsiang T. Colletotrichum neorubicola sp. nov., a new leaf anthracnose pathogen of raspberry from northeast China. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang W, Damm U, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Niu X, Lin J, Li Y. Anthracnose Disease of Carpetgrass ( Axonopus compressus) Caused by Colletotrichum hainanense sp. nov. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1744-1750. [PMID: 32290774 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2183-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) is a creeping, stoloniferous, perennial warm-season grass that is adapted to humid tropical and subtropical climates. Recently, outbreaks of anthracnose disease of A. compressus caused by an unidentified Colletotrichum sp. were observed in the Hainan and Guangdong provinces in southern China. In late winter and early spring, the disease incidence reached 100% in some badly infected lawns. Under high-moisture conditions, the crowns and oldest leaf sheaths of the majority of the plants became necrotic, which led to whole lawns turning reddish brown. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating uninfected A. compressus plants with a conidial suspension of the Colletotrichum sp. isolated from diseased Axonopus plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined internal transcribed spacer, Sod2, Apn2, and Apn2/Mat1 sequences revealed the pathogen to be a novel species of the Colletotrichum graminicola species complex. Microscopic examination showed that the species was also morphologically distinct from related Colletotrichum species. As a result of the phylogenetic, morphological, and pathogenicity analyses, we propose the name Colletotrichum hainanense for this pathogen of A. compressus in southern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Ulrike Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | - Xueli Niu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Jinmei Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang QH, Fan K, Li DW, Han CM, Qu YY, Qi YK, Wu XQ. Identification, Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.s. Responsible for Walnut Anthracnose Disease in China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1358-1368. [PMID: 32196416 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-19-2569-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important woody nut and edible oil tree all over the world. However, walnut production is limited by walnut anthracnose, which is a disastrous disease that causes significant yield losses. Studying the etiology of anthracnose on walnut and the pathogens' virulence and sensitivities to fungicides would be beneficial for effective control. This study was conducted to identify the pathogen of walnut anthracnose and reveal the population diversity of pathogens through virulence, sensitivities to fungicides, and genetic variation. A total of 13 single-spore Colletotrichum isolates were collected from walnut anthracnose-diseased fruits and leaves from 13 walnut commercial orchards in Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces in China. The isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.) according to multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase), morphological as well as cultural characters, and pathogenicity. When the same walnut tissue was inoculated with different isolates, the disease lesion size was different. The results showed that the virulence of all isolates was considerably different, and the differences were not correlated with geographic origins. The virulence to walnut leaves and fruits inoculated with the same isolate was significantly different. Based on the virulence to walnut leaves and fruits, the 13 isolates were divided into three groups. Virulence of 69.2% of the isolates to walnut fruits was higher than that to leaves; 15.4% of isolates had no difference in pathogenicity, and the virulence to walnut leaves was higher for 15.4% of isolates. Tebuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia, and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) values were 0.4 to 20.5, 0.6 to 2.6, 0.2 to 1.6, and 0.002 to 0.2 µg/ml, respectively, with average values of 6.5 ± 6.9, 1.5 ± 0.6, 0.9 ± 0.4, and 0.1 ± 0.05 µg/ml, respectively. All isolates were more sensitive to difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim than tebuconazole (P < 0.01). Isolate sensitivities to the same fungicide were different. Isolates SL-31 and TS-09 were the least sensitive to carbendazim and tebuconazole, respectively, and the resistance ratios were 87.3 and 51.6, respectively. Sensitivities to difenoconazole and flusilazole were largely consistent among all isolates, and the resistance ratios were from 1 to 4.6 and from 1 to 7, respectively. Therefore, difenoconazole and flusilazole could be chosen for disease control. The differences of pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity were not correlated with geographic regions. These results indicated that there was high intraspecific diversity of populations in C. gloeosporioides s.s. that caused walnut anthracnose. For effective management, the targeted control strategy should be implemented based on the different geographic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Wang
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Kun Fan
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Chuan-Ming Han
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yong-Yun Qu
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yu-Kun Qi
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|