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Zeng R, Pu HY, Zhang XY, Yao ML, Sun Q. Methamphetamine: Mechanism of Action and Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment for Its Addiction. Chin J Integr Med 2023:10.1007/s11655-023-3635-y. [PMID: 37074617 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
With the proliferation of synthetic drugs, research on the mechanism of action of addictive drugs and treatment methods is of great significance. Among them, methamphetamine (METH) is the most representative amphetamine synthetic drug, and the treatment of METH addiction has become an urgent medical and social problem. In recent years, the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines on METH addiction have gained widespread attention because of their non-addictiveness, multiple targets, low side effects, low cost, and other characteristics. Previous studies have identified a variety of Chinese herbal medicines with effects on METH addiction. Based on the research on METH in recent years, this article summarizes the mechanism of action of METH as the starting point and briefly reviews the Chinese herbal medicine-based treatment of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zeng
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Hong-Yu Pu
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Meng-Lin Yao
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China
| | - Qin Sun
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
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2
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Machado da Silva MC, Iglesias LP, Candelario-Jalil E, Khoshbouei H, Moreira FA, de Oliveira ACP. Role of Microglia in Psychostimulant Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:235-259. [PMID: 36503452 PMCID: PMC10190137 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221208142151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of psychostimulant drugs can modify brain function by inducing changes in the reward system, mainly due to alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. However, the etiopathogenesis of addiction is a much more complex process. Previous data have suggested that microglia and other immune cells are involved in events associated with neuroplasticity and memory, which are phenomena that also occur in addiction. Nevertheless, how dependent is the development of addiction on the activity of these cells? Although the mechanisms are not known, some pathways may be involved. Recent data have shown psychoactive substances may act directly on immune cells, alter their functions and induce various inflammatory mediators that modulate synaptic activity. These could, in turn, be involved in the pathological alterations that occur in substance use disorder. Here, we extensively review the studies demonstrating how cocaine and amphetamines modulate microglial number, morphology, and function. We also describe the effect of these substances in the production of inflammatory mediators and a possible involvement of some molecular signaling pathways, such as the toll-like receptor 4. Although the literature in this field is scarce, this review compiles the knowledge on the neuroimmune axis that is involved in the pathogenesis of addiction, and suggests some pharmacological targets for the development of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lia Parada Iglesias
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fabrício Araujo Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Xiao L, Wang M, Shi Y, Xu Y, Gao Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Deng H, Pan W, Wang W, Sun H. Secondary White Matter Injury Mediated by Neuroinflammation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Promising Therapeutic Strategies of Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:669-686. [PMID: 36043798 PMCID: PMC10207923 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220830115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a neurological disease with high mortality and disability. Recent studies showed that white matter injury (WMI) plays an important role in motor dysfunction after ICH. WMI includes WMI proximal to the lesion and WMI distal to the lesion, such as corticospinal tract injury located at the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord after ICH. Previous studies have tended to focus only on gray matter (GM) injury after ICH, and fewer studies have paid attention to WMI, which may be one of the reasons for the poor outcome of previous drug treatments. Microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation are significant mechanisms responsible for secondary WMI following ICH. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, has been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammation and brain injury after ICH. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in microglia and astrocytes and exerts a vital role in microglia and astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation. We speculate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is closely related to the polarization of microglia and astrocytes and that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may exacerbate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the pro-inflammatory phenotype after ICH, while NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition may attenuate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the anti-inflammatory phenotype following ICH. Therefore, NLRP3 inflammasome may act as leveraged regulatory fulcrums for microglia and astrocytes polarization to modulate WMI and WM repair after ICH. This review summarized the possible mechanisms by which neuroinflammation mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome exacerbates secondary WMI after ICH and discussed the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Li Z, Qi Y, Liu K, Cao Y, Zhang H, Song C, Deng H. Effect of Chaihu-jia-Longgu-Muli decoction on withdrawal symptoms in rats with methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211376. [PMID: 34355745 PMCID: PMC8380915 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine detoxification prescription Chaihu-jia-Longgu-Muli decoction (CLMD) relieves depressive symptoms in patients withdrawing from methamphetamine. In the present study, we assessed the effects of CLMD on methamphetamine withdrawal in rats. A methamphetamine-intoxicated rat model was established. Rats were randomly divided into the control, model, high-dosage, medium-dosage, and low-dosage groups, receiving high, medium, and low doses of CLMD, respectively. Weekly body weight measurements revealed that rats treated with methamphetamine had the lowest body weight. The conditioned place preference (CPP) experiment revealed that methamphetamine-intoxicated rats stayed significantly longer in the drug-paired chamber than the control rats. However, after administering high-dosage CLMD, the amount of time the rats spent in the drug-paired chamber was significantly less than that of the model rats. Our open-field test revealed that the model group had lower crossing and rearing scores than the control group. Additionally, rats that received CLMD treatment exhibited higher crossing and rearing scores than the model rats. Striatal dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and endorphins (β-EP) and serum interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-2 concentrations were estimated. Rats in the model group had lower striatal DA, 5-HT, and β-EP and higher serum IL-1α and IL-2 concentrations than those in the control group. High-dosage CLMD administration significantly changed the concentrations of these molecules, such that they approached normal concentrations. In general, CLMD could prevent the development of methamphetamine-induced withdrawal symptoms in rats by increasing the DA, 5-HT, and β-EP and lowering the IL-1α and IL-2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifa Li
- Behavioural Phenotyping Core Facility, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Chinese Medicine Neuro-Psycho Pharmacology Laboratory (CMNPPL), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- No. 2 Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Behavioural Phenotyping Core Facility, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Chinese Medicine Neuro-Psycho Pharmacology Laboratory (CMNPPL), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yiming Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Behavioural Phenotyping Core Facility, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Chinese Medicine Neuro-Psycho Pharmacology Laboratory (CMNPPL), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chunhong Song
- Behavioural Phenotyping Core Facility, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Chinese Medicine Neuro-Psycho Pharmacology Laboratory (CMNPPL), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hualiang Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Neuroinflammation Mediated by NLRP3 Inflammasome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5130-5149. [PMID: 32856203 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal subtype of stroke; there is still a lack of effective treatment. Microglia are a major component of the innate immune system, and they respond to acute brain injury by activating and forming classic M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. The existence of the polarization indicates that the role of microglia in disease's progression and recovery after ICH is still unclear, perhaps involving microglial secretion of anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is considered to be the main participant in neuroinflammation. Recent evidence has shown that NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated after ICH, resulting in inflammatory cascade reactions and aggravating brain injury. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly present in microglia, so we speculate that its activation may be strongly associated with microglial polarization. Many scholars have investigated the role of brain injury caused by NLRP3 inflammasome after ICH, but the precise operating mechanisms remain uncertain. This review summarized the activation mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome after ICH and the possible mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome promoting neuroinflammation and aggravating nerve injury and discussed the relevant potential therapeutic targets.
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Jiang H, Xu H. RETRACTED: Long-term systemic treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide causes retinal damage in CD1 mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:347-355. [PMID: 30472895 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118814162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Mitchell CM, El Jordi O, Yamamoto BK. Inflammatory mechanisms of abused drugs. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yang H, Tao L, Li L. Long-Term Systemic Treatment With Methamphetamine Causes Retinal Damage in CD1 Mice. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:448-456. [PMID: 30373422 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818809356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a powerful psychostimulant with high potential for abuse, methamphetamine (Meth) could cause long-lasting abnormalities in retinas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of systemic administration of Meth at low dose on retinal damage and understand the underlying mechanisms of pathology. CD1 mice were treated with 0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg Meth by intraperitoneal injection daily for 2 months, mice treated with saline were used as negative control. Electroretinography (ERG) reflects the mass response of photoreceptor cells and was used to test the outer retinal function after Meth treatment. Toluidine blue staining was used to show the retinal morphology and evaluate the photoreceptor cell loss. Inflammatory factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to show the inflammatory response. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick end labeling assay was used to detect the apoptosis-positive cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were applied to measure the gene and protein change to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrated that retinal damage was caused by Meth treatment after 2 months, evidenced by loss of rod photoreceptor cells; decreased ERG amplitude; increased apoptotic photoreceptor cells, cytochrome-c release, caspase-3 activity, caspase-9 activity, and apoptosis-related protein expression; increased malondialdehyde level as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 protein expression; decreased anti-oxidative agents glutathione as well as superoxide dismutase levels; and increased production and gene expression of inflammatory factors. Our study indicated that systemic administration of Meth caused neurotoxic effects on CD1 mouse retinas, providing the potential mechanisms for the retina damage caused by Meth abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojiang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Hu QD, Xu LL, Gong Y, Wu GH, Wang YW, Wu SJ, Zhang Z, Mao W, Zhou YS, Li QB, Yuan JS. Lysergic acid diethylamide causes photoreceptor cell damage through inducing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2018; 37:233-239. [PMID: 29298533 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1423620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Di Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hai Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Jun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin-Bo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Shu Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang A, Wu L, Chen Z, Huang G, Lu X. Methamphetamine Causes Photoreceptor Cell Damage Through Promoting Polarization of Macrophages and Inducing Inflammatory Response. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:403-409. [PMID: 28731367 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817718473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Classically activated macrophages (M1) are proinflammatory effectors and closely related to the progression of neurotoxicity. As a powerful psychostimulant and addictive drug, methamphetamine (Meth) abuse could result in long-lasting abnormalities in retina. This study investigated the effect of Meth at nontoxic concentration on macrophage activation state and its resultant toxicity to photoreceptor cells. Results showed that cytotoxicity was caused by Meth on 661 W cells after coculturing with RAW264.7 macrophage. RAW264.7 cells tended to switch to the M1 phenotype, releasing more proinflammatory cytokines after treatment with Meth. Meth could also upregulate the M1-related gene and protein expression. Our study demonstrated that Meth promoted macrophage polarization from M0 to M1 and induced inflammatory response, providing the scientific rationale for the photoreceptor cell damage caused by the Meth abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Zhang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Liaocheng Brain Hospital affiliated to Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiwei Wu
- 2 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,3 Department of Ophthalmology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Chen
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- 4 Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohe Lu
- 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Characterization of binge-dosed methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Neurotoxicology 2015; 50:131-41. [PMID: 26283213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent, highly addictive psychostimulant abused by millions of people worldwide. MA induces neurotoxicity, damaging striatal dopaminergic terminals, and neuroinflammation, with striatal glial activation leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species production. It is unclear whether MA-induced neuroinflammation contributes to MA-induced neurotoxicity. In the current study, we examined the linkage between the time course and dose response of MA-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Adult male mice underwent a binge dosing regimen of four injections given every 2h with doses of 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg MA per injection, and were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Binge MA treatment dose-dependently caused hyperthermia and induced hypoactivity after one day, though activity returned to control levels within one week. Striatal dopamine (DA) was diminished one day after treatment with at least 4 mg/kg MA, while DA turnover rates peaked after seven days. Although striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and DA transporter levels were also decreased one day after treatment with at least 4 mg/kg MA, they trended toward recovery by day 14. All doses of MA activated striatal glia within one day. While astrocyte activation persisted, microglial activation was attenuated over the two weeks of the study. These findings help clarify the relationship between MA-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, particularly regarding their temporal and dose-specific dynamics.
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12
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Tai Y, Chen L, Huang E, Liu C, Yang X, Qiu P, Wang H. Protective effect of alpha-synuclein knockdown on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:951-8. [PMID: 25206917 PMCID: PMC4146216 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The over-expression of α-synuclein is a major factor in the death of dopaminergic neurons in a methamphetamine-induced model of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, α-synuclein knockdown rats were created by injecting α-synuclein-shRNA lentivirus stereotaxically into the right striatum of experimental rats. At 2 weeks post-injection, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with methamphetamine to establish the model of Parkinson's disease. Expression of α-synuclein mRNA and protein in the right striatum of the injected rats was significantly downregulated. Food intake and body weight were greater in α-synuclein knockdown rats, and water intake and stereotyped behavior score were lower than in model rats. Striatal dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase levels were significantly elevated in α-synuclein knockdown rats. Moreover, superoxide dismutase activity was greater in α-synuclein knockdown rat striatum, but the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide synthase and nitrogen monoxide were lower compared with model rats. We also found that α-synuclein knockdown inhibited methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that α-synuclein has the capacity to reverse methamphetamine-induced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the rat striatum by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving dopaminergic system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Tai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Enping Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingyi Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pingming Qiu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Zheng T, Liu L, Shi J, Yu X, Xiao W, Sun R, Zhou Y, Aa J, Wang G. The metabolic impact of methamphetamine on the systemic metabolism of rats and potential markers of methamphetamine abuse. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1968-77. [PMID: 24825823 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the stimulating and psychotropic effects of methamphetamine (METH) on the nervous system are well documented, the impact of METH abuse on biological metabolism and the turnover of peripheral transmitters are poorly understood. Metabolomics has the potential to reveal the effect of METH abuse on systemic metabolism and potential markers suggesting the underlying mechanism of toxicity. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with METH at escalating doses of mg kg(-1) for 5 consecutive days and then were withdrawn for 2 days. The metabolites in the serum and urine were profiled and the systemic effects of METH on metabolic pathways were evaluated. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that METH caused distinct deviations, whereas the withdrawal of METH restored the metabolic patterns towards baseline. METH administration elevated energy metabolism, which was manifested by the distinct depletion of branched-chain amino acids, accelerated tricarboxylic-acid cycle and lipid metabolism, reduced serum glycerol-3-phosphate, and elevated serum and urinary 3-hydroxybutyrate and urinary glycerol. In addition to the increased serum levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate (the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain), a marked decline in serum alanine and glycine after METH treatment suggested the activation and decreased inhibition of the nervous system and hence elevated nervous activity. Withdrawal of METH for 2 days efficiently restored all but a few metabolites to baseline, including serum creatinine, citrate, 2-ketoglutarate, and urinary lactate. Therefore, these metabolites are potential markers of METH use, and they may be used to facilitate the diagnosis of METH abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zheng
- Lab of Metabonomics, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjia Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu province, China.
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Walker DG, Lue LF. Understanding the neurobiology of CD200 and the CD200 receptor: a therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in human brains? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013; 8. [PMID: 24198718 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD200 and its receptor, CD200 receptor (CD200R), have uniaue roles in controlling damaging inflammatory processes. At present, the only identified function for CD200 is as a ligand for CD200R. These proteins interact resulting in the activation of anti-inflammatory signaling by CD200R-expressing cells. When this interaction becomes deficient with aging or disease, chronic inflammation occurs, Experimental animal studies have demonstrated the consequences of disrupting CD200-CD200R interactions in the brain, but there have been few studies in human brains. Deficiency in neuronal CD200 may explain the chronic inflammation in human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis; however, deficits in the microglial expression of CD200R may also be of functional significance. The purpose of this review is to assess the data regarding the role of CD200-CD200R interactions in relation to the brain in order to determine if this could be a therapeutic target for human brain diseases with inflammatory components, and what additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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SN79, a sigma receptor ligand, blocks methamphetamine-induced microglial activation and cytokine upregulation. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:134-42. [PMID: 23631864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is associated with several negative side effects including neurotoxicity in specific brain regions such as the striatum. The precise molecular mechanisms by which METH usage results in neurotoxicity remain to be fully elucidated, with recent evidence implicating the importance of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in damaged brain regions. METH interacts with sigma receptors which are found in glial cells in addition to neurons. Moreover, sigma receptor antagonists have been shown to block METH-induced neurotoxicity in rodents although the cellular mechanisms underlying their neuroprotection remain unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine if the prototypic sigma receptor antagonist, SN79, mitigates METH-induced microglial activation and associated increases in cytokine expression in a rodent model of METH-induced neurotoxicity. METH increased striatal mRNA and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), indicative of microglial activation. METH also increased ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) protein expression, further confirming the activation of microglia. Along with microglial activation, METH increased striatal mRNA expression levels of IL-6 family pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor (lif), oncostatin m (osm), and interleukin-6 (il-6). Pretreatment with SN79 reduced METH-induced increases in CD68 and IBA-1 expression, demonstrating its ability to prevent microglial activation. SN79 also attenuated METH-induced mRNA increases in IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine family members. The ability of a sigma receptor antagonist to block METH-induced microglial activation and cytokine production provides a novel mechanism through which the neurotoxic effects of METH may be mitigated.
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