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Guo M, Lu B, Gan J, Wang S, Jiang X, Li H. Apoptosis detection: a purpose-dependent approach selection. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1033-1040. [PMID: 34000960 PMCID: PMC8208110 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1919830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is closely associated with many diseases. Detection of apoptosis can be achieved by morphology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and other techniques. However, as technologies are increasingly used for the detection of apoptosis, many researchers are confused about how to choose a suitable method to detect apoptosis. Selection of a suitable detection method for apoptosis will help clinical diagnosis and prevention of diseases. This article reviews the selection of optimal apoptosis-detection methods based on research purposes and technique principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangcui Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huhu Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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A Potential Anti-cancer Compound Separated from the Chloroform Extract of the Chinese Medicine Formula Shenqi San. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:138-144. [PMID: 32166676 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined anti-cancer compounds present in the chloroform extract of the Chinese medicine formula Shenqi San (CE-SS). Silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, octadecylsilyl (ODS) column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to separate the compounds from CE-SS. The structural formulas of the separated compounds were determined using 1D 1H and 13C experiments as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The corresponding results were compared with the reported literature data. A total of six compounds were separated and their structures were identified on the basis of corresponding spectroscopic and physico-chemical properties. They were Saikogenin F (I), Prosaikogenin D (II), Prosaikogenin F (III), β-sitosterol (IV), 3β,16β,23-trihydroxy-13,28-epoxyurs-11-ene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (V), and methyl ursolic acid (VI). The separated compounds were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory ability against the proliferation of A549 cells via MTT assay. Apoptosis was investigated using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by Western blotting. All the compounds were observed to have inhibitory activities against the proliferation of A549 cells to different degrees. Flow cytometry showed that compound V increased the proportion of apoptotic A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting showed that compound V increased the expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. These results indicated that compound V featured a significant inhibitory effect on A549 cells when compared with other compounds, and it may be considered a potential drug against cancers.
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TEEG Induced A549 Cell Autophagy by Regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:7697610. [PMID: 31183317 PMCID: PMC6515120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7697610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TEEG (3β,16β,23-trihydroxy-13,28-epoxyurs-11-ene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) is derived from the chloroform extract of the Chinese medicine formula Shenqi San (CE-SS). In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the anticancer effect and possible molecular mechanism underlying the action of TEEG against the human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 in vitro. A549 cells were incubated with different concentrations of TEEG. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Autophagy was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Autophagy-associated proteins were examined by Western blot analysis. TEEG markedly inhibited A549 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence staining showed that TEEG induced autophagy in A549 cells. The LC3-II : LC3-I conversion ratio and the expression of Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12 increased with the concentration of TEEG. In addition, increased TEEG concentration enhanced the expression of Class III p-PI3K and reduced the expression of Class I p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-P70S6K. These results indicate that TEEG induces autophagy of A549 cells through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Ni L, Fang P, Hu ZL, Zhou HY, Chen JG, Wang F, Jin Y. Identification and Function of Acid-sensing Ion Channels in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:436-442. [PMID: 30074209 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Macrophage recruitment to the sites of inflammation is an essential step in host defense. ASIC1 and ASIC3 have been reported to mediate the endocytosis and maturation of bone marrow derived macrophages. However, the expression and inflammation-related functions of ASICs in RAW 264.7 cells, another common macrophage, are still elusive. In the present study, we first demonstrated the presence of ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. The non-specific ASICs inhibitor amiloride and specific homomeric ASICla blocker PcTxl reduced the production of iNOS and COX-2 by LPS-induced activating RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, not only amiloride but also PcTxl inhibited the migration and LPS-induced apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that ASICs promote the inflammatory response and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells, and ASICs may serve as a potential novel target for immunological disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Institute of Brain Research, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - You Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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