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Liang Z, Li J, Lin H, Zhang S, Liu F, Rao Z, Chen J, Feng Y, Zhang K, Quan D, Lin Z, Bai Y, Huang Q. Understanding the multi-functionality and tissue-specificity of decellularized dental pulp matrix hydrogels for endodontic regeneration. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:202-221. [PMID: 38692468 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dental pulp is the only soft tissue in the tooth which plays a crucial role in maintaining intrinsic multi-functional behaviors of the dentin-pulp complex. Nevertheless, the restoration of fully functional pulps after pulpitis or pulp necrosis, termed endodontic regeneration, remained a major challenge for decades. Therefore, a bioactive and in-situ injectable biomaterial is highly desired for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration. Herein, a decellularized matrix hydrogel derived from porcine dental pulps (pDDPM-G) was prepared and characterized through systematic comparison against the porcine decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel (pDNM-G). The pDDPM-G not only exhibited superior capabilities in facilitating multi-directional differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) during 3D culture, but also promoted regeneration of pulp-like tissues after DPSCs encapsulation and transplantation. Further comparative proteomic and transcriptome analyses revealed the differential compositions and potential mechanisms that endow the pDDPM-G with highly tissue-specific properties. Finally, it was realized that the abundant tenascin C (TNC) in pDDPM served as key factor responsible for the activation of Notch signaling cascades and promoted DPSCs odontoblastic differentiation. Overall, it is believed that pDDPM-G is a sort of multi-functional and tissue-specific hydrogel-based material that holds great promise in endodontic regeneration and clinical translation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Functional hydrogel-based biomaterials are highly desirable for endodontic regeneration treatments. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) preserves most extracellular matrix components of its native tissue, exhibiting unique advantages in promoting tissue regeneration and functional restoration. In this study, we prepared a porcine dental pulp-derived dECM hydrogel (pDDPM-G), which exhibited superior performance in promoting odontogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis of the regenerating pulp-like tissue, further showed its tissue-specificity compared to the peripheral nerve-derived dECM hydrogel. In-depth proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the activation of tenascin C-Notch axis played an important role in facilitating odontogenic regeneration. This biomaterial-based study validated the great potential of the dental pulp-specific pDDPM-G for clinical applications, and provides a springboard for research strategies in ECM-related regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Liang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Junda Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Sien Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Zilong Rao
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuwen Feng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daping Quan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Ying Bai
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qiting Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China.
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Nikkhah A, Roudsari PP, Aghayan H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Mafi AR, Nikandish M, Shouroki FF, Arjmand B, Larijani B. Application of Biocompatible Scaffolds in Stem-Cell-Based Dental Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:83-110. [PMID: 35999347 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering as an important field in regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic approach to replace or regenerate injured tissues. It consists of three vital steps including the selection of suitable cells, formation of 3d scaffolds, and adding growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are mentioned as two main sources for this approach that have been used for the treatment of various types of disorders. However, the main focus of literature in the field of dental tissue engineering is on utilizing MSCs. On the other hand, biocompatible scaffolds play a notable role in this regenerative process which is mentioned to be harmless with acceptable osteoinductivity. Their ability in inhibiting inflammatory responses also makes them powerful tools. Indeed, stem cell functions should be supported by biomaterials acting as scaffolds incorporated with biological signals. Naturally derived polymeric scaffolds and synthetically engineered polymeric/ceramic scaffolds are two main types of scaffolds regarding their materials that are defined further in this review. Various strategies of tissue bioengineering can affect the regeneration of dentin-pulp complex, periodontium regeneration, and whole teeth bioengineering. In this regard, in vivo/ex vivo experimental models have been developed recently in order to perform preclinical studies of dental tissue engineering which make it more transferable to be used for clinic uses. This review summarizes dental tissue engineering through its different components. Also, strategies of tissue bioengineering and experimental models are introduced in order to provide a perspective of the potential roles of dental tissue engineering to be used for clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Nikkhah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Aghayan
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Rezazadeh Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA- CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fazeli Shouroki
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yuan G, Yang G. circKLF4 Upregulates Klf4 and Endoglin to Promote Odontoblastic Differentiation of Mouse Dental Papilla Cells via Sponging miRNA-1895 and miRNA-5046. Front Physiol 2022; 12:760223. [PMID: 35222058 PMCID: PMC8865004 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.760223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
circular RNAs (circRNAs) is a broad and diverse endogenous subfamily of non-coding RNAs, regulating the gene expression by acting as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge. However, the biological functions of circRNAs in odontoblast differentiation remain largely unknown. Our preliminary study identified an unknown mouse circRNA by circRNA sequencing generated from mouse dental papilla and we termed it circKLF4. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization were used and demonstrated that circKLF4 was upregulated during odontoblastic differentiation. Gene knockdown and overexpression assays indicated that circKLF4 promoted odontoblastic differentiation of mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs). Mechanistically, we found that circKLF4 increased the linear KLF4 expression in a microRNA-dependent manner. By mutating the binding sites of microRNA and circKLF4, we further confirmed that circKLF4 acted as sponge of miRNA-1895 and miRNA-5046 to promote the expression of KLF4. We then also found that ENDOGLIN was also up-regulated by circKLF4 by transfection of circKLF4 overexpression plasmids with or without microRNA inhibitor. In conclusion, circKLF4 increases the expression of KLF4 and ENDOGLIN to promote odontoblastic differentiation via sponging miRNA-1895 and miRNA-5046.
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Arora S, Cooper PR, Ratnayake JT, Friedlander LT, Rizwan SB, Seo B, Hussaini HM. A critical review of in vitro research methodologies used to study mineralization in human dental pulp cell cultures. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 1:3-13. [PMID: 35030284 PMCID: PMC9303903 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The pulp contains a resident population of stem cells which can be stimulated to differentiate in order to repair the tooth by generating a mineralized extracellular matrix. Over recent decades there has been considerable interest in utilizing in vitro cell culture models to study dentinogenesis, with the aim of developing regenerative endodontic procedures, particularly where some vital pulp tissue remains. Objectives The purpose of this review is to provide a structured oversight of in vitro research methodologies which have been used to study human pulp mineralization processes. Method The literature was screened in the PubMed database up to March 2021 to identify manuscripts reporting the use of human dental pulp cells to study mineralization. The dataset identified 343 publications initially which were further screened and consequently 166 studies were identified and it was methodologically mined for information on: i) study purpose, ii) source and characterization of cells, iii) mineralizing supplements and concentrations, and iv) assays and markers used to characterize mineralization and differentiation, and the data was used to write this narrative review. Results Most published studies aimed at characterizing new biological stimulants for mineralization as well as determining the effect of scaffolds and dental (bio)materials. In general, pulp cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion, although the pulp explant technique was also common. For enzymatic digestion, a range of enzymes and concentrations were utilized, although collagenase type I and dispase were the most frequent. Isolated cells were not routinely characterized using either fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) approaches and there was little consistency in terming cultures as dental pulp cells or dental pulp stem cells. A combination of media supplements, at a range of concentrations, of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and beta‐glycerophosphate, were frequently applied as the basis for the experimental conditions. Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining was the method of choice for assessment of mineralization at 21‐days. Alkaline phosphatase assay was relatively frequently applied, solely or in combination with ARS staining. Further assessment of differentiation status was performed using transcript or protein markers, with dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin and dentine matrix protein‐1 (DMP ‐1), the most frequent. Discussion While this review highlights variability among experimental approaches, it does however identify a consensus experimental approach. Conclusion Standardization of experimental conditions and sustained research will significantly benefit endodontic patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Arora
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Jithendra T Ratnayake
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Lara T Friedlander
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | | | - Benedict Seo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
| | - Haizal M Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin
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5
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Nikoloudaki G. Functions of Matricellular Proteins in Dental Tissues and Their Emerging Roles in Orofacial Tissue Development, Maintenance, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126626. [PMID: 34205668 PMCID: PMC8235165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins (MCPs) are defined as extracellular matrix (ECM) associated proteins that are important regulators and integrators of microenvironmental signals, contributing to the dynamic nature of ECM signalling. There is a growing understanding of the role of matricellular proteins in cellular processes governing tissue development as well as in disease pathogenesis. In this review, the expression and functions of different MP family members (periostin, CCNs, TSPs, SIBLINGs and others) are presented, specifically in relation to craniofacial development and the maintenance of orofacial tissues, including bone, gingiva, oral mucosa, palate and the dental pulp. As will be discussed, each MP family member has been shown to have non-redundant roles in development, tissue homeostasis, wound healing, pathology and tumorigenesis of orofacial and dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Schulich Dentistry Department, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; ; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111 (ext. 81102)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Shoushrah SH, Transfeld JL, Tonk CH, Büchner D, Witzleben S, Sieber MA, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Sinking Our Teeth in Getting Dental Stem Cells to Clinics for Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6387. [PMID: 34203719 PMCID: PMC8232184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells have been isolated from the medical waste of various dental tissues. They have been characterized by numerous markers, which are evaluated herein and differentiated into multiple cell types. They can also be used to generate cell lines and iPSCs for long-term in vitro research. Methods for utilizing these stem cells including cellular systems such as organoids or cell sheets, cell-free systems such as exosomes, and scaffold-based approaches with and without drug release concepts are reported in this review and presented with new pictures for clarification. These in vitro applications can be deployed in disease modeling and subsequent pharmaceutical research and also pave the way for tissue regeneration. The main focus herein is on the potential of dental stem cells for hard tissue regeneration, especially bone, by evaluating their potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of these two processes by growth factors and environmental stimulators. Current in vitro and in vivo publications show numerous benefits of using dental stem cells for research purposes and hard tissue regeneration. However, only a few clinical trials currently exist. The goal of this review is to pinpoint this imbalance and encourage scientists to pick up this research and proceed one step further to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig- Strasse. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (S.H.S.); (J.L.T.); (C.H.T.); (D.B.); (S.W.); (M.A.S.); (M.S.)
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7
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Olatz C, Patricia GG, Jon L, Iker B, Carmen DLH, Fernando U, Gaskon I, Ramon PJ. Is There Such a Thing as a Genuine Cancer Stem Cell Marker? Perspectives from the Gut, the Brain and the Dental Pulp. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120426. [PMID: 33260962 PMCID: PMC7760753 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between gut, brain and dental pulp stem cells and their related CSCs, placing a particular emphasis on both their shared and distinctive cell markers, including the expression of pluripotency core factors. We discuss some of their similarities and differences with regard to oncogenic signaling, telomerase activity and their intrinsic propensity to degenerate to CSCs. We also explore the characteristics of the events and mutations leading to malignant transformation in each case. Importantly, healthy dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) share a great deal of features with many of the so far reported CSC phenotypes found in malignant neoplasms. However, there exist literally no reports about the contribution of DPSCs to malignant tumors. This raises the question about the particularities of the dental pulp and what specific barriers to malignancy might be present in the case of this tissue. These notable differences warrant further research to decipher the singular properties of DPSCs that make them resistant to transformation, and to unravel new therapeutic targets to treat deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crende Olatz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - García-Gallastegui Patricia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Luzuriaga Jon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Badiola Iker
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - de la Hoz Carmen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Unda Fernando
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
| | - Ibarretxe Gaskon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
| | - Pineda Jose Ramon
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.O.); (G.-G.P.); (L.J.); (B.I.); (d.l.H.C.); (U.F.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience Fundazioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (P.J.R.); Tel.: +34-946-013-218 (I.G.); +34-946-012-426 (P.J.R.)
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Diana R, Ardhani R, Kristanti Y, Santosa P. Dental pulp stem cells response on the nanotopography of scaffold to regenerate dentin-pulp complex tissue. Regen Ther 2020; 15:243-250. [PMID: 33426225 PMCID: PMC7770425 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of regenerative dentistry receives a fast growing interest. The potential ability of the dentin-pulp complex to regenerate is both promising and perplexing. To answer the challenging nature of the dental environment, scientists have developed various combinations of biomaterial scaffolds, stem cells, and incorporation of several growth factors. One of the crucial elements of this tissue engineering plan is the selection and fabrication of scaffolds. However, further findings suggest that cell behavior hugely depends on mechanical signaling. Nanotopography modifies scaffolds to alter cell migration and differentiation. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, there are very few studies addressing the correlation between nanotopography and dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments, particularly in the incorporation of nanotopography design for dentin-pulp complex regeneration.
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Key Words
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- DPSC, dental pulp stem cell
- Dental pulp stem cell
- Dentin-pulp complex tissue
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
- GO, graphene oxide
- GelMA, methacrylated gelatin
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- ION-CPC, iron oxide nanoparticle-incorporating calcium phosphate cement
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- Nanotopography
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PEGMA, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PHMS, polyhydroxymethylsiloxane
- PLGA, poly-dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLLA, poly-l-lactic acid
- RGO, reduced graphene oxide
- Regenerative dentistry
- SACP, stem cells from apical papilla
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1
- SHED, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth
- Scaffold
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, t umour necrosis factor-alpha
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasda Diana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Retno Ardhani
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. Fax: +62274 515307.
| | - Yulita Kristanti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Pribadi Santosa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl Denta Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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EMILIN proteins are novel extracellular constituents of the dentin-pulp complex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15320. [PMID: 32948785 PMCID: PMC7501263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts and pulp stroma cells are embedded within supramolecular networks of extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibrillin microfibrils and associated proteins are crucial constituents of these networks, serving as contextual scaffolds to regulate tissue development and homeostasis by providing both structural and mechanical properties and sequestering growth factors of the TGF-β superfamily. EMILIN-1, -2, and -3 are microfibril-associated glycoproteins known to modulate cell behaviour, growth factor activity, and ECM assembly. So far their expression in the various cells of the dentin-pulp complex during development, in the adult stage, and during inflammation has not been investigated. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot analysis of developing and adult mouse molars and incisors revealed an abundant presence of EMILINs in the entire dental papilla, at early developmental stages. Later in development the signal intensity for EMILIN-3 decreases, while EMILIN-1 and -2 staining appears to increase in the pre-dentin and in the ECM surrounding odontoblasts. Our data also demonstrate new specific interactions of EMILINs with fibulins in the dentin enamel junction. Interestingly, in dentin caries lesions the signal for EMILIN-3 was significantly increased in inflamed odontoblasts. Overall our findings point for the first time to a role of EMILINs in dentinogenesis, pulp biology, and inflammation.
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10
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Wang F, Xie C, Ren N, Bai S, Zhao Y. Human Freeze-dried Dentin Matrix as a Biologically Active Scaffold for Tooth Tissue Engineering. J Endod 2019; 45:1321-1331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu Z, Xu S, Dao J, Gan Z, Zeng X. Differential expression of lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA and their related functional networks during the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3350-3361. [PMID: 31549394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dentin-pulp regeneration requires dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), but the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during this process remains unclear. Here, we cultured human DPSCs in osteogenic/odontogenic medium for 14 days and analyzed cells via RNA-sequencing. The data were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and lncRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) networks were constructed to reveal the potential competing endogenous RNA regulatory role of lncRNAs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis were performed. One lncRNA, SNHG7, was identified and validated by genetic shRNA silencing. A total of 89 lncRNAs, 1,636 mRNAs, and 113 miRNAs were differentially expressed after differentiation. Bioinformatics identified an array of affected signaling pathways including phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B, transforming growth factor-β, and Wnt. mRNAs were enriched in cell migration, cell differentiation, stem cell development, ossification, and skeletal development. One lncRNA, SNHG7, was indentified to inhibit the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs when silenced. In summary, we reveal several lncRNAs that significantly change during DPSC differentiation, including SNHG7. This reveals new targets for dentin-pulp complex regeneration and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Dao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zekun Gan
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongqun Zeng
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Zein N, Harmouch E, Lutz JC, Fernandez De Grado G, Kuchler-Bopp S, Clauss F, Offner D, Hua G, Benkirane-Jessel N, Fioretti F. Polymer-Based Instructive Scaffolds for Endodontic Regeneration. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12152347. [PMID: 31344822 PMCID: PMC6695966 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of endodontic regeneration is modulated by clinical conditions which determine five kinds of tissue requirements: pulp connective-tissue formation, dentin formation, revascularization, reinnervation and radicular edification. Polymer scaffolds constitute keystone of the different endodontic regenerative strategies. Indeed, scaffolds are crucial for carrying active molecules and competent cells which optimize the regeneration. Hydrogels are very beneficial for controlling viscosity and porosity of endodontic scaffolds. The nanofibrous and microporous scaffolds mimicking extracellular matrix are also of great interest for promoting dentin-pulp formation. Two main types of polymer scaffolds are highlighted: collagen and fibrin. Collagen scaffolds which are similar to native pulp tissue, are adequate for pulp connective tissue formation. Functionnalization by active biomolecules as BMP, SDF-1, G-CSF enhances their properties. Fibrin or PRF scaffolds present the advantage of promoting stem cell differentiation and concomitant revascularisation. The choice of the type of polymers (polypeptide, PCL, chitosan) can depend on its ability to deliver the active biomolecule or to build as suitable hydrogel as possible. Since 2010s, proposals to associate different types of polymers in a same scaffold have emerged for adding advantages or for offsetting a disadvantage of a polymer. Further works would study the synergetic effects of different innovative polymers composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimah Zein
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ezeddine Harmouch
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lutz
- Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriel Fernandez De Grado
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabine Kuchler-Bopp
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Clauss
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Offner
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Fioretti
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Regenerative Nanomedicine, UMR 1260, FMTS, 67085 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Jung C, Kim S, Sun T, Cho YB, Song M. Pulp-dentin regeneration: current approaches and challenges. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731418819263. [PMID: 30728935 PMCID: PMC6351713 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418819263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic procedures for immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis confer biological advantages such as tooth homeostasis, enhanced immune defense system, and a functional pulp-dentin complex, in addition to clinical advantages such as the facilitation of root development. Currently, this procedure is recognized as a paradigm shift from restoration using materials to regenerate pulp-dentin tissues. Many studies have been conducted with regard to stem/progenitor cells, scaffolds, and biomolecules, associated with pulp tissue engineering. However, preclinical and clinical studies have evidently revealed several drawbacks in the current clinical approach to revascularization that may lead to unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, our review examines the challenges encountered under clinical conditions and summarizes current research findings in an attempt to provide direction for transition from basic research to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyong Jung
- Department of Dentistry, Aerospace Medical Center, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sangwan Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Taeuk Sun
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Minju Song
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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14
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Aydin S, Şahin F. Stem Cells Derived from Dental Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1144:123-132. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Orti V, Collart-Dutilleul PY, Piglionico S, Pall O, Cuisinier F, Panayotov I. Pulp Regeneration Concepts for Nonvital Teeth: From Tissue Engineering to Clinical Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:419-442. [PMID: 29724156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the basis of tissue engineering (Cells-Scaffold-Bioactive molecules), regenerative endodontic has emerged as a new concept of dental treatment. Clinical procedures have been proposed by endodontic practitioners willing to promote regenerative therapy. Preserving pulp vitality was a first approach. Later procedures aimed to regenerate a vascularized pulp in necrotic root canals. However, there is still no protocol allowing an effective regeneration of necrotic pulp tissue either in immature or mature teeth. This review explores in vitro and preclinical concepts developed during the last decade, especially the potential use of stem cells, bioactive molecules, and scaffolds, and makes a comparison with the goals achieved so far in clinical practice. Regeneration of pulp-like tissue has been shown in various experimental conditions. However, the appropriate techniques are currently in a developmental stage. The ideal combination of scaffolds and growth factors to obtain a complete regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex is still unknown. The use of stem cells, especially from pulp origin, sounds promising for pulp regeneration therapy, but it has not been applied so far for clinical endodontics, in case of necrotic teeth. The gap observed between the hope raised from in vitro experiments and the reality of endodontic treatments suggests that clinical success may be achieved without external stem cell application. Therefore, procedures using the concept of cell homing, through evoked bleeding that permit to recreate a living tissue that mimics the original pulp has been proposed. Perspectives for pulp tissue engineering in the near future include a better control of clinical parameters and pragmatic approach of the experimental results (autologous stem cells from cell homing, controlled release of growth factors). In the coming years, this therapeutic strategy will probably become a clinical reality, even for mature necrotic teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Orti
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Orsolya Pall
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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16
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da Rosa WLO, Piva E, da Silva AF. Disclosing the physiology of pulp tissue for vital pulp therapy. Int Endod J 2018; 51:829-846. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. L. O. da Rosa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | - E. Piva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
| | - A. F. da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Pelotas; Pelotas Brazil
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17
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Hashemi-Beni B, Khoroushi M, Foroughi MR, Karbasi S, Khademi AA. Tissue engineering: Dentin - pulp complex regeneration approaches (A review). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:552-564. [PMID: 28764928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp is a highly specialized tissue that preserves teeth. It is important to maintain the capabilities of dental pulp before a pulpectomy by creating a local restoration of the dentin-pulp complex from residual dental pulp. The articles identified were selected by two reviewers based on entry and exit criteria. All relevant articles indexed in PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, and Scopus with no limitations from 1961 to 2016 were searched. Factors investigated in the selected articles included the following key words: Dentin-Pulp Complex, Regeneration, Tissue Engineering, Scaffold, Stem Cell, and Growth Factors. Of the 233 abstracts retrieved, the papers which were selected had evaluated the clinical aspects of the application of dentin-pulp regeneration. Generally, this study has introduced a new approach to provoke the regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex after a pulpectomy, so that exogenous growth factors and the scaffold are able to induce cells and blood vessels from the residual dental pulp in the tooth root canal. This study further presents a new strategy for local regeneration therapy of the dentin-pulp complex. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the potential beneficial effects derived from the interaction of dental materials with the dentin-pulp complex as well as potential future developments in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Hashemi-Beni
- Torabinejad Dentistry Research Center and Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoroushi
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Operative and Art, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Foroughi
- Dental Materials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Saeed Karbasi
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Khademi
- Torabinejad Dentistry Research Center and Department of Endodonics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Comparative Evaluation of Chemotactic Factor Effect on Migration and Differentiation of Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla. J Endod 2017; 43:1288-1293. [PMID: 28578888 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell homing strategies could potentially be used in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) to promote the progressive coronal migration of stem cells, including stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs), along with formation of a new vascular network without the need for intentional apical trauma and intracanal bleeding. Although many chemotactic factors have been investigated for different mesenchymal stem cells, their effect on SCAP migration and differentiation is not fully understood. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) on the migration and differentiation of SCAPs. METHODS A characterized SCAP cell line was fluorescently labeled with Vybrant DiO dye (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and used in transwell migration assays. Cells were subjected to 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of each factor or a combination of factors followed by detection in a fluorescent plate reader. Lastly, SCAP differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype was evaluated in the presence or absence of the tested factors by quantitative alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity. Data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS Maximum migration was observed with G-CSF or FGF-2, which was significantly greater than the effects observed by the other tested factors. A combination of G-CSF with TGF-β1 significantly augmented both migration and differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF appears to be well suited to be further investigated as a key chemotactic factor in cell homing-based regenerative endodontic procedures.
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19
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combine with Treated dentin matrix to build biological root. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44635. [PMID: 28401887 PMCID: PMC5388852 DOI: 10.1038/srep44635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treated dentin matrix (TDM) as a kind of scaffolding material has been proved odontogenic induction ability on dental-derived stem cells. Given the limited resources of dental stem cells, it is necessary to seek new seed cell which easily obtained. Jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (JBMMSC) as non-dental-derived stem cell relates to the development of teeth and jaws which suggest us JBMMSCs could act as a new seed cell for tooth tissue engineering. To assess the odontogenic and osteogenic potential of JBMMSCs, cells were induced by TDM extraction in vitro and combined with TDM in vivo. Results were analyzed by PCR, Western Blotting and histology. PCR and Western Blotting showed odontogenic and osteogenic makers were significantly enhanced in varying degrees after induced by TDM extraction in vitro. In vivo, JBMMSCs expressed both odontogenic and osteogenic-related protein, and the latter showed stronger positive expression. Furthermore, histological examination of the harvested grafts was observed the formation of bone-like tissue. Therefore, osteogenic differentiation ability of JBMMSCs were enhanced significantly after being inducted by TDM which illustrates that non-odontogenic derived stem cells are still promising seed cells in tooth root tissue engineering.
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20
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Chattong S, Rungsiwiwut R, Yindeedej W, Sereemaspun A, Pruksananonda K, Virutamasen P, Setpakdee A, Manotham K. Original article. Human dental pulp stem cells as a potential feeder layer for human embryonic stem cell culture. ASIAN BIOMED 2017. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0803.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are pluripotent, and can differentiate into three germ layers. Traditionally, cultures of hES cells are maintained in a system containing mouse embryonic fibroblasts as a feeder layer for support of undifferentiated growth. However, contamination by animal cells limits the use of hES cells.
Objective: We evaluated the use of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) as a feeder layer for hES cell culture. It should be possible to obtain a new source of human mesenchymal stem cells for feeder cells to maintain undifferentiated growth of hES cells.
Methods: hDPSCs from removed impacted wisdom teeth (third molars) were extracted, cultured, and characterized for mesenchymal stem cell properties. Furthermore, hDPSCs were used as a feeder layer for culturing Chula2 and Chula5 hES cell lines. Finally, hES cell lines grown on hDPSCs feeders were examined embryonic stem cell properties.
Results: We found that hDPSCs, which have mesenchymal properties, can support undifferentiated growth of hES cell lines. After prolonged culture (passage 17), these hES cell lines still maintain ES cell properties including typical morphology seen in hES cells, the expression of pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Rex1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81), embryoid body formation and retention of a normal karyotype.
Conclusion: hDPSCs, derived from the pulp tissue of impacted third molars, are a potential source of human feeder cells for the culture of undifferentiated hES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreecha Chattong
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wittaya Yindeedej
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kamthorn Pruksananonda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pramuan Virutamasen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anant Setpakdee
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
| | - Krissanapong Manotham
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
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21
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Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa W, Machado da Silva T, Fernando Demarco F, Piva E, Fernandes da Silva A. Could the application of bioactive molecules improve vital pulp therapy success? A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:941-956. [PMID: 27998031 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the literature of animal studies to evaluate whether bioactive dentin proteins could improve vital pulp therapy success. The review is reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. Two reviewers independently conducted a literature search of seven databases: PubMed (Medline), Lilacs, IBECS, BBO, Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO. Animal experiments in which bioactive dentin proteins were applied directly or indirectly to the pulp tissue were included. Data regarding the characteristics of the proteins evaluated, the delivery systems used and the main findings from each study were tabulated to assess the outcomes of interest (tertiary dentin formation, inflammatory response, intratubular mineralization). After screening, 32 papers were subjected to qualitative analysis. In 75% of the studies, direct pulp capping was performed. Additionally, the most studied proteins were BMP-7, TGF-β1, and extracted soluble dentin matrix proteins. In conclusion, there is evidence in the literature suggesting that bioactive dentin molecules could enhance tertiary dentin formation with fewer initial inflammatory responses in direct and indirect pulp therapy in animal models. There are potential areas to be explored for novel therapeutic approaches for dental tissue repair and regeneration with bioactive materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 941-956, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Machado da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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22
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Chalisserry EP, Nam SY, Park SH, Anil S. Therapeutic potential of dental stem cells. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417702531. [PMID: 28616151 PMCID: PMC5461911 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417702531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell biology has become an important field in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering therapy since the discovery and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cell populations have also been isolated from human dental tissues, including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, dental follicle progenitor cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Dental stem cells are relatively easily obtainable and exhibit high plasticity and multipotential capabilities. The dental stem cells represent a gold standard for neural-crest-derived bone reconstruction in humans and can be used for the repair of body defects in low-risk autologous therapeutic strategies. The bioengineering technologies developed for tooth regeneration will make substantial contributions to understand the developmental process and will encourage future organ replacement by regenerative therapies in a wide variety of organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. The concept of developing tooth banking and preservation of dental stem cells is promising. Further research in the area has the potential to herald a new dawn in effective treatment of notoriously difficult diseases which could prove highly beneficial to mankind in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elna Paul Chalisserry
- Interdisciplinary Program of Marine-Bio, Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Yun Nam
- Interdisciplinary Program of Marine-Bio, Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyug Park
- Interdisciplinary Program of Marine-Bio, Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Chisini LA, Conde MCM, Alcázar JCB, Silva AFD, Nör JE, Tarquinio SBC, Demarco FF. Immunohistochemical Expression of TGF-β1 and Osteonectin in engineered and Ca(OH)2-repaired human pulp tissues. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e93. [PMID: 27737353 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and osteonectin (ON) in pulp-like tissues developed by tissue engineering and to compare it with the expression of these proteins in pulps treated with Ca(OH)2 therapy. Tooth slices were obtained from non-carious human third molars under sterile procedures. The residual periodontal and pulp soft tissues were removed. Empty pulp spaces of the tooth slice were filled with sodium chloride particles (250-425 µm). PLLA solubilized in 5% chloroform was applied over the salt particles. The tooth slice/scaffold (TS/S) set was stored overnight and then rinsed thoroughly to wash out the salt. Scaffolds were previously sterilized with ethanol (100-70°) and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). TS/S was treated with 10% EDTA and seeded with dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Then, TS/S was implanted into the dorsum of immunodeficient mice for 28 days. Human third molars previously treated with Ca(OH)2 for 90 days were also evaluated. Samples were prepared and submitted to histological and immunohistochemical (with anti-TGF-β1, 1:100 and anti-ON, 1:350) analyses. After 28 days, TS/S showed morphological characteristics similar to those observed in dental pulp treated with Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2-treated pulps showed the usual repaired pulp characteristics. In TS/S, newly formed tissues and pre-dentin was colored, which elucidated the expression of TGF-β1 and ON. Immunohistochemistry staining of Ca(OH)2-treated pulps showed the same expression patterns. The extracellular matrix displayed a fibrillar pattern under both conditions. Regenerative events in the pulp seem to follow a similar pattern of TGF-β1 and ON expression as the repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alexandre Chisini
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jacques Eduardo Nör
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Ann Arbor, EUA
| | | | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
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24
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Salmon CR, Giorgetti APO, Paes Leme AF, Domingues RR, Sallum EA, Alves MC, Kolli TN, Foster BL, Nociti FH. Global proteome profiling of dental cementum under experimentally-induced apposition. J Proteomics 2016; 141:12-23. [PMID: 27095596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental cementum (DC) covers the tooth root and has important functions in tooth attachment and position. DC can be lost to disease, and regeneration is currently unpredictable due to limited understanding of DC formation. This study used a model of experimentally-induced apposition (EIA) in mice to identify proteins associated with new DC formation. Mandibular first molars were induced to super-erupt for 6 and 21days after extracting opposing maxillary molars. Decalcified and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mandible sections were prepared for laser capture microdissection. Microdissected protein extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the data submitted to repeated measure ANOVA test (RM-ANOVA, alpha=5%). A total of 519 proteins were identified, with 97 (18.6%) proteins found exclusively in EIA sites and 50 (9.6%) proteins exclusively expressed in control sites. Fifty six (10.7%) proteins were differentially regulated by RM-ANOVA (p<0.05), with 24 regulated by the exclusive effect of EIA (12 proteins) or the interaction between EIA and time (12 proteins), including serpin 1a, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer, tenascin X (TNX), and asporin (ASPN). In conclusion, proteomic analysis demonstrated significantly altered protein profile in DC under EIA, providing new insights on DC biology and potential candidates for tissue engineering applications. SIGNIFICANCE Dental cementum (DC) is a mineralized tissue that covers the tooth root surface and has important functions in tooth attachment and position. DC and other periodontal tissues can be lost to disease, and regeneration is currently unpredictable due to lack of understanding of DC formation. This study used a model of experimentally-induced apposition (EIA) in mice to promote new cementum formation, followed by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomic analysis. This approach identified proteins associated with new cementum formation that may be targets for promoting cementum regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R Salmon
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula O Giorgetti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romênia R Domingues
- National Biosciences Laboratory, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Alves
- Technical Section of Informatics, ESALQ-University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamara N Kolli
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brian L Foster
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Francisco H Nociti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Smith AJ, Duncan HF, Diogenes A, Simon S, Cooper PR. Exploiting the Bioactive Properties of the Dentin-Pulp Complex in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2016; 42:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Li S, Hu J, Zhang G, Qi W, Zhang P, Li P, Zeng Y, Zhao W, Tan Y. Extracellular Ca2+ Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells via BMP2-Mediated Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 Pathways. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2164-73. [PMID: 25656933 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is the main element of many pulp capping materials that are used to promote the regeneration of tertiary dentin, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, we found that Ca(2+) increased the expression of the odontoblastic differentiation marker gene DSPP and promoted odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization of DPSCs, but inhibited ALP activity. Ca(2+) increases the expression of endogenous BMP2, which activates the Smad1/5/8 pathway and promotes the Smad1-Runx2 and Runx2-DSPP interaction in DPSCs. Inhibition of Smad1/5/8 with dorsomorphin partially blocked Runx2 activity; however, inhibition of the BMP2 receptor with Noggin nearly fully suppressed Runx2 activity. These results indicate that Ca(2+) promotes cell differentiation mainly via BMP2-mediated Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. We then determined that the phosphorylation level of Erk1/2, but not JNK or p38, was significantly increased as a result of Ca(2+) stimulation. Blockage of Erk1/2 was found to inhibit Runx2 activity, indicating that Ca(2+) triggers the Erk1/2 pathway, which subsequently regulates Runx2 activity. In addition, inhibition of Erk1/2 differentially attenuated the phosphorylation levels of Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3. Collectively, this study demonstrates that Ca(2+) activates the BMP2-mediated Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 pathways in DPSCs and that Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 signaling converge at Runx2 to control the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Tan
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Cuffaro HM, Pääkkönen V, Tjäderhane L. Enzymatic isolation of viable human odontoblasts. Int Endod J 2015; 49:454-61. [PMID: 26011565 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To improve an enzymatic method previously used for isolation of rat odontoblasts to isolate viable mature human odontoblasts. METHODOLOGY Collagenase I, collagenase I/hyaluronidase mixture and hyaluronidase were used to extract mature human odontoblasts from the pulp chamber. Detachment of odontoblasts from dentine was determined with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and to analyse the significance of differences in tubular diameter, and the t-test was used. MTT-reaction was used to analyse cell viability, and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney post hoc tests were used to analyse the data. Immunofluorescent staining of dentine sialoprotein (DSP), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) were used to confirm the odontoblastic nature of the cells. RESULTS MTT-reaction and FESEM demonstrated collagenase I/hyaluronidase resulted in more effective detachment and higher viability than collagenase I alone. Hyaluronidase alone was not able to detach odontoblasts. Immunofluorescence revealed the typical odontoblastic-morphology with one process, and DSP, AQP4 and MMP-20 were detected. Quantitative PCR of DSPP confirmed that the isolated cells expressed this odontoblast-specific gene. CONCLUSION The isolation of viable human odontoblasts was successful. The cells demonstrated morphology typical for odontoblasts and expressed characteristic odontoblast-type genes and proteins. This method will enable new approaches, such as apoptosis analysis, for studies using fully differentiated odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Cuffaro
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Pääkkönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Orend G, Chiquet M, Tucker RP, Midwood KS. Tenascins in stem cell niches. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Al-Sharabi N, Xue Y, Fujio M, Ueda M, Gjerde C, Mustafa K, Fristad I. Bone marrow stromal cell paracrine factors direct osteo/odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:3063-72. [PMID: 24813721 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors play an important role in osteo/odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the biological effects of recombinant human growth differentiation factor 5 (rhGDF-5) alone and a cocktail of soluble growth factors (conditioned medium) released from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) on the morphology, proliferation and osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential of hDPCs. Passage 4 hDPCs were harvested for culture in four different media: (a) DMEM with 10% FBS, (b) odontogenic induction medium (OM), (c) OM plus 500 ng/mL rhGDF-5, and (d) OM plus conditioned medium (CM). Morphological changes at 48 and 120 h were determined by crystal violet staining. The proliferation rates at 3, 24, 48, and 120 h were assayed by MTT. Using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the mRNA levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), collagen type I (Col 1), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Cbfa1/Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), β3 tubulin (TUBB3), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), were determined at 2, 5, and 9 days. Protein expression of dental sialoprotein (DSP), DMP1, OC, and TUBB3 was recorded at 5 days, using western blot and immunocytochemistry. The effect of the different culture media on mineralization was determined by ALP staining at day 5 and Alizarin red S staining at days 7 and 14. In response to the different culture media, the shape of the hDPCs varied from spindled to polygonal and cuboidal. CM inhibited the cellular proliferation rate, while rhGDF-5 had no effect at early time points, but promoted cellular proliferation at 120 h of culture. In the CM group, the mRNA levels of Cbfa1/Runx2, Col 1, ALP, VEGFA, Ang1, and TUBB3 decreased and the levels of GDNF and OC increased. The mRNA levels of DSPP and DMP1 were inconsistent at the time points evaluated. The staining assays also demonstrated that compared with the other groups, the CM group exhibited lower expression of ALP and higher mineralization levels. Protein expression of DSP, DMP1, OC, and TUBB3 was pronounced by the CM-treated cells. It is concluded that under these in vitro conditions, CM released from hBMMSCs have a greater osteo/odontogenic inductive effect on hDPCs than rhGDF-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Al-Sharabi
- 1 Department of Clinical Dentistry, Center for Clinical Dental Research, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Emerging understanding about interactions between stem cells, scaffolds, and morphogenic factors has accelerated translational research in the field of dental pulp tissue engineering. Dental pulp stem cells constitute a subpopulation of cells endowed with self-renewal and multipotency. Dental pulp stem cells seeded in biodegradable scaffolds and exposed to dentin-derived morphogenic factors give rise to a pulplike tissue capable of generating new dentin. Notably, dentin-derived proteins are sufficient to induce dental pulp stem cell differentiation into odontoblasts. Ongoing work is focused on developing ways of mobilizing dentin-derived proteins and disinfecting the root canal of necrotic teeth without compromising the morphogenic potential of these signaling molecules. On the other hand, dentin by itself does not appear to be capable of inducing endothelial differentiation of dental pulp stem cells despite the well-known presence of angiogenic factors in dentin. This is particularly relevant in the context of dental pulp tissue engineering in full root canals in which access to blood supply is limited to the apical foramina. To address this challenge, scientists are looking at ways to use the scaffold as a controlled-release device for angiogenic factors. The aim of this article was to present and discuss current strategies to functionalize injectable scaffolds and customize them for dental pulp tissue engineering. The long-term goal of this work is to develop stem cell-based therapies that enable the engineering of functional dental pulps capable of generating new tubular dentin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Piva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adriana F Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Chang MC, Lin LD, Tseng HC, Chang BE, Chan CP, Lee SY, Chang HH, Lin PS, Tseng SK, Jeng JH. Growth and differentiation factor-5 regulates the growth and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2013; 39:1272-7. [PMID: 24041390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a multifunctional protein that regulates the development and repair in many tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether GDF-5 may influence the proliferation, differentiation, and collagen turnover of human dental pulp cells. METHODS Human dental pulp cells were treated with different concentrations of GDF-5 (0-500 ng/mL). Morphology of pulp cells was observed under a microscope. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Immunofluorescent assay was used to observe the percentages of cell mitosis. Collagen content was measured by Sircol collagen assay. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP enzyme activity assay. RESULTS After exposure of dental pulp cells to various concentrations of GDF-5, cell number was up-regulated significantly in dose-dependent manner. GDF-5 also stimulated mitosis of dental pulp cells as indicated by an increased percentage of binucleated cells from 28% to 35%-45%. GDF-5 did not affect the collagen content and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level of pulp cells. GDF-5 decreased the ALP activity of pulp cells as analyzed by ALP staining and enzyme activity assay, with 14%-44% of inhibition. CONCLUSIONS GDF-5 revealed mitogenic and proliferative activity to dental pulp cells. GDF-5 showed inhibitory effect on ALP activity but little effect on the collagen turnover. These events are crucial in specific stages of dental pulp repair and regeneration. GDF-5 may be potentially used for tissue engineering of pulp-dentin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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32
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Ajay Sharma L, Sharma A, Dias GJ. Advances in regeneration of dental pulp--a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:85-98. [PMID: 23946258 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the biological response of dentin-pulp complexes to a variety of stimuli and responses to current treatment therapies and reviews the role of tissue engineering and its application in regenerative endodontics. An electronic search was undertaken based on keywords using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Ovid database resources up to March 2012 to identify appropriate articles, supplemented by a manual search using reference lists from relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were mainly based on different combinations of keywords and restricted to articles published in English language only. Biological approaches based on tissue engineering principles were found to offer the possibility of restoring natural tooth vitality, with distinct evidence that regeneration of lost dental tissues is possible. Studies to formulate an ideal restorative material with regenerative properties, however, are still under way. Further research with supporting clinical studies is required to identify the most effective and safe treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Ajay Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Diogenes A, Henry MA, Teixeira FB, Hargreaves KM. An update on clinical regenerative endodontics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Baldissera EZ, Silva AFD, Gomes APN, Etges A, Botero T, Demarco FF, Tarquinio SBC. Tenascin and Fibronectin Expression after Pulp Capping with Different Hemostatic Agents: A Preliminary Study. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:188-93. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of extracellular matrix glycoproteins tenascin (TN) and fibronectin (FN) in pulp repair after capping with calcium hydroxide (CH), following different hemostasis protocols. Class I cavities with a pulp exposure were prepared in 42 human third molars scheduled for extraction. Different hemostatic agents (0.9% saline solution, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate) were used and pulps were capped with CH cement. After 7, 30 or 90 days, teeth were extracted, formalin-fixed, and prepared for immunohistochemical technique. Hemostatic agents did not influence the expression of TN and FN. Both glycoproteins were found in the entire the pulp tissue and around collagen fibers, but were absent in the mineralized tissues. In the predentin, TN showed positive immunostaining and FN had a variable expression. Within 7 days post-treatment, a slightly more pronounced immunostaining on the pulp exposure site was observed. Within 30 days, TN and FN demonstrated a positive expression around the dentin barrier and at 90 days, a thin and linear expression of TN and FN was delimitating the reparative dentin. In conclusion, hemostatic agents did not influence TN and FN expression. Immunostaining for TN and FN was seen in different regions and periods, demonstrating their role in pulp repair.
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Matsuoka K, Matsuzaka K, Yoshinari M, Inoue T. Tenascin-C promotes differentiation of rat dental pulp cellsin vitro. Int Endod J 2012; 46:30-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Yoshinari
- Oral Health Science Center HRC7; Tokyo Dental College; Chiba, Tokyo; and; Japan
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Lee SY, Kim SY, Park SH, Kim JJ, Jang JH, Kim EC. Effects of recombinant dentin sialoprotein in dental pulp cells. J Dent Res 2012; 91:407-12. [PMID: 22269273 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511436113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is critical for dentin mineralization. However, the function of dentin sialoprotein (DSP), the cleaved product of DSPP, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the signal transduction pathways and effects of recombinant human DSP (rh-DSP) on proliferation, migration, and odontoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). The exogenous addition of rh-DSP enhanced the proliferation and migration of HDPCs in dose- and time-dependent manners. rh-DSP markedly increased ALP activity, calcium nodule formation, and levels of odontoblastic marker mRNA. rh-DSP increased BMP-2 expression and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, which was blocked by the BMP antagonist, noggin. Furthermore, rh-DSP phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and IκB-α, and induced the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Analysis of these data demonstrates a novel signaling function of rh-DSP for the promotion of growth, migration, and differentiation in HDPCS via the BMP/Smad, JNK, ERK, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, suggesting that rh-DSP may have therapeutic utility in dentin regeneration or dental pulp tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, 1 Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Dentin non-collagenous proteins (dNCPs) can stimulate dental follicle cells to differentiate into cementoblast lineages. Biol Cell 2012; 100:291-302. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20070092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Human treated dentin matrix as a natural scaffold for complete human dentin tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4525-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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39
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Leites AB, Baldissera EZ, Silva AF, Tarquinio S, Botero T, Piva E, Demarco FF. Histologic Response and Tenascin and Fibronectin Expression After Pulp Capping in Pig Primary Teeth With Mineral Trioxide Aggregate or Calcium Hydroxide. Oper Dent 2011; 36:448-56. [DOI: 10.2341/10-321-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical Relevance
Mineral trioxide aggregate produces a lower initial inflammatory response than calcium hydroxide. However, both capping materials produce dentin barriers after seventy days.
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40
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Ren C, Diniz MG, Piazza C, Amm HM, Rollins DL, Rivera H, Devilliers P, Kestler DP, Waite PD, Mamaeva OA, Macdougall M. Differential enamel and osteogenic gene expression profiles in odontogenic tumors. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:296-301. [PMID: 21597274 DOI: 10.1159/000324759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontogenic tumors occur within the jaw bones and may be derived from odontogenic epithelium or ectomesenchyme or contain active components of both tissue types. We investigated the gene expression profile of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs), genes related to osteogenesis, and the mineralization process in odontogenic tumor cell populations focusing on an ameloblastoma (AB-1), a keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT-1), and a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT-1). All cell populations were shown to be epithelial in origin by CK14 expression. All tested EMPs were expressed by all odontogenic tumor cell types, with higher transcript levels seen in the AB-1 population especially for AMEL, AMBN, and ODAM. CEOT-1 cell populations showed a greater content of ALP-positive cells as well as higher ALP mRNA levels. Using qRT-PCR, we found a higher expression of 8 genes in the CEOT-1 compared to the AB-1 and KCOT-1. In this study we demonstrated the establishment of AB-1, KCOT-1 and CEOT-1 cell populations. The unique gene expression profiles of AB-1, KCOT-1, and CEOT-1 cells and their interactions with the surrounding microenvironment may support their unique tumor development, progression, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ren
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Liu J, Jin TC, Chang S, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Clarkson BH. Adhesion and growth of dental pulp stem cells on enamel-like fluorapatite surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 96:528-34. [PMID: 21254384 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To study how apatite crystal alignment of an enamel-like substrate affects DPSC cellular adhesion and growth as a precursor to produce an in vitro enamel/dentin superstructure for future studies. The cells were subcultured in 10% FBS DMEM up to seven weeks on the two surfaces. Specimens were observed under SEM, counted, and analyzed using the human pathway-focused matrix and adhesion PCR array. After three days, the cell number on ordered FA surface was significantly higher than on the disordered surface. Of the 84 focused pathway genes, a total of 20 genes were either up or down regulated in the cells on ordered FA surface compared to the disordered surface. More interestingly, of the cell-matrix adhesion molecules, integrin alpha 7 and 8 (ITGA 7 and 8), integrin beta 3 and 4 (ITGB3 and 4), and the vitronectin receptor-integrin alpha V (ITGAV) and the key adhesion protein-fibronectin1 (FN1) were up-regulated. In SEM, both surfaces showed good biocompatibility and supported long term growth of DPSC cells but with functional cell-matrix interaction on the ordered FA surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE The enhanced cellular response of DPSC cell to the ordered FA crystal surface involves a set of delicately regulated matrix and adhesion molecules which could be manipulated by treating the cells with a dentin extract, to produce a dentin/enamel superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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42
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Chun SY, Lee HJ, Choi YA, Kim KM, Baek SH, Park HS, Kim JY, Ahn JM, Cho JY, Cho DW, Shin HI, Park EK. Analysis of the Soluble Human Tooth Proteome and Its Ability to Induce Dentin/Tooth Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:181-91. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Chun
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Choi
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heum Baek
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Yeol Cho
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, IHBR, JIRM, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Sun HH, Jin T, Yu Q, Chen FM. Biological approaches toward dental pulp regeneration by tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:e1-16. [PMID: 21413154 DOI: 10.1002/term.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Root canal therapy has been the predominant approach in endodontic treatment, wherein the entire pulp is cleaned out and replaced with a gutta-percha filling. However, living pulp is critical for the maintenance of tooth homeostasis and essential for tooth longevity. An ideal form of therapy, therefore, might consist of regenerative approaches in which diseased/necrotic pulp tissues are removed and replaced with regenerated pulp tissues to revitalize the teeth. Dental pulp regeneration presents one of the most challenging issues in regenerative dentistry due to the poor intrinsic ability of pulp tissues for self-healing and regrowth. With the advent of modern tissue engineering and the discovery of dental stem cells, biological therapies have paved the way to utilize stem cells, delivered or internally recruited, to generate dental pulp tissues, where growth factors and a series of dentine extracellular matrix molecules are key mediators that regulate the complex cascade of regeneration events to be faithfully fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Sun
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Majorana A, Bardellini E, Brunelli PC, Lacaita M, Cazzolla AP, Favia G. Dentinogenesis imperfecta in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a clinical and ultrastructural study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2010; 20:112-8. [PMID: 20384825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2010.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) from both a clinical and histological point of view, particularly clarifying the structural and ultrastructural dentine changes. DESIGN Sixteen children (6-12 years aged) with diagnosis of OI were examined for dental alterations referable to DI. For each patient, the OI type (I, III, or IV) was recorded. Extracted or normally exfoliated primary teeth were subjected to a histological examination (to both optical microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy). RESULTS A total of ten patients had abnormal discolourations referable to DI: four patients were affected by OI type I, three patients by OI type III, and three patients by OI type IV. The discolourations, yellow/brown or opalescent grey, could not be related to the different types of OI. Histological exam of primary teeth showed severe pathological change in the dentin, structured into four different layers. A collagen defect due to odontoblast dysfunction was theorized to be on the base of the histological changes. CONCLUSIONS There is no correlation between the type of OI and the type of discolouration. The underlying dentinal defect seems to be related to an odontoblast dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Majorana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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d'Aquino R, De Rosa A, Laino G, Caruso F, Guida L, Rullo R, Checchi V, Laino L, Tirino V, Papaccio G. Human dental pulp stem cells: from biology to clinical applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312B:408-15. [PMID: 19065566 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be found within the "cell rich zone" of dental pulp. Their embryonic origin, from neural crests, explains their multipotency. Up to now, two groups have studied these cells extensively, albeit with different results. One group claims that these cells produce a "dentin-like tissue", whereas the other research group has demonstrated that these cells are capable of producing bone, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it has been reported that these cells can be easily cryopreserved and stored for long periods of time and still retain their multipotency and bone-producing capacity. Moreover, recent attention has been focused on tissue engineering and on the properties of these cells: several scaffolds have been used to promote 3-D tissue formation and studies have demonstrated that DPSCs show good adherence and bone tissue formation on microconcavity surface textures. In addition, adult bone tissue with good vascularization has been obtained in grafts. These results enforce the notion that DPSCs can be used successfully for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo d'Aquino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, TESLab, Secondo Ateneo di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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46
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Graziano A, d'Aquino R, Laino G, Papaccio G. Dental pulp stem cells: a promising tool for bone regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:21-6. [PMID: 18300003 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human tissues are different in term of regenerative properties. Stem cells are a promising tool for tissue regeneration, thanks to their particular characteristics of proliferation, differentiation and plasticity. Several "loci" or "niches" within the adult human body are colonized by a significant number of stem cells. However, access to these potential collection sites often is a limiting point. The interaction with biomaterials is a further point that needs to be considered for the therapeutic use of stem cells. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been demonstrated to answer all of these issues: access to the collection site of these cells is easy and produces very low morbidity; extraction of stem cells from pulp tissue is highly efficiency; they have an extensive differentiation ability; and the demonstrated interactivity with biomaterials makes them ideal for tissue reconstruction. SBP-DPSCs are a multipotent stem cell subpopulation of DPSCs which are able to differentiate into osteoblasts, synthesizing 3D woven bone tissue chips in vitro and that are capable to synergically differentiate into osteoblasts and endotheliocytes. Several studied have been performed on DPSCs and they mainly found that these cells are multipotent stromal cells that can be safety cryopreserved, used with several scaffolds, that can extensively proliferate, have a long lifespan and build in vivo an adult bone with Havers channels and an appropriate vascularization. A definitive proof of their ability to produce dentin has not been yet done. Interestingly, they seem to possess immunoprivileges as they can be grafted into allogenic tissues and seem to exert anti-inflammatory abilities, like many other mesenchymal stem cells. The easy management of dental pulp stem cells make them feasible for use in clinical trials on human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Graziano
- Dipartimento di Discipline Odontostomatologiche, Ortodontiche e Chirurgiche, Secondo Ateneo di Napoli (Italy), Naples, Italy
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47
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Hargreaves KM, Geisler T, Henry M, Wang Y. Regeneration Potential of the Young Permanent Tooth: What Does the Future Hold? J Endod 2008; 34:S51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Tai TF, Chan CP, Lin CC, Chen LI, Jeng JH, Chang MC. Transforming Growth Factor β2 Regulates Growth and Differentiation of Pulp Cells via ALK5/Smad2/3. J Endod 2008; 34:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Nagatomo KJ, Tompkins KA, Fong H, Zhang H, Foster BL, Chu EY, Murakami A, Stadmeyer L, Canalis E, Somerman MJ. Transgenic overexpression of gremlin results in developmental defects in enamel and dentin in mice. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:391-400. [PMID: 19085239 PMCID: PMC2852574 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802325060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and BMP antagonists play a crucial role in the regulation of tooth development. One of the BMP extracellular antagonists, gremlin, is a highly conserved 20.7-kDa glycoprotein. Previously, researchers reported that transgenic mice overexpressing gremlin under the control of the osteocalcin promoter (gremlin OE) exhibit a skeletal phenotype and tooth fragility. To further define the tooth phenotype, teeth and surrounding supporting tissues, obtained from gremlin OE at ages of 4 weeks, 2 months, and 4 months, were examined. The histological results demonstrate that gremlin OE exhibit an enlarged pulp chamber with ectopic calcification and thinner dentin and enamel compared with wild-type control. In vitro studies using murine pulp cells revealed that gremlin inhibited BMP-4 mediated induction of Dspp. These data provide evidence that balanced interactions between BMP agonists/antagonists are required for proper development of teeth and surrounding tissues. It is clear that these interactions require further investigation to better define the mechanisms controlling tooth root formation (pulp, dentin, cementum, and surrounding tissue) to provide the information needed to successfully regenerate these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako J. Nagatomo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin A. Tompkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hanson Fong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington USA
| | - Brian L. Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ayu Murakami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Stadmeyer
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA; University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha J. Somerman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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