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Paul S, Hussain NAS, Lillico DME, Suara MA, Ganiyu SO, Gamal El-Din M, Stafford JL. Examining the immunotoxicity of oil sands process affected waters using a human macrophage cell line. Toxicology 2023; 500:153680. [PMID: 38006929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process affected water (OSPW) is produced during the surface mining of the oil sands bitumen deposits in Northern Alberta. OSPW contains variable quantities of organic and inorganic components causing toxic effects on living organisms. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are widely used to degrade toxic organic components from OSPW including naphthenic acids (NAs). However, there is no established biological procedure to assess the effectiveness of the remediation processes. Our previous study showed that human macrophage cells (THP-1) can be used as a bioindicator system to evaluate the effectiveness of OSPW treatments through examining the proinflammatory gene transcription levels. In the present study, we investigated the immunotoxicological changes in THP-1 cells following exposure to untreated and AOP-treated OSPW. Specifically, using proinflammatory cytokine protein secretion assays we showed that AOP treatment significantly abrogates the ability of OSPW to induce the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1Ra and MCP-1. By measuring transcriptional activity as well as surface protein expression levels, we also showed that two select immune cell surface markers, CD40 and CD54, were significantly elevated following OSPW exposure. However, AOP treatments abolished the immunostimulatory properties of OSPW to enhance the surface expression of these immune proteins. Finally, a transcriptome-based approach was used to examine the proinflammatory effects of OSPW as well as the abrogation of immunotoxicity following AOP treatments. Overall, this research shows how a human macrophage cell-based biomonitoring system serves as an effective in vitro tool to study the immunotoxicity of OSPW samples before and after targeted remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nora A S Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Monsuru A Suara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
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2
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Vo NTK, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Cytotoxicity of the field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in tadpole cell lines from North American frogs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:790-795. [PMID: 38012479 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The common field lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), is used to treat streams and creeks infested with highly invasive and destructive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the tributaries of the Great Lakes. Unfortunately, amphibian deaths have been reported following stream treatments with TFM. Larval amphibians (tadpoles) are more susceptible to TFM toxicity than adult amphibians. The aim of this study was to test the toxicity of TFM in eight new tadpole cell lines from the green frog (Lithobates clamitans), wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), and American toad (Anaxyrus americanus). A cell viability bioassay using two fluorescent dyes, Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM, was performed following 24-h and 72-h exposures to a range of TFM concentrations. In general, TFM exposure reduced Alamar Blue fluorescence more rapidly than CFDA-AM fluorescence in tadpole cells, suggesting that Alamar Blue is perhaps a better diagnostic indicator of cell health for acute TFM cytotoxicity. At present, the in vivo 96-h LC50s of TFM are only available for L. clamitans and they correlated well with the in vitro EC50 values for the green frog tadpole cell lines in this study. The eight tadpole cell lines with different relative sensitivities to TFM cytotoxicity could prove to be useful tools in assessing next-generation lampricides in high-throughput bioassays to ensure safety in frogs before their sea lamprey-targeted application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, RCE254, Research and Academic Center Building, 73 George St, Brantford, ON, N3T 2Y3, Canada.
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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3
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Lillico DME, Hussain NAS, Choo-Yin YY, Qin R, How ZT, El-Din MG, Stafford JL. Using immune cell-based bioactivity assays to compare the inflammatory activities of oil sands process-affected waters from a pilot scale demonstration pit lake. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:55-70. [PMID: 36801042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) contain factors that activate the antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses of immune cells. Specifically, using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, we establish the bioactivity of two different OSPW samples and their isolated fractions. Here, we directly compared the bioactivity of two pilot scale demonstration pit lake (DPL) water samples, which included expressed water from treated tailings (termed the before water capping sample; BWC) as well as an after water capping (AWC) sample consisting of a mixture of expressed water, precipitation, upland runoff, coagulated OSPW and added freshwater. Significant inflammatory (i.e. macrophage activating) bioactivity was associated with the AWC sample and its organic fraction (OF), whereas the BWC sample had reduced bioactivity that was primarily associated with its inorganic fraction (IF). Overall, these results indicate that at non-toxic exposure doses, the RAW 264.7 cell line serves as an acute, sensitive and reliable biosensor for the screening of inflammatory constituents within and among discrete OSPW samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nora A S Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Yemaya Y Choo-Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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4
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Hussain NAS, Stafford JL. Abiotic and biotic constituents of oil sands process-affected waters. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:169-186. [PMID: 36522051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The oil sands in Northern Alberta are the largest oil sands in the world, providing an important economic resource for the Canadian energy industry. The extraction of petroleum in the oil sands begins with the addition of hot water to the bituminous sediment, generating oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), which is acutely toxic to organisms. Trillions of litres of OSPW are stored on oil sands mining leased sites in man-made reservoirs called tailings ponds. As the volume of OSPW increases, concerns arise regarding the reclamation and eventual release of this water back into the environment. OSPW is composed of a complex and heterogeneous mix of components that vary based on factors such as company extraction techniques, age of the water, location, and bitumen ore quality. Therefore, the effective remediation of OSPW requires the consideration of abiotic and biotic constituents within it to understand short and long term effects of treatments used. This review summarizes selected chemicals and organisms in these waters and their interactions to provide a holistic perspective on the physiochemical and microbial dynamics underpinning OSPW .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A S Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada.
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5
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Gault IG, Sun C, Martin JW. Persistent Cytotoxicity and Endocrine Activity in the First Oil Sands End-Pit Lake. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:366-376. [PMID: 38894704 PMCID: PMC11181316 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a byproduct of bitumen extraction that has persistent toxicity owing to its complex mixture of organics. A prominent remediation strategy that involves aging OSPW in end-pit lakes and Base Mine Lake (BML) is the first full-scale test. Its effectiveness over the first 5 years was investigated here using real-time cell analysis, yeast estrogenic and androgenic screens (YES/YAS), and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. HepG2 cytotoxicity per volume of BML organics extracted decreased with age; however, the toxic potency (i.e., toxicity per mass of extract) was not significantly different between years. This was consistent with mass spectral evidence showing no difference in chemical profiles, yet lower total abundance of organics in field-aged samples, suggestive that dilution explains the declining cytotoxicity in BML. The IC50's of BML extracts for YES/YAS antagonism were at environmental concentrations and were similar despite differences in field-age. Persistent YES/YAS antagonism and cytotoxicity were detected in experimental pond OSPW field-aged >20 years, and while organic acids were depleted here, non-acid chemical classes were enriched compared to BML, suggesting these contribute to persistent toxicity of aged OSPW. To avoid a legacy of contaminated sites, active water treatment may be required to accelerate detoxification of end-pit lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G.
M. Gault
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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6
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Fuchylo U, Alharbi HA, Alcaraz AJ, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. Inflammation of Gill Epithelia in Fish Causes Increased Permeation of Petrogenic Polar Organic Chemicals via Disruption of Tight Junctions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1820-1829. [PMID: 35015514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cell layer that lines the gills of fish controls paracellular permeation of chemicals through tight junctions. The integrity of tight junctions can be affected by inflammation, which likely affects the bioavailability of chemicals. Here, the inflammation of the rainbow trout gill cell line RTgill-W1 was induced via exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cells were then coexposed to extracts of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), which contain complex mixtures of chemicals. After 24 h of exposure, cells exposed to LPS showed a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance, an indicator of tight junction integrity. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis determined that abundances of transcripts of genes coding for tight junction proteins were significantly less in cells exposed to 20, 50, or 100 mg L-1 LPS. Chemical analysis revealed increased permeation of constituents of OSPW across epithelia at all studied LPS concentrations. These in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo in rainbow trout exposed to LPS and OSPW for 48 h, which resulted in greater accumulation of chemicals relative to that for fish exposed to OSPW alone. Our results demonstrated that inflammation and disruption of tight junctions could lead to greater uptake of potentially harmful chemicals from the environment, which has implications for mixture risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Fuchylo
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hattan A Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5CN, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5CN, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability (SENS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5CN, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security (GIWS), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Canada
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7
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Zito P, Smith DF, Cao X, Ghannam R, Tarr MA. Barium ion adduct mass spectrometry to identify carboxylic acid photoproducts from crude oil-water systems under solar irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2313-2321. [PMID: 33150906 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum derived dissolved organic matter (DOMHC) samples were successfully cationized with barium, revealing many [M-H + Ba]+ peaks in both dark and simulated sunlight treatments. The DOMHC samples generated after light exposure exhibited a greater number of [M-H + Ba]+ peaks compared to the dark control. Multiple [M-H + Ba]+ peaks were investigated in the irradiated DOMHC using low resolution MS/MS in order to confirm the presence of diagnostic fragment ions, m/z 139, 155 and 196 in each treatment. Due to the high complexity of the bariated DOMHC mixture, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS/MS) was employed to obtain molecular level information for both irradiated and dark treatments. The irradiated DOMHC treatments had more bariated oxygenated species over a wide range of H/C and O/C when compared to the dark controls. Doubly bariated species were also observed in DOMHC, which provides evidence that photochemistry transforms DOMHC to even more complex mixtures with multiple oxygenations per molecule. This study provides evidence that barium adduct mass spectrometry can be successfully applied to DOMHC screening for the presence of COOHs, both in dark samples and solar irradiated samples. Furthermore, direct evidence and molecular composition of aqueous phase crude oil photoproducts is provided by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Zito
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Donald F Smith
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Xian Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
| | - Rana Ghannam
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA. and Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, Chemical Analysis & Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | - Matthew A Tarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
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8
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Zurita J, Peso AD, Rojas R, Maisanaba S, Repetto G. Integration of fish cell cultures in the toxicological assessment of effluents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:309-320. [PMID: 30951978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pollution by industrial and municipal effluents are major sources of concerns. Fish cell cultures were applied in different strategies of the evaluation of effluents, particularly whole toxicity, toxicity identification evaluation and mode of action studies based in adverse outcome pathways. Whole effluent toxicity was evaluated using a battery of five model systems from four trophic levels: Daphnia magna was the most sensitive system, followed by the hepatoma fish cell line PLHC-1, the bacterium Allivibrio fischeri, the fibroblastic fish cell line RTG-2 and the algae Chlorella vulgaris, detecting a risk of eutrofization. The uptake of neutral red was more sensitive than the content of protein assay. The main morphological alterations observed were cell loss, hydropic degeneration, and a general loss of lysosomes and of their perinuclear distribution. The toxicity was characterized in PLHC-1 cells through toxicity identification evaluation, in which a partial reduction with graduation at pH 11, filtration, aeration and addition of thiosulfate or EDTA was shown; on the other hand, a low sorption in solid phase extraction suggested that the main responsible were not organic compounds. Consequently, it was not necessary to apply an effect directed analysis HPLC fractionation. In the chemical identification phase, Zn, Cd, As, Cu and Pb were quantified in decreasing concentrations. In the toxicity confirmation phase, a reconstituted sample and individual solutions, presented decreasing toxicity: Zn > Pb > As+5 > Cd > Cu > As+3, the global toxicity being explained by response addition. In the last step, the mode of action was investigated using five specific biomarkers. While metallothionein and succinate dehydrogenase activity were increased, no changes occurred for lysosomal function, acetylcholinesterase and EROD activities, the responsibility of the toxicity for the elements found being confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Del Peso
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel Rojas
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Repetto
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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9
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Tanna RN, Redman AD, Frank RA, Arciszewski TJ, Zubot WA, Wrona FJ, Brogly JA, Munkittrick KR. Overview of Existing Science to Inform Oil Sands Process Water Release: A Technical Workshop Summary. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:519-527. [PMID: 30908840 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of oil sands from mining operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region uses an alkaline hot water extraction process. The oil sands process water (OSPW) is recycled to facilitate material transport (e.g., ore and tailings), process cooling, and is also reused in the extraction process. The industry has expanded since commercial mining began in 1967 and companies have been accumulating increasing inventories of OSPW. Short- and long-term sustainable water management practices require the ability to return treated water to the environment. The safe release of OSPW needs to be based on sound science and engineering practices to ensure downstream protection of ecological and human health. A significant body of research has contributed to the understanding of the chemistry and toxicity of OSPW. A multistakeholder science workshop was held in September 2017 to summarize the state of science on the toxicity and chemistry of OSPW. The goal of the workshop was to review completed research in the areas of toxicology, chemical analysis, and monitoring to support the release of treated oil sands water. A key outcome from the workshop was identifying research needs to inform future water management practices required to support OSPW return. Another key outcome of the workshop was the recognition that methods are sufficiently developed to characterize chemical and toxicological characteristics of OSPW to address and close knowledge gaps. Industry, government, and local indigenous stakeholders have proceeded to utilize these insights in reviewing policy and regulations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:519-527. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario
| | - Tim J Arciszewski
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Warren A Zubot
- Syncrude Canada Ltd, Edmonton Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Frederick J Wrona
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John A Brogly
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Cold Regions and Water Initiatives, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Vo NTK, Moore LC, Spiteri KW, Hanner R, Wilkie MP, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Assessing off-target cytotoxicity of the field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol using novel lake sturgeon cell lines. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:536-545. [PMID: 30016760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lampricides are currently being applied to streams and rivers to control the population of sea lamprey, an invasive species, in the Great Lakes. The most commonly used lampricide agent used in the field is 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey in lamprey-infested rivers and streams. The specificity of TFM is due to the relative inability of sea lamprey to detoxify the agent relative to non-target fishes. There is increasing concern, however, about non-target effects on fishes, particularly threatened populations of juvenile lake sturgeon (LS; Acipenser fulvescens). There is therefore a need to develop models to better define lake sturgeon's response to TFM. Here we report the establishment of five LS cell lines derived from the liver, gill, skin and intestinal tract of juvenile LS and some of their cellular characteristics. All LS cell lines grew well at 25 °C in Leibovitz's (L)- 15 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cell lines demonstrated high senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and varying levels of Periodic acid Schiff-positive polysaccharides, indicating substantial production of glycoproteins and mucosubstances by the cells. Comparative toxicity of TFM in the five LS cell lines was assessed by two fluorescent cell viability dyes, Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM, in conditions with and without serum and at 24 or 72 h exposure. Deduced EC50 values were compared between the cell lines and to the reported in vivo LC50s. Tissues sensitive to the effects of TFM in vivo correlated with cell lines from the same tissues being most sensitive to TFM in vitro. EC50 values for the LSliver-e cells was significantly lower than the EC50 for the rainbow trout (RBT) liver cells RTL-W1, reaffirming the in vivo observation that LS was generally more TFM-sensitive than rainbow trout. Our data suggests that whole-fish sensitivity of LS to TFM is likely attributable to sensitivity at the cellular level. Thus, LS cell lines, as well as those of RBT, can be used to screen and evaluate the toxicity of the next generation of lampricides on non-target fish such as lake sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Levi C Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Katelin W Spiteri
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Hanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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11
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Li C, Fu L, Stafford J, Belosevic M, Gamal El-Din M. The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW): A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1785-1802. [PMID: 28618666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are produced by the surface-mining oil sands industry in Alberta. Both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the exposure to OSPW leads to many physiological changes in a variety of organisms. Adverse effects include compromised immunological function, developmental delays, impaired reproduction, disrupted endocrine system, and higher prevalence of tissue-specific pathological manifestations. The composition of OSPW varies with several factors such as ore sources, mining process, and tailings management practices. Differences in water characteristics have confounded interpretation or comparison of OSPW toxicity across studies. Research on individual fractions extracted from OSPW has helped identify some target pollutants. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are considered as the major toxic components in OSPW, exhibiting toxic effects through multiple modes of action including narcosis and endocrine disruption. Other pollutants, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and ions may also contribute to the overall OSPW toxicity. Studies have been conducted on OSPW as a whole complex effluent mixture, with consideration of the presence of unidentified components, and the interactions (potential synergistic or antagonistic reactions) among chemicals. This review summarizes the toxicological data derived from in vitro and in vivo exposure studies using different OSPW types, and different taxa of organisms. In general, toxicity of OSPW was found to be dependent on the OSPW type and concentration, duration of exposures (acute versus sub chronic), and organism studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - James Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada.
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12
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Dissanayake A, Scarlett AG, Jha AN. Diamondoid naphthenic acids cause in vivo genetic damage in gills and haemocytes of marine mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7060-7066. [PMID: 26884235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diamondoids are polycyclic saturated hydrocarbons that possess a cage-like carbon skeleton approaching that of diamond. These 'nano-diamonds' are used in a range of industries including nanotechnologies and biomedicine. Diamondoids were thought to be highly resistant to degradation, but their presumed degradation acid products have now been found in oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) and numerous crude oils. Recently, a diamondoid-related structure, 3-noradamantane carboxylic acid, was reported to cause genetic damage in trout hepatocytes under in vitro conditions. This particular compound has never been reported in the environment but led us to hypothesise that other more environmentally relevant diamondoid acids could also be genotoxic. We carried out in vivo exposures (3 days, semi-static) of marine mussels to two environmentally relevant diamondoid acids, 1-adamantane carboxylic acid and 3,5-dimethyladamantane carboxylic acid plus 3-noradamantane carboxylic acid with genotoxic damage assessed using the Comet assay. An initial screening test confirmed that these acids displayed varying degrees of genotoxicity to haemocytes (increased DNA damage above that of controls) when exposed in vivo to a concentration of 30 μmol L(-1). In a further test focused on 1-adamantane carboxylic acid with varying concentrations (0.6, 6 and 30 μmol L(-1)), significant (P < 0.05%) DNA damage was observed in different target cells (viz. gills and haemocytes) at 0.6 μmol L(-1). Such a level of induced genetic damage was similar to that observed following exposure to a known genotoxin, benzo(a)pyrene (exposure concentration, 0.8 μmol L(-1)). These findings may have implications for a range of worldwide industries including oil extraction, nanotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awantha Dissanayake
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
- WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Building 500, Kent Street, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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13
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Development of a cell line from the American eel brain expressing endothelial cell properties. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:395-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Pan T, Li H, Khare S, Huang B, Yu Huang D, Zhang W, Gabos S. High-throughput screening assay for the environmental water samples using cellular response profiles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:134-142. [PMID: 25637748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and physical analyses are commonly used as screening methods for the environmental water. However, these methods can only look for the targeted substance but may miss unexpected toxicants. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of mixture cannot be detected. In order to set up the assay criteria for determining various biological activities at a cellular level that could potentially lead to toxicity of environmental water samples, a novel test based on cellular response by using Real-Time Cellular Analyzer (RTCA) is proposed in this study. First, the water sample is diluted to a series of strengths (80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%) to get the multi-concentration cellular response profile. Then, the area under the cellular response profile (AUCRP) is calculated. Comparing to the normal cell growth of negative control, a new biological activity index named Percentage of Effect (PoE) has been presented which reflects the cumulative inhibitory activity of cell growth over the log-phase. Finally, a synthetical index PoE50 is proposed to evaluate the intensity of biological activities in water samples. The biological experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Pan
- School of Electrical & Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6.
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Electrical & Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Swanand Khare
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6; Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Biao Huang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6.
| | - Dorothy Yu Huang
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | | | - Stephan Gabos
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.
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15
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Development and characterization of an endothelial cell line from the bulbus arteriosus of walleye, Sander vitreus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 180:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Lee LEJ, Lumsden JS, Lorenzen N, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye cell line and use to study the effects of temperature on infection by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus group IVb. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:121-136. [PMID: 25589167 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-cfin11f, with a fibroblast-like morphology was developed from a walleye caudal fin and used to study the intersection of thermobiology of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), with the thermal requirements for replication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) IVb. WE-cfin11f proliferated from 10 to 32 °C and endured as a monolayer for at least a week at 1-34 °C. WE-cfin11f adopted an epithelial shape and did not proliferate at 4 °C. Adding VHSV IVb to cultures at 4 and 14 °C but not 26 °C led to cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus production. At 4 °C, virus production developed more slowly, but Western blotting showed more N protein accumulation. Infecting monolayer cultures at 4 °C for 7 days and then shifting them to 26 °C resulted in the monolayers being broken in small areas by CPE, but with time at 26 °C, the monolayers were restored. These results suggest that at 26 °C, the VHSV IVb life cycle stages responsible for CPE can be completed, but the production of virus and the initiation of infections cannot be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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17
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Rakers S, Imse F, Gebert M. Real-time cell analysis: sensitivity of different vertebrate cell cultures to copper sulfate measured by xCELLigence(®). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1582-1591. [PMID: 25001081 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the use of a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) test system, the xCELLigence(®) RTCA, as efficient tool for a fast cytotoxicity analysis and comparison of four different vertebrate cell cultures. This new dynamic real-time monitoring and impedance-based assay allows for a combined measurement of cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation. Cell cultures were obtained from mouse, rat, human and fish, all displaying a fibroblast-like phenotype. The measured impedance values could be correlated to characteristic cell culture behaviours. In parallel, relative cytotoxicity of a commonly used but due to its very good water solubility highly hazardous pesticide, copper sulfate, was evaluated under in vitro conditions through measurements of cell viability by classical end-point based assays MTT and PrestoBlue(®). Cell line responses in terms of viability as measured by these three methods were variable between the fish skin cells and cells from higher vertebrates and also between the three methods. The advantage of impedance-based measurements is mainly based on the continuous monitoring of cell responses for a broad range of different cells, including fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rakers
- LG Aquatic Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 1-3, 23562, Lübeck, Germany,
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18
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Lacaze E, Devaux A, Bruneau A, Bony S, Sherry J, Gagné F. Genotoxic potential of several naphthenic acids and a synthetic oil sands process-affected water in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:291-299. [PMID: 24799193 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of oil sands has raised major environmental concerns, particularly regarding the presence of high concentration in contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and naphthenic acids (NAs) in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). The purpose of this study was, first to evaluate the genotoxic impact of OSPW-related compounds such as NAs and PAHs in a salmonid species and secondly to assess if OSPW exposure leads to genotoxicity. For this purpose, rainbow trout hepatocytes were exposed in vitro to environmentally relevant concentrations of synthetic NAs, naphtalene, benzo(a)pyrene, and extracts of synthetic OSPW (generated by a laboratory bitumen extraction) and of oil sands leaching water (OSLW, mimicking leaching of oil sands in river water). Primary DNA damage was assessed by the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycolyase (Fpg)-modified comet assay. Genotoxicity was observed in hepatocytes exposed to several NAs, mixture of them, OSPW and OSLW extracts. The chemical structure of NAs influences the genotoxicity potential: among the NAs tested, the most cyclic NA was the most genotoxic. It also appears that genotoxicity was more marked for OSPW than for OSLW. Because exposure to OSPW led to oxidative DNA damage, while after exposure to several NAs, these types of DNA damage were limited, the NAs tested in this study could not be qualified as the only major contaminants responsible for OSPW genotoxicity. Notwithstanding, it should be noteworthy that exposure to NAs resulted in genotoxic impact at concentrations lower than those documented by literature for fresh OSPW. Further research is needed to explore the relationships between the chemical structure of NAs and their genotoxicity in the light of the distribution of NAs in fresh OSPW samples as well as in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lacaze
- Emerging Methods Section, Environment Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, H2Y2E7 Quebec, Canada; INRA, USC IGH, LEHNA UMR 5023, Université de Lyon-ENTPE, F-69518, Vaulx en Velin, France.
| | - A Devaux
- INRA, USC IGH, LEHNA UMR 5023, Université de Lyon-ENTPE, F-69518, Vaulx en Velin, France
| | - A Bruneau
- Emerging Methods Section, Environment Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, H2Y2E7 Quebec, Canada
| | - S Bony
- INRA, USC IGH, LEHNA UMR 5023, Université de Lyon-ENTPE, F-69518, Vaulx en Velin, France
| | - J Sherry
- Emerging Methods Section, Environment Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, H2Y2E7 Quebec, Canada
| | - F Gagné
- Emerging Methods Section, Environment Canada, 105 McGill St., Montreal, H2Y2E7 Quebec, Canada
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Jensen-Fontaine M, Norwood WP, Brown M, Dixon DG, Le XC. Uptake and speciation of vanadium in the benthic invertebrate Hyalella azteca. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:731-738. [PMID: 24295153 DOI: 10.1021/es403252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium has the potential to leach into the environment from petroleum coke, an oil sands byproduct. To determine uptake of vanadium species in the biota, we exposed the benthic invertebrate Hyalella azteca with increasing concentrations of two different vanadium species, V(IV) and V(V), for seven days. The concentrations of vanadium in the H. azteca tissue increased with the concentration of vanadium in the exposure water. Speciation analysis revealed that V(IV) in the exposure water was oxidized to V(V) between renewal periods, and therefore the animals were mostly exposed to V(V). Speciation analysis of the H. azteca tissue showed the presence of V(V), V(IV), and an unidentified vanadium species. These results indicate the uptake and metabolism of vanadium by H. azteca. Because H. azteca are widely distributed in freshwater systems and are an important food supply for many fish, determining the uptake and metabolism of vanadium allows for a better understanding of the potential environmental effects on invertebrates.
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