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Pham PH, Misk E, Papazotos F, Jones G, Polinski MP, Contador E, Russell S, Garver KA, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Screening of Fish Cell Lines for Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) Amplification: Identification of the Non-Supportive PRV-1 Invitrome. Pathogens 2020; 9:E833. [PMID: 33053677 PMCID: PMC7601784 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine reovirus (PRV) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), which is detrimental to Atlantic Salmon (AS) aquaculture, but so far has not been cultivatable, which impedes studying the disease and developing a vaccine. Homogenates of head kidney and red blood cells (RBC) from AS in which PRV-1 had been detected were applied to fish cell lines. The cell lines were from embryos, and from brain, blood, fin, gill, gonads, gut, heart, kidney, liver, skin, and spleen, and had the shapes of endothelial, epithelial, fibroblast, and macrophage cells. Most cell lines were derived from the Neopterygii subclass of fish, but one was from subclass Chondrostei. Cultures were examined by phase contrast microscopy for appearance, and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for PRV-1 RNA amplification and for the capacity to transfer any changes to new cultures. No changes in appearance and Ct values were observed consistently or transferable to new cultures. Therefore, 31 cell lines examined were unable to support PRV-1 amplification and are described as belonging to the non-supportive PRV-1 invitrome. However, these investigations and cell lines can contribute to understanding PRV-1 cellular and host tropism, and the interactions between virus-infected and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ehab Misk
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada;
| | - Fotini Papazotos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Ginny Jones
- Elanco Canada Limited, Aqua Vaccines R&D, Charlottetown, PE C1E 2A7, Canada;
| | - Mark P. Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Elena Contador
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Spencer Russell
- Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
| | - Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Niels C. Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
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Vo NTK, Guerreiro M, Yaparla A, Grayfer L, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Class A Scavenger Receptors Are Used by Frog Virus 3 During Its Cellular Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:E93. [PMID: 30678064 PMCID: PMC6409810 DOI: 10.3390/v11020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). FV3 and FV3-like viruses are globally distributed infectious agents with the capacity to replicate in three vertebrate classes (teleosts, amphibians, and reptiles). At the cellular level, FV3 and FV3-like viruses can infect cells from virtually all vertebrate classes. To date, the cellular receptors that are involved in the FV3 entry process are unknown. Class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) are a family of evolutionarily conserved cell-surface receptors that bind a wide range of chemically distinct polyanionic ligands and can function as cellular receptors for other DNA viruses, including vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus. The present study aimed to determine whether SR-As are involved in FV3 cellular entry. By using well-defined SR-A competitive and non-competitive ligand-blocking assays and absolute qPCR, we demonstrated that the SR-A competitive ligands drastically reduced the quantities of cell-associated viral loads in frog cells. Moreover, inducing the expression of a human SR-AI in an SR-A null cell line significantly increased FV3⁻cell association. Together, our results indicate that SR-As are utilized by FV3 during the cellular entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Matthew Guerreiro
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Lisser GJ, Vo NTK, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Delineating the roles of cellular and innate antiviral immune parameters mediating ranavirus susceptibility using rainbow trout cell lines. Virus Res 2017. [PMID: 28634115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Frog virus 3 is the type species of the Ranavirus genus and the causative agent of massive mortalities of aquatic species worldwide. A critical step in limiting virus replication, particularly early in infection, is the innate immune response. Presently, little is known regarding what innate immune strategies limit FV3 at the cellular level. To this end, the present study uses two rainbow trout cell lines, RTG-2 and RTgutGC, which demonstrate susceptible and relatively resistant phenotypes to FV3 infection, to elucidate susceptibility factors to FV3. RTG-2 demonstrated a lower LD50 and significantly higher virus transcript production compared to RTgutGC. The mode of cell death appeared to be apoptosis for both cell lines; however, RTG-2 did not demonstrate fragmented nuclei typical of apoptosis in cell culture. Next, the source of RTG-2's enhanced susceptibility was pursued, in hopes of highlighting unique features of this virus-host interaction that would predispose a cell to susceptibility. The type I interferon (IFN) response is the keystone mechanism used by the innate immune system to limit virus replication. FV3 induced very low to no levels of IFNs and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in either cell line, nor did inducing IFNs prior to infection inhibit virus-induced cell death. A dsRNA-induced antiviral state did reduce virus replication however. UV-inactivated FV3 was also able to kill RTG-2; thus, susceptibility to FV3-induced cell death observed in RTG-2 was independent of virus replication or the cell's ability, or lack thereof, to produce an IFN response. Importantly, RTG-2 showed greater viral entry compared to RTgutGC, suggesting non-innate immune factors, such as surface receptor expression or endocytic mechanism rates, may be key contributors to FV3 susceptibility. These findings contribute to our understanding of cell-level susceptibility to this environmentally important aquatic animal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Lisser
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Bols NC, Pham PH, Dayeh VR, Lee LEJ. Invitromatics, invitrome, and invitroomics: introduction of three new terms for in vitro biology and illustration of their use with the cell lines from rainbow trout. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:383-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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